Language Learning Motivation in Asia
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An overview of four main theories and models of L2 motivation and how they may (or may not) be applied to EFL students in Asian learning contexts.
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Language Learning Motivation in Asia
- 3. Defini-ons “[M]oBvaBon can be defined as the dynamically changing cumulaBve arousal in a person that iniBates, directs, coordinates, amplifies, terminates, and evaluates the cogniBve and motor processes whereby iniBal wishes and desires are selected, prioriBsed, operaBonalised, and…acted out.” (Dörnyei & O#o, 1998, p. 65) What is “mo-va-on”?
- 4. Defini-ons Mo-va-on explains … ! - why a parBcular acBvity? - how long they will persist? - what effort they invest in it? !
- 5. Defini-ons Mo-va-on explains … ! - why? - how long? - how hard? !
- 6. Defini-ons Mo-va-on explains … ! - why? - how long? - how hard? ! Choice Persistence Effort
- 8. L2 Selves and MoBvaBons in Asian Contexts ! Japan Malaysia China (PR) Indonesia China (Hong Kong SAR) India China (Taiwan) Vietnam South Korea Philippines ! Winter 2016 / Spring 2017
- 9. Overview 1. MoBvaBonal theories 2. Assessing appropriateness 3. Flaws in current models and approaches 4. A post-paradigm, suprathemaBc approach
- 10. Overview 1. MoBvaBonal theories 2. Assessing appropriateness 3. Flaws in current models and approaches 4. A post-paradigm, suprathemaBc approach
- 19. 1. Mo-va-on Self Determina-on Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000) 1. Mo-va-onal theories Mo-va-on is enhanced by: 1. Autonomy - capacity to choose to engage in – certain acBviBes ! 2. Competence - ability to carry out an acBvity and to rise to a challenge ! 3. Relatedness - feeling of security between learner and others (family, friends, teacher, classmates)
- 22. “Possible” or “imagined” selves • Ideal L2 Self the self one desires to become • Ought to L2 Self the self one is obliged to become • L2 learning experience situaBon-specific L2 Mo-va-onal Self System (Dörnyei, 2005) 1. Mo-va-onal theories
- 27. 1. Mo-va-onal theories Complex / Dynamic Systems (CDS) — Mo-va-on is individual dependent upon social context interac-ons among individual / situa-on specific events as “triggers” ! — Mo-va-on is dynamic responds to aUractors, part of a system both stable and unpredictable
- 28. Overview 1. MoBvaBonal theories 2. Assessing appropriateness 3. Flaws in current models and approaches 4. A post-paradigm, suprathemaBc approach
- 30. 1. Mo-va-onal theories 30 M uchresearchonhumanbehaviourand psychology assumes that everyone shares most fundamental cognitive and affective processes, and that findings from one population apply across the board. A growing body of evidence suggests that this is not the case. Experimental findings from several disci- plines indicate considerable variation among human populations in diverse domains, such as visual perception, analytic reasoning, fairness, cooperation, memory and the herit- ability of IQ1,2 . This is in line with what anthropologists have long suggested: that people from West- ern, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic (WEIRD) socie- ties — and particularly American undergraduates — are some of the most psychologically unusual peo- ple on Earth1 . So the fact that the vast majority decides how much of a fixed amount to offer a second player, who can then accept or reject this proposal. If the second player rejects it, neither player gets anything. Participants from industrialized societies tend to divide the money equally, and reject low offers. Peo- ple from non-industrialized societies behave differently,especiallyinthesmallest-scalenon- market societies such as foragers in Africa and horticulturalists in South America, where peo- ple are neither inclined to make equal offers nor to punish those who make low offers4 . affect the way that experienced investors make decisions about the stock market6 . We offer four suggestions to help put theories of human behaviour and psychology onafirmerempiricalfooting.First,editorsand reviewers should push researchers to support any generalizations with evidence. Second, grantingagencies,reviewersandeditorsshould give researchers credit for comparing diverse andinconvenientsubjectpools.Third,granting agencies should prioritize cross-disciplinary, cross-cultural research. Fourth, researchers must strive to evaluate how their findingsapplytootherpopulations. There are several low-cost ways to approachthisintheshortterm:one is to select a few judiciously chosen populations that provide a ‘tough test’ofuniversalityinsomedomain, suchassocietieswithlimitedcount- ing systems for testing theories about numerical cognition1,2 . Most people are not WEIRD To understand human psychology, behavioural scientists must stop doing most of their experiments on Westerners, argue JosephHenrich, StevenJ.Heine and AraNorenzayan. GRACIALAM Vol 466|1 July 2010 OPINION2. Assessing Appropriateness
