2. ο LASER β Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation
ο Laser system β compact tube in which
medium of laser can be filled. Foot control
to use for appropriate period
ο Principle
ο Vaporizes the tissue
ο Cuts (make incision)
ο Coagulates blood vessels
ο Break stones β lithotripsy, destroys cancer
cells
3. ο Types of lasers
ο Solid β Nd:Yag, KTP
ο Gas β CO2, argon, helium-neon
ο Depending on wavelength
ο Visible β 380-760 nm
ο Argon 488-514 nm blue colour, KTP 512nm
blue green colour
ο Invisible
ο UV zone β 1-380nm
ο Infrared - > 760 nm - Nd:Yag 1064 nm, C02 β
10600 nm
4. ο Argon laser
ο Can be delivered by optic fibres
ο Vascular lesions - haemangioma,
telengectasia
ο Ear β stapedotomy, lysis of middle ear
adhesions, tympanoplasty graft
ο Diode laser
ο 600-1000 nm
ο Cheaper
ο Turbinate reduction, DCR, tonsillar ablation
ο Can be delivered through optic fibres
5. ο KTP 532 laser β Potassium-Titanyl-Phosphate
ο Use in endoscopic surgery through hand held
probe, delivered through optic fibres
ο Ear β stapedotomy
ο Nose β FESS, epistaxis, turbinate reduction,
telengectasis
ο Oral cavity β leukoplakia, erythroplakia, T1
lesions, advanced tumours for debulking, SMF for
treating trismus, UPPP
ο Larynx β MLS, T1 ca, laryngocele, stenosis
ο Bronchoscopy β to temove tracheobronchial
secretions
6. ο Nd:Yag laser
ο Neodymium:Ytrium-Aluminium-Garnet
ο Colourless, can pass through optic fibres
ο Coagulative, but poor precision β can cause
damage to surrounding tissue
ο Can be used along with CO2 laser
ο Obstructive malignancy trachea, bronchi,
oesophagus
ο Vascular lesions like telengectasia
ο Lymphangioma
ο Turbinate hypertrophy
7. ο CO2 laser
ο Carbon dioxide
ο Medium used β mixture of co2, nitrogen and
helium neon gases
ο Colour β red light of helium neon
ο MC in ENT
ο Good precision
ο Cant pass through flexible endoscopes so need
articulating arm
ο Can be attached to microscope making hand free
ο Vaporizes tissue
8. ο Ear β stapedotomy, acoustic neuroma
ο Nose β telengectasia, rhinophyma, choanal
atresia, turbinate hypertrophy
ο Oral cavity β leukoplakia, erythroplakia,
small sup cancers, debulking of large
tumours
ο Oropharynx- recurrent tonsillitis, T1 tumours
ο Larynx β papillomas, webs, stenosis,
leukoplakia of cord, arytenoidectomy, T1 ca
ο Trachea and bronchi β debulking of malignant
tumours
9. ο Advantages of lasers
ο Easy and rapid ablation of tissue
ο Excellent haemostasis
ο Little surrounding tissue damage
ο Minimal post op pain and oedema due to
action on peripheral nerves
ο Faster post op recovery
ο Blocks lymphatics so prevent metastasis
10. ο Disadvantages of lasers
ο High cost of purchase and maintenance
ο Need special training
ο Biopsy cant be taken
ο Hazards β ET tube fire, electric shock, eye
injury, skin injury
ο Chemical hazards, plumes (vaporized cell
contents)
ο Damage to vocal cords
ο Tracheal perforation
11. ο Safety precautions
ο Education and training of staff including
surgeons, anaesthesists, nursing, technicians
ο Protection of eyes
ο Eye glasses with side protection and different
colours (Nd:Yag β blue, co2- plain) worn by those
working in OT. Parient eye covered with double
layer of saline soaked eye pads/bands
ο Protection of patient skin by saline soaked
towels, pads, sponges which are moistened
periodically
ο Evacuation of smoke produced by laser
vaporization of tissue by using 2 suctions β 1 for
blood and mucus other for smoke and steam
12. ο Anaesthesia gases and equipments β
prevention of ET tube fires
ο Use only non inflammable gases like
halothane (safest) or ether
ο Use red rubber or silicone tube wrapped with
reflective metallic (aluminium) foil,
protected with saline soaked cotton
ο Cuff of tube inflated with saline water
coloured by methylene blue β warns during
leakage of cuff
ο Use jet ventilation with no cuff
13. ο ET tube fire
ο Immediately stop ventilation, pour saline
with syringe and remove tube.
