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Brain, Biology and Behavior

The document discusses neurolinguistics and the relationship between language and brain function, emphasizing that the capacity for language resides in the brain, particularly in left hemisphere areas like Wernicke's and Broca's areas, rather than in physical organs. It details different types of language disorders, particularly aphasia, resulting from brain damage, and describes potential treatments including community groups and therapies such as constraint-induced language therapy and melodic intonation therapy. The document also highlights the causes of these disorders, with strokes and other injuries primarily affecting language ability.

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Language & The Brain Name: Jordanae Lindsay #1223816 Course: Brain, Biology and Behavior Date: March 15, 2019
Neurolinguistics Neurolinguistics studies the relation of language and communication to different aspects of brain function, i.e. it tries to explore how the brain understands and produces language and communication.
Language and the Brain Many people assume the physical basis of language lies in the lips, the tongue, or the ear. But deaf and mute people can also possess language fully. People who have no capacity to use their vocal cords may still be able to comprehend language and use its written forms.
Language and the Brain Language is brain stuff--not tongue, lip, ear, or hand stuff. The language organ is the mind. More specifically, the language faculty seems to be located in certain areas of the left hemispheric cortex in most healthy adults. A special branch of linguistics, called neurolinguistics, studies the physical structure of the brain as it relates to language production and comprehension.
The Human Brain The human brain is divided into two hemispheres: â—Ź The left hemisphere "logical brain" â—Ź The right hemisphere "creative brain,"
Language Areas in the Brain â—Ź The auditory cortex â—Ź Wernicke's area â—Ź Broca's area â—Ź The Arcuate Fasciculus
Language Areas in the Brain The auditory cortex in the cerebral cortex processes auditory information and as part of the sensory system for hearing, performs both basic and higher hearing functions.
Language Areas in the Brain Wernicke's area is an area in the cerebral cortex related to speech and is involved in both spoken and written language. This area was named after Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist who discovered that the area is related to how words and syllables are pronounced.
Language Areas in the Brain Broca's area is an area in the frontal lobe of the brain that is related to the production of speech. The area is named after Pierre Paul Broca who noticed an impaired ability to produce speech in two patients who had sustained injury to the region.
Language Areas in the Brain The Arcuate Fasciculus is a part of the white matter of the brain. It is an arched band of white fibers that acts as a bridge between different sections of gray matter that are not directly connected. It can pass along information from one place to another, almost like a shortcut. bridge travels around around a crack in the brain called the Sylvian Fissure. It may connect two regions of the brain called Broca's area and Wernicke's area.
Language Disorders Language disorder is a communication disorder in which a person has persistent difficulties in learning and using various forms of language (i.e., spoken, written, sign language). Individuals with language disorder have language abilities that are significantly below those expected for their age, which limits the ability to communicate or effectively participate in many social, academic, or professional environments.
Language Disorders â—Ź Aphasia is one kind of language disorder that results from damage to the parts of the brain that contain language. â—Ź Aphasia occurs in various forms and degrees, depending upon the situation, extent, and severity of the cerebral lesions which is responsible.
Language Disorders ● Aphasias are inability to perceive, process, or produce language due to physical damage to the brain. ● Broca’s aphasia results in an inability to produce sequences of sounds in fluent speech; tendency to eliminate any functional vocabulary. ● Wernicke’s aphasia results in inability to understand speech and inability to speak meaningfully. ● Acquired dyslexia and Acquired dysgraphia due to angular gyrus damage.
Cause of the Aphasia â—Ź Aphasia is caused by damage to one or more of the language areas of the brain. â—Ź The cause of the brain injury is a stroke Other causes of brain injury are severe blows to the head, brain tumors, brain infections, and other conditions that affect the brain. â—Ź Damage to the left side of the brain causes aphasia for most right-handers and about half of left-handers.
Treatments for Aphasias Community Aphasia Groups—treatment and support for people with aphasia that can improve linguistic functioning in a naturalistic setting (Elman & Bernstein-Ellis, 1999) and enhance social networks (Vickers, 2010). Groups also offer individuals and family members an opportunity to socialize, converse, share ideas and feelings, receive support, and learn more about aphasia and aphasia resources.
Treatments for Aphasias Constraint-Induced Language Therapy (CILT): CILT is an intensive treatment approach focused on increasing spoken language output while discouraging (constraining) the use of compensatory communication strategies (e.g., gesturing and writing). In addition to “forced use” of verbal language, CILT involves high-intensity training via massed practice (Pulvermüller et al., 2001).
Treatments for Aphasias MIT ( Melodic Intonation Therapy) uses the musical elements of speech (i.e., melody, rhythm, and stress) to improve expressive language. This approach capitalizes on intact functioning (singing) while engaging areas of the undamaged right hemisphere that are still capable of language.
References The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2019). Aphasia: Treatment. Retrieved from https://www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589934663§ion=Treatment Mandal, A. (2019, February 26). Language and the Human Brain|News-Medical.Net. Retrieved from https://www.news- medical.net/health/Language-and-the-Human-Brain.aspx Murtaqi, A. (2011, November 29). Presentation language and the brain| SlideShare. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/AhmadJauhari/presentation-language-and-the-brain Psychology Today.com. (2018, February 15). Language Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/language-disorder Reed, D. (2019). Arcuate Fasciculus: Definition & Function. Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/arcuate-fasciculus- definition-function.html Yaqoob, R. (2014, October 14). Language and the brain| SlideShare. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/noviiummiy/language- and-the-brain-40247158