This document provides an overview of lasers used in dentistry, including their history, mechanisms of action, applications, and safety measures. It discusses how lasers were first developed in the 1960s and introduced to dentistry in the 1990s. The main types of lasers used include CO2, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and KTP lasers. Lasers can be used for both hard and soft tissue procedures, such as caries removal, gingivectomies, and lesion removal, with advantages like reduced pain, bleeding, and recovery time compared to traditional techniques. Safety precautions must be followed when using lasers to protect patients and operators.
This lecture reviews the role of laser therapy in dentistry in particular for Periodontal treatment. Dr. Smith reviews many of his own cases with the audience.
Please contact Dr. Smith with questions.
drsmith@cpident.com
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
PRINCIPLES OF WORKING OF A LASER
FUNDAMENTALS OF LASER
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER
CLASSIFICATION OF LASER
EFFECTS OF LASER ON SOFT AND HARD TISSUES
VARIOUS LASERS AVAILABLE FOR PERIDONTAL USE
APPLICATION OF LASER TREATMENT IN PERIODONTAL THERAPY
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF LASER IN PERIODONTAL THERAPY
LASER PRECAUTIONS
LASER HAZARDS
RECENT ADVANCES
CONCLUSION
This lecture reviews the role of laser therapy in dentistry in particular for Periodontal treatment. Dr. Smith reviews many of his own cases with the audience.
Please contact Dr. Smith with questions.
drsmith@cpident.com
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
PRINCIPLES OF WORKING OF A LASER
FUNDAMENTALS OF LASER
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER
CLASSIFICATION OF LASER
EFFECTS OF LASER ON SOFT AND HARD TISSUES
VARIOUS LASERS AVAILABLE FOR PERIDONTAL USE
APPLICATION OF LASER TREATMENT IN PERIODONTAL THERAPY
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF LASER IN PERIODONTAL THERAPY
LASER PRECAUTIONS
LASER HAZARDS
RECENT ADVANCES
CONCLUSION
explained with Limited matter moreover I have included all the images. if you go through a standard textbook and referred to this PPT it will help you so much I hope It helps you
INTRODUCTION OF LASERS IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
INITIAL USE IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER LIGHT
CLASSIFICATION OF LASERS
TISSUE INTERACTION
TYPES OF LASERS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
LASER SAFETY IN SURGERY AND ANESTHESIA
PATIENT SELECTION
APPLICATIONS
SURGICAL LASER TECHNIQUE
APPLIED ASPECTS
RECENT ADVANCES
COMPLICATIONS
Lasers in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Lasers in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The term LASER is an acronym for ‘Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation’. As its first application in dentistry by Miaman, in 1960, the laser has seen various hard and soft tissue applications. In the last two decades, there has been an explosion of research studies in laser application. In hard tissue application, the laser is used for caries prevention, bleaching, restorative removal and curing, cavity preparation, dentinal hypersensitivity, growth modulation and for diagnostic purposes, whereas soft tissue application includes wound healing, removal of hyperplastic tissue to uncovering of impacted or partially erupted tooth, photodynamic therapy for malignancies, photostimulation of herpetic lesion. Use of the laser proved to be an effective tool to increase efficiency, specificity, ease, and cost and comfort of the dental treatment.
Laser science is principally concerned with quantum electronics, laser construction, optical cavity design, the physics of producing a population inversion in laser media, and the temporal evolution of the light field in the laser. It is also concerned with the physics of laser beam propagation, particularly the physics of Gaussian beams, with laser applications, and with associated fields such as non-linear optics and quantum optics.
Lasers in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
1. Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
By,
DINESHWARRAN RAJENDRAN (CRI)
Guided by,
DR. R.KANNAN, MDS
Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
2. Topics
• Introduction
• History
• Mechanism of Action
• Application of Lasers in Dentistry
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Lasers
• Safety Measures
• Examples of Dental Laser Therapies
• Video Presentations
• Conclusion
4. Features: Spatially coherent, which means that either
the light is emitted in a narrow, low divergence beam.
Many uses of lasers in daily life includes :
- In consumer devices such as DVD players, laser printers,
and barcode scanners
- In medicine for laser surgery and various skin treatments
- In industry for cutting and welding materials
- In military and law enforcement devices for marking targets
and measuring range and speed
5. In Dentistry,
Laser dentistry A precise and effective way to perform
many dental procedures. The potential for
laser dentistry to improve dental
procedures rests by allowing for treatment
of a highly specific area of focus without
damaging surrounding tissues.
6. History
1917
Albert Einstein established the
theoretical foundations for the laser
Quantum Theory of Radiation.
1959
Gordon Gould published the term
LASER in the paper The LASER.
May 16, 1960,
Theodore H. Maiman operated the
first functioning laser, the Ruby laser
at 694 nanometers wavelength
13. • Using the principle of selective photothermolysis, these laser target
different chromophores in the skin, which selectively absorb the laser or
light energy as heat and yield the desired response.
