The document provides information on various landforms and geological processes. It defines weathering as the wearing away of earth materials, erosion as the movement of weathered materials, and deposition as when eroded materials settle in a new place. It then describes key landforms such as plains, plateaus, valleys, canyons, dunes, deltas, hills, mountains, volcanoes, glaciers, glacial moraines, and discusses whether their formation is generally a slow or fast process. Earthquakes are noted as a fast process that changes the earth's surface by releasing energy and shaking the crust.
Remember, you don't have to be able give definitions for all the vocabulary. Key Ideas are Weathering, Erosion, Deposition and fast vs slow Earth changing processes.
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life. According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence, Earth formed over 4 billion years ago.[24][25][26] Earth's gravity interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and the Moon, Earth's only natural satellite. Earth revolves around the Sun in 365.26 days, a period known as an Earth year. During this time, Earth rotates about its axis about 366.26 times.[n 5]
Earth's axis of rotation is tilted, producing seasonal variations on the planet's surface.[27] The gravitational interaction between the Earth and Moon causes ocean tides, stabilizes the Earth's orientation on its axis, and gradually slows its rotation.[28] Earth is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets.
Earth's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. About 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water, mostly by oceans.[29] The remaining 29% is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes, rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. The majority of Earth's polar regions are covered in ice, including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack. Earth's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the Earth's magnetic field, and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics.
Within the first billion years of Earth's history, life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the Earth's atmosphere and surface, leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago. Since then, the combination of Earth's distance from the Sun, physical properties, and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive.[30][31] In the history of the Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events. Over 99% of all species[32] that ever lived on Earth are extinct.[33][34] Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely;[35][36][37] most species have not been described.[38] Over 7.4 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and natural resources for their survival. Humans have developed diverse societies and cultures; politically, the world has about 200 sovereign states.
This presentation class 7 geography , chapter-3 Our changing earth.(Part-1)
in PPT explanation about earth Movement ; Endogenic and exogenic force.
endogenic force ; sudden movement and diastrophic movement
explain about volcano and earthquake.
Remember, you don't have to be able give definitions for all the vocabulary. Key Ideas are Weathering, Erosion, Deposition and fast vs slow Earth changing processes.
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life. According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence, Earth formed over 4 billion years ago.[24][25][26] Earth's gravity interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and the Moon, Earth's only natural satellite. Earth revolves around the Sun in 365.26 days, a period known as an Earth year. During this time, Earth rotates about its axis about 366.26 times.[n 5]
Earth's axis of rotation is tilted, producing seasonal variations on the planet's surface.[27] The gravitational interaction between the Earth and Moon causes ocean tides, stabilizes the Earth's orientation on its axis, and gradually slows its rotation.[28] Earth is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets.
Earth's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. About 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water, mostly by oceans.[29] The remaining 29% is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes, rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. The majority of Earth's polar regions are covered in ice, including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack. Earth's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the Earth's magnetic field, and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics.
Within the first billion years of Earth's history, life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the Earth's atmosphere and surface, leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago. Since then, the combination of Earth's distance from the Sun, physical properties, and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive.[30][31] In the history of the Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events. Over 99% of all species[32] that ever lived on Earth are extinct.[33][34] Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely;[35][36][37] most species have not been described.[38] Over 7.4 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and natural resources for their survival. Humans have developed diverse societies and cultures; politically, the world has about 200 sovereign states.
This presentation class 7 geography , chapter-3 Our changing earth.(Part-1)
in PPT explanation about earth Movement ; Endogenic and exogenic force.
endogenic force ; sudden movement and diastrophic movement
explain about volcano and earthquake.
TRUE OR FALSE: The Earth’s surface has stayed the same for thousands of years
FALSE: the Earth’s surface is always changing
EXAMPLE
EROSION & DEPOSITION
EROSION
Is the process by which natural forces move weathered rock and soil from one place to another.
Sediment – material moved by erosion .
DEPOSITION
Occurs where the agents of erosion lay down sediment.
Mass Movement
Any one of several processes that move sediment downhill.
Different types of Mass Movement
Landslide
- occurs when rock and soil slide quickly down a steep slope.
Different types of Mass Movement
Mudflow
- mudflow is a rapid downhill movement of a mixture of water, rock, and soil.
Different types of Mass Movement
Slump
- a mass of rock and soil suddenly slips down a slope.
Different types of Mass Movement
Creep
- very slow downhill movement of rock and soil.
Water Erosion
Rills and Gullies
Rills
- tiny grooves in the soil.
Gully
- a large groove , or channel, in the soil that carries runoff after a rainstorm
Streams and Rivers
Stream
- a channel along which water is continually flowing down a slope.
River
- a large stream
Amount of Runoff
In an area depends on five main factors:
1st – amount of rain
2nd – vegetation
3rd – type of soil
4th – shape of the land
5th – how people use the land
Erosion by River
Through erosion, a river creates a waterfalls, flood plains, meanders, and oxbow lakes.
Waterfall
May occur where a river meets an area of rock that is very hard and erodes slowly.
Flood plain
Flat, wide area of land along a river.
Meander
A loop like bend in the course of the river
Oxbow lake
A meander that has been cut off from the river.
Deposits by River
Deposition creates landforms such as alluvial fans and deltas. It can also add soil to a river’s flood plain.
Alluvial Fans
A wide, sloping deposit of sediment formed where a stream leaves a mountain range.
Deltas
Sediment deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake.
Groundwater Erosion
Groundwater can cause erosion through a process of chemical weathering.