ο Restore airway with new tube.
ο Give IV steroids
ο Perform repeated bronchoscopies to
ascertain damage
ο A bowl filled with saline and a syringe should
be kept in table while using lasers
ο Laser OT should be labelled and isolated
with no entry or exit allowed except ot
staff
14. ο Principle
ο Injection of photosensitizing agent β DHE
(dihematoporphyrin ether) IV into malignant site
and exposing the site to lasers (argon laser) ->
activates the agent leading to destruction of
cancer cells and sparing of normal tissue
ο Indications
ο Treatment of ca larynx, nasopharynx,
aerodigestive tract and endobronchial region
ο Recurrent ca after CT/RT/surgery
ο S/E β photosensitivity so wear sun protective
clothing on exposure to sunlight
15. ο Principle
ο Use of electromagnetic waves of high frequency
through a hand held probe which is inserted into
tissues -> cuts and coagulates tissues with
minimal normal tissue damage and scarring
ο OPD procedures with fewer complications
ο Indications
ο Inferior turbinoplasty
ο Surgery on soft palate for sleep apnoea and
snoring
ο Surgery on base of tongue for snoring, lingual
thyroid
17. ο Intermittent inhalation of 100% oxygen in
chamber with pressure above 1 ATA
(atmospheric absolute)
ο Indications
ο Adjunct treatment of sudden SNHL β patients
with ssnhl > 41 db within 14 days of onset of
symptoms β 100% oxygen at 2-2.5 ATA for 90
minutes daily for 10-20 sittings (6 sittings/
week) β increases amount of oxygen in
tissues by diffusion
19. ο Rapid cooling or freezing of tissues at v low
temperature at -30 degree celsius followed
by slow thawing leads to destruction of
tissues
ο Types
ο Open system
ο Direct application of refrigerating chemicals
like liquid nitrogen sparay, co2 snow
ο Closed system
ο Using cryoprobe ( available in various sizes
and designs and produces tip temperature of
-70 degree celsius)
20. ο Based on Joule Thomson principle β rapid
expansion of compressed gas through a small
hole produces healing
ο Gas used are β liquid nitrogen, nitrous oxide, co2
ο Indications
ο Head and neck tumours
ο Benign vascular lesions
ο Premalignant lesions
ο Reduction of turbinates, allergic rhinitis
ο Tonsillitis
21. ο Herpetic, apthous ulcers in oral cavity
ο Meniereβs disease
ο Rhinosporodiasis
ο Nasal polyp
ο Epistaxis
ο Pathology
ο Tissue destruction by intracellular dehydration,
denaturation of lipoproteins, thermal shock, vascular
stasis of arterial and venous blood and
cryoimmunisation (formation of antibodies against
tissues)
22. ο Procedure
ο Anaesthesia β LA/ sedation/ no anaesthesia as
tissue freezing causes numbness
ο Cryoprobe applied for 2-8 minutes leading to
rapid freezing
ο Freezed tissue allowed to thaw slowly
ο Procedure repeated once or twice
ο Healing by secondary intention with necrotic
stump fall in 3-6 weeks
23. ο Advantages
ο Safe procedure
ο No need for GA
ο OPD procedure
ο No excision needed
ο Low cost
ο Minimal side effects
ο Can be tolerated by elderly
ο Manage patients with bleeding disorders
ο No haemorrhage
24. ο Disadvantages
ο Excision biopsy not possible
ο Cant assess margins of tumour
ο Need multiple sittings
ο Depth of freezing unpredictable
ο Causes skin pigmentation and loss of hair β
due to destruction of hair follicles
ο With lasers decline in use