- 31. 1. Mo-va-onal theories 31 M uchresearchonhumanbehaviourand psychology assumes that everyone shares most fundamental cognitive and affective processes, and that findings from one population apply across the board. A growing body of evidence suggests that this is not the case. Experimental findings from several disci- plines indicate considerable variation among human populations in diverse domains, such as visual perception, analytic reasoning, fairness, cooperation, memory and the herit- ability of IQ1,2 . This is in line with what anthropologists have long suggested: that people from West- ern, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic (WEIRD) socie- ties — and particularly American undergraduates — are some of the most psychologically unusual peo- ple on Earth1 . So the fact that the vast majority decides how much of a fixed amount to offer a second player, who can then accept or reject this proposal. If the second player rejects it, neither player gets anything. Participants from industrialized societies tend to divide the money equally, and reject low offers. Peo- ple from non-industrialized societies behave differently,especiallyinthesmallest-scalenon- market societies such as foragers in Africa and horticulturalists in South America, where peo- ple are neither inclined to make equal offers nor to punish those who make low offers4 . affect the way that experienced investors make decisions about the stock market6 . We offer four suggestions to help put theories of human behaviour and psychology onafirmerempiricalfooting.First,editorsand reviewers should push researchers to support any generalizations with evidence. Second, grantingagencies,reviewersandeditorsshould give researchers credit for comparing diverse andinconvenientsubjectpools.Third,granting agencies should prioritize cross-disciplinary, cross-cultural research. Fourth, researchers must strive to evaluate how their findingsapplytootherpopulations. There are several low-cost ways to approachthisintheshortterm:one is to select a few judiciously chosen populations that provide a ‘tough test’ofuniversalityinsomedomain, suchassocietieswithlimitedcount- ing systems for testing theories about numerical cognition1,2 . Most people are not WEIRD To understand human psychology, behavioural scientists must stop doing most of their experiments on Westerners, argue JosephHenrich, StevenJ.Heine and AraNorenzayan. GRACIALAM Vol 466|1 July 2010 OPINION2. Assessing Appropriateness
- 32. 1. Mo-va-onal theories 32 M uchresearchonhumanbehaviourand psychology assumes that everyone shares most fundamental cognitive and affective processes, and that findings from one population apply across the board. A growing body of evidence suggests that this is not the case. Experimental findings from several disci- plines indicate considerable variation among human populations in diverse domains, such as visual perception, analytic reasoning, fairness, cooperation, memory and the herit- ability of IQ1,2 . This is in line with what anthropologists have long suggested: that people from West- ern, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic (WEIRD) socie- ties — and particularly American undergraduates — are some of the most psychologically unusual peo- ple on Earth1 . So the fact that the vast majority decides how much of a fixed amount to offer a second player, who can then accept or reject this proposal. If the second player rejects it, neither player gets anything. Participants from industrialized societies tend to divide the money equally, and reject low offers. Peo- ple from non-industrialized societies behave differently,especiallyinthesmallest-scalenon- market societies such as foragers in Africa and horticulturalists in South America, where peo- ple are neither inclined to make equal offers nor to punish those who make low offers4 . affect the way that experienced investors make decisions about the stock market6 . We offer four suggestions to help put theories of human behaviour and psychology onafirmerempiricalfooting.First,editorsand reviewers should push researchers to support any generalizations with evidence. Second, grantingagencies,reviewersandeditorsshould give researchers credit for comparing diverse andinconvenientsubjectpools.Third,granting agencies should prioritize cross-disciplinary, cross-cultural research. Fourth, researchers must strive to evaluate how their findingsapplytootherpopulations. There are several low-cost ways to approachthisintheshortterm:one is to select a few judiciously chosen populations that provide a ‘tough test’ofuniversalityinsomedomain, suchassocietieswithlimitedcount- ing systems for testing theories about numerical cognition1,2 . Most people are not WEIRD To understand human psychology, behavioural scientists must stop doing most of their experiments on Westerners, argue JosephHenrich, StevenJ.Heine and AraNorenzayan. GRACIALAM Vol 466|1 July 2010 OPINION Western Educated Industrialized Rich DemocraBc 2. Assessing Appropriateness
- 33. 2. Assessing Appropriateness Absolu=st — moBvaBonal theories can be applied universally (eBc approach) Rela=vist — only within the indigenous or local frames of reference — no generalisaBon possible across cultural contexts (emic approach) Universalist — some aspects are universal, but the sociocultural context is also crucial (Zusho & Clayton, 2011) Absolu=st Rela=vist Universalist
- 35. Overview 1. MoBvaBonal theories 2. Assessing appropriateness 3. Flaws in current models and approaches 4. A post-paradigm, suprathemaBc approach
- 50. 50 [In the global age, the world is your rival] LinguisBc imperialism? “Fear of an English Planet.”
- 51. Overview 1. MoBvaBonal theories 2. Assessing appropriateness 3. Flaws in current models and approaches 4. A post-paradigm, suprathema-c approach
- 55. MoBvaBon is not a state but a ! dynamic cumula-ve acEve process that explains … ! - why? - how long? - how hard?
- 57. Thank you! Ma#hew Apple mapple@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp Ritsumeikan University Terry Fellner Saga University Dexter Da Silva Keisen University
- 58. Upcoming L2 Selves and MoBvaBons in Asian Contexts ! Japan Malaysia China (PR) Indonesia China (Hong Kong SAR) India China (Taiwan) Vietnam South Korea ! Winter 2016 / Spring 2017
- 62. Development of internaliza-on of the autonomous self ! ! Text Text IdenBfied RegulaBon TIntrinsic Mo-va-on Integrated RegulaBon External RegulaBon AmoBvaBont Introjected RegulaBon (Ryan & Deci, 2002) 1. Mo-va-onal theories