Chromophores
absorb the
light
Physical,
mechanical,
chemical,
temperature
changes may
occur
This energy
travels at
different
wavelength
and is
absorbed by a
‘target’
15. Applications of Lasers in
Dentistry
• The rapid development of laser technology has seen its
introduction into various fields of dentistry.
16. 1. Diagnosis
• · Detection of pulp vitality
• · Doppler flowmetry
• · Laser fluorescence- Detection of caries, bacteria and dysplastic changes in the
diagnosis of cancer
2. Hard tissue applications
• · Caries removal and cavity preparation
• · Re-contouring of bone (crown lengthening)
• · Endodontic (root canal preparation ,sterilization and Apicectomy)
• · Laser etching
• · Caries resistance
3. Soft tissue applications
• · Laser-assisted soft tissue curettage and peri-apical surgery
• · Bacterial decontamination
• · Gingivectomy and Gingivoplasty
• · Gingival retraction for impressions
• · Implant exposure
17. Soft tissue applications (cont.)
• · Biopsy incision and excision
• · Treatment of aphthous ulcers and Oral lesion therapy
• · Coagulation / Hemostasis
• · Tissue fusion - replacing sutures
• · Laser-assisted flap surgery
• · Removal of granulation tissue
• · Pulp capping, Pulpotomy and pulpectomy
• · Operculectomy and Vestibuloplasty
• · Incisions and draining of abscesses
• · Removal of hyperplastic tissues and Fibroma
4. Laser-induced analgesia
5. Laser activation
• · Restorations (composite resin)
• · Bleaching agents
6. Other
• · Removal of root canal filling material and fractured instrument
• · Softening gutta-percha
• · Removal of moisture/drying of canal
18. Lasers in Dentistry
Soft tissue lasers
CO2
Laser
ND YAG
Laser
Hard tissue lasers
ER YAG Excimer
Types of Lasers Used in Dentistry
19. Carbon Dioxide Laser
Mode : vaporisation, cutting (>100˚C)
Specification : 10.6 micron wavelength
Used effectively in treating patients with oral lesions with
blood dyscrasias.
Oral indication:
a. Excision of pre-malignant lesions
b. Excision/biopsy
c. Hemiglossectomy
d. Adhesive microvascular/macro neural
Disadvantages :
-Cornea at risk
-Haemostasis may not be adequate on
very vascular area (posterior tongue)
20. ND-YAG Laser (Neodymium doped-
Yttrium Aluminium Garnet)
Mode: coagulation (>60˚c), central vaporisation
Specification : 1.06 micron wavelength
Can be combined with CO2 (combo laser) or KTP
Oral indications:
a. Coagulation of very vascular lesions or near major
blood vessel
b. Excision in vascular areas such as posterior tongue
d. Gingivectomy
e. Frenectomy
Disadvantages:
- Retina at risk
- Penetration could cause inadvertent spread
- Oedema more than CO2 laser
21. KTP Laser (Potassium Titanyl
Phosphate)
Modality : cutting with moderate coagulation
Specification : 0.53 micron wavelength
Can be combined with Nd-YAG laser
Oral indications
a. Excision in vascular areas, eg. Tonsillectomy
Disadvantage
- Retina at risk
23. Advantages and Disadvantages
of Lasers
Advantages:
Less pain in some instances (reducing the need
for anesthesia)
Reduce anxiety in patients uncomfortable with
the use of the dental drill.
Minimize bleeding (high-energy beam
photocoagulation) and swelling.
Reduce bacterial infections (sterilizes the area
being worked on)
Preserve more healthy tooth during cavity
treatment.
24. Disadvantages:
Lasers can’t be used on teeth with fillings that
are already in place.
Lasers can't be used in many commonly
performed dental procedures. Eg. lasers can't be
used to fill cavities located between teeth,
cavities around old fillings, and large cavities.
Traditional drills may still be needed to shape the
filling, adjust the bite, and polish the filling even
when a laser is used.
Do not eliminate the need for anesthesia.
More expensive since the cost of the laser is
much higher.
26. Precautions:
Safety goggle (should be worn by patient and
operator)
Lock the door during the treatment
Never look directly into the laser beam
Never point the laser hand-piece at any person
except at the treated area
Never use the laser in the presence of flammable
anaesthetics
Never step on or abruptly bend the fibre optic
cable
Never move the laser machine during operation
33. Conclusion
Traditional
Surgery
Laser SurgerySubject
YesNo or mildAnesthesia
Yes depends on
operating zone
No or minimalBleeding
Sedation dependedSlight irritationPain
Time consumingLess timeTime
Yes in invasive
procedures
No needSuturing
Less expensiveExpensiveCost
MoreMinimalPostoperative
complications