Stalactite – hangs down from the roof of a cave.
Stalagmite – pointed piece of rock that sticks u p from the floor.
How Water Erode and Carries Sediment
Most sediment washes or falls into the river as a result of mass movement and runoff. Other sediment erodes from the bottom or sides of the river.
Abrasion- is the wearing away of rock by grinding action.
- occurs when particles of sediment in flowing water bumped into the steam again and again.
Erosion and Sediment Load
A river’s slope, volume of flow, and the shape of its trembled all affect how fast the river flows and how much sediment it can erode.
Slope
Is the amount the river drops toward sea level over a give distance.
Volume of Flow
A river’s flow is the volume of water that moves past a point on the river on a given time.
Streambed Shape
Affects the
PPT presentation on different geologic processes involved in the formation of different landforms. the presentation also includes discussion on other landforms.
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1. January 25, 2010
Landforms and Changes in the Earth's Surface
Vocabulary Guide
Weathering is the wearing away of earth materials. It is a constant
process. Weathering is caused by many things including wind, ice, water
and chemicals.
Erosion is when weathered earth materials move from one place to
another.
Deposition is when eroded earth materials stop moving and settle in a
new place. One way to remember this is to think DEPOSIT.
Key Point: often times "erosion" is used to describe all 3 process above.
However on your assessment, you will need to be able to understand all 3
terms independently.
2. January 25, 2010
Weathering: the water
has worn down the
earth material forming
the V-shaped canyon.
Erosion: The earth
materials or sediments
are moving down the
channel.
Deposition: The
sediments have settled
to create a delta.
Hopefully this diagram will help you to remember how
all 3 of these terms work together
3. January 25, 2010
Landforms: Plains
Plains are generally flat landforms. In some cases plains
were formed by glaciers that pushed across the earth.
Most of the western half of Ohio is considered a plain.
Plains are also usually considered lowlands.
4. January 25, 2010
Landforms: Plateaus
Plateaus are like plains,
but they are generally
because they are flat
surfaces. They are
different because plateaus
are higher than the
surrounding areas. Plateaus
can be formed in many ways,
but the most common way is
that over a long period of
time, pressure from inside
Creating a plateau is a slow process.
the earth pushed a large
section of the earth upward.
5. January 25, 2010
Landforms: Valleys
Valleys are have more gently sloped wall and are more U-shaped than
canyons. Valleys are often thought to be between mountains or
mountain ranges. Some valleys are the result of a glacier moving
through an area between mountains. The floor of a valley can be very
large and often times, valleys have fertile soil in them.
6. January 25, 2010
Landforms: Canyons
Canyons are steep-walled, V-
shaped landforms that are caused
by a river weathering and eroding
away materials from a plateau.
The making of a canyon is a very
slow process, sometimes taking
millions of years.
Sometimes the rift between two
mountain peaks is also called a
canyon.
7. January 25, 2010
Landforms: Dunes
Creating dunes is a
slow process.
Dunes are landforms that are caused by wind eroding or
moving large amounts of sand and depositing the sand in a
new location. Dunes can be found in deserts and near
oceans very easily.
8. January 25, 2010
Landforms: Deltas
Deltas are "fan-shaped"
landforms that are caused
by the erosion or movement
of sand, rock and other
earth materials by a river.
When a river moves these
material down river, the
deposition of the materials
into the ocean or sea is the
delta.
Nile River Delta as seen from a satellite.
Creating deltas is a slow process.
9. January 25, 2010
Landforms: Hill
Hills are landforms that
are generally smaller than
1,000 feet tall. Hills
generally have rounded
tops and smoothed sides.
Hills can be formed in
many ways, but one
interesting way is that
over a very long time a
mountain can be
weathered down into a hill.
10. January 25, 2010
Landforms: Mountains
Mountains are landforms
that have been caused
because pressure from
inside the earth uplifts
the earth's crust.
Tectonic Plates that
push together is another
way mountains are
formed. Mountains
generally are taller than "Making" a mountain is a slow process.
1,500 ft and have
pointed tops or peaks.
11. January 25, 2010
Landforms: Volcanos
Volcanos are landforms that are formed when magma inside the
earth pushes through the earth's crust. Volcanos can be active
or dormant. Many volcanoes start in the ocean and can
eventually form islands after millions of years.
Even though it can take a
very long time for a
volcano to form an island,
volcanic eruptions can
change the surface of the
earth very quickly so we
call a volcano's effect on
the earth a fast process.
12. January 25, 2010
Landforms: Glaciers
Glaciers are massive sheets of ice that move very, very slowly over land
(maybe a foot a year). Glaciers are formed by a process where lots and
lots of snow accumulate over many years and the freezing/thawing cycle
cause the formation of layers of ice and snow. When there is enough
pressure because of the build up of ice and snow, glaciers will start to
move.
13. January 25, 2010
Landforms: Glacial Moraines
Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a
glacier and glacial moraines are exposed after the glacier has
retreated. Glacial moraines usually appear as linear mounds of a mixture
of rock, gravel, boulders and a fine powdery material. Terminal or end
moraines are formed at the foot or terminal end of a glacier.
The formation of a glacial moraine is a slow process.
14. January 25, 2010
Earthquakes
Earthquakes are not landforms, but they do change the earth's
surface a great deal. We would classify an earthquake as a fast
process for changing the earth's surface. Earthquakes happen
when there is a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust
that creates waves of energy. These waves of energy cause the
earth's crust to shake and crack.
Geologists observing the
effects of an earthquake in
Alaska.