After 1840, Britain established free trade with Latin America, importing goods and providing credit, transportation, and marketing support. This increased economic activity allowed Latin America to pay off debts from its independence era. However, strong centralized governments took longer to form than expected. Liberal policies like free markets and reduced Church power had mixed results, strengthening some nations while civil wars erupted in others. Financial ties to Europe enabled infrastructure development but living standards in rural areas declined as European immigrants dominated certain jobs.

2. British & other European markets grew rapidly. British firms offered Latin America credit, insurance, transportation for goods once in country, & marketing facilities.

4. Gradually more powerful national states were constructed. However, in Mexico a liberal constitution caused a civil war.

5. Financial connections with Europe enabled Latin America to take care of their military and begin public works.

7. Rosas maintained a balance of power through shifting alliances of the caudillos. He worked for the upper class, seduced the lower class, and killed or imprisoned the middle class. Rosas was elected governor of Buenos Aires in 1829.

9. Boliva believed sovreignty belonged to the people. The people turned on him. On his deathbed he prophesied that America could not be governed.

10. San Martin led an army over the Andes to free Chile & Peru. In 1821, Peru declared independence. He believed the nation should not be governed by the military.

11. Benito Juarez, an Indian, became President o Mexico. Aided by France, the conservatives waged war against him.