This study was discussed land consolidation studies that play a key role in rural development in Turkey. Land consolidation can be narrowly defined as bringing together fragmented agricultural lands and rearranging ownership. However, it is not enough to strengthen the rural infrastructure alone, far-reaching projects are needed. Comprehensive land consolidation is to transform scattered, small, and irregularly shaped agricultural land belonging to a farm into fewer parcels that better geometric shape and larger. Also, it is a reorganization of the rural space, which includes all technical, economic, and social precautions to be taken to improve the working and living conditions of the farmer families, protect the soil and nature, ensuring sustainable agricultural development, and increasing agricultural productivity. Since land consolidation is based on the change of ancient land ownership, it is a sophisticated social work type. Therefore, in addition to information technologies and technical personnel who help to evaluate a large number of data comparatively, professionals who are competent in law, sociology, and psychology should be involved in such studies. The most important thing is to implement projects in which the majority of them can be accepted with the participation of the landowners whose lands will be consolidated.
The Study on Components of the Rural Structure in TurkeyPremier Publishers
This study conducted the current state of the rural structure in Turkey. Primary data were obtained through face-to-face surveys with the target group in 2018, and secondary data were obtained from the State Institute of Statistics and State Hydraulic Works. In the last two decades’ rural migration reached a level that adversely affects agricultural production. For the 15-45 age group, which is defined as an efficient labor force in agriculture, the city meant benefiting from better jobs, education, and health services. According to land size distribution agribusiness were concentrated in the range of 20-49 decares. It has been determined that the mechanization tendency is the most in this group. The ownership of 2-5 parcels is highest in this size group, and the 6-9 parcel range followed this value. The share of agribusiness that small from 50 decares in the total number of enterprises is 64.8% and the share of these enterprises in the total agricultural land has been determined as 21.34%. It is seen that 1.6% of the arable land is not used. Studies such as land banking can play a key role in improving on land tenure system. These applications require large investments and significant legal regulations.
This document summarizes land use changes in Indonesia and Malaysia over the past 30 years and explores the role of palm oil production. It finds that large areas of land have been converted, with forest cover decreasing by 40 million hectares (30%) in Indonesia and nearly 5 million hectares (20%) in Malaysia. Palm oil production has played a significant role, with projections estimating additional demand requiring 1-28 million hectares in Indonesia and 0.06-5 million hectares in Malaysia by 2020. Strategies are suggested to minimize future land use impacts from palm oil expansion, such as using degraded lands and improving governance and planning of land use.
Determinants of Small-Scale Irrigation Use: The Case of Jeldu District, West ...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of small-scale irrigation use in Jeldu District, West Shewa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The study used a survey of 118 rural households and logistic regression analysis. It found that age of household, education level, family size, land size, oxen ownership, livestock ownership, and farm income were significant determinants of small-scale irrigation use. The study concluded small-scale irrigation can help ensure household food security in the area but requires proper management systems. It suggested intensifying agricultural production and encouraging productivity on limited land.
Status of Agricultural Food Sector: Basis for A Proposed Continuity PlanIJAEMSJORNAL
This study described the status of agriculture in the province of Nueva Ecija. It determined the current situation of the farming business in Nueva Ecija in terms of agricultural land use, its statistical profile on agriculture, crops grown by cities and municipalities and the presence of support agencies in maintaining the continuous development of farming and other forms of agriculture therein. Based on its agriculture profile, land, mostly irrigated shares the biggest portion in terms of its usage for food production. Rice, corn, onion and tomatoes are the major crops being grown in cities and municipalities. Findings revealed that rice and corn share the biggest in domestic consumption. For support agencies, bank and business agencies are found in support for farmers while the government mostly provides seminars. It was also revealed that other seeds for crops are introduced as a farmer’s option and lesser in choosing for an investment in their income. As their contingency plan, farmers opt to sell and engage in driving rather than farming during lean months. Pest attacks constitute the main problem encountered by farmers, while seeding management is a priority. The above findings point to certain sustainability that requires improvement and a continuity plan to match up with the continuous supply of goods from the farms to the demands of an increasing population for its consumption.
Evaluation of land use practice and its future consequence on dilla zuria wor...zinabu wolde
The study reviewed Land use practices in Gedeo Zone Dilla Zuria woreda to assess its role and achievements in ensuring good food security since 2014 in which the people of Gedeo were being practice on. The objectives were to (1) identify the land Use practice that have been used over time; (2) identify the problem of current land Use practice in the area (3) identify the challenges of the practice in the soil; (4) determine the extent of use of land use practice from historical approaches in maintaining good service and (5) make recommendations for further improvement of land use practice. Primary sources, Published and unpublished secondary sources revealed that several agricultural approach were being undertaken in order to make clear land use practice of the area. One of the basic approaches undertaken today was Agroforestry practice, which culturally tied with Nation of Gedeo. Land use practice dealt with challenges of previous and current approaches of land use practice. Aspects of challenges to effective Land use practice in area were administrative or management, farmer awareness, and in general, attitudinal change of farmers in the area. Natural resource management such as integrated watershed management, soil and water conservation practice, consequence of improper land use practice are discussed and recommended for further improvement of land use practice in the study area.
Energy consumption pattern in wheat production in sindhsanaullah noonari
Wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) is the main staple food for most of the population and largest grain source o the
country. It occupies the central position in formulating agricultural policies. It contributes 13.1 percent to the
value added in agriculture and 2.7 percent to GDP. Area and production target of wheat for the year 2012-13 had
been set at 9045 thousand hectares and 25 million tons, respectively. Wheat was cultivated on an area of 8805
thousands hectares, showing a decrease of 3.6 percent over last year’s area of 9132 thousand hectares. However,
a bumper wheat crop of 24.2 million tons has been estimated with 3.9 percent increase over the last year’s crop
of 23.3 million tons. The prospects for wheat harvest improved with healthy fertilizer off-take and reasonable
rainfall during pre-harvesting period. Energy is a necessary of life for human beings all over the world due to its
function in strengthening the security and contentment of the people. Energy demand is growing with the
passage of time due to infrastructural and industrial development. Energy is required to perform all the human
activities. It is need for food preparation, water heating and cooling, for lighting, for production of goods etc.
The study was focused on all types of energy (fossil fuels, chemicals, animals dung, animate etc). A sample of
60 farmers was selected from study area. A pre tested questioner was used to collect data from selected
respondents through personal interviews. Descriptive statistics and Cobb-Douglas production function was
applied to analyze the data. Result shows that wheat farmer achieved highest amount of net energy which was
calculated as small, medium and large farmers is 1368336.88, 1698003.79 and1702527.75 MJ/acre respectively.
In production of wheat large, medium and small farmers achieve amount of net energy which was calculated
41525.06, 38590.99, 39095.33 MJ/acre. The impact of various energy inputs on yield was studied. The share of
various energy types in total cost of production was estimated. Commercial energy (diesel and electricity)
consumed highest amount of energy in production of wheat.
Impact Assessment of Agroforestry Practices on Community Socio-Economic Livel...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Agroforestry is the source of energy for cooking, materials for construction, domestic utensils and other products and services including fruits, medicine, livestock, feeding and fencing. This study aimed to assess the impact of agroforestry practices on community"s socioeconomic livelihoods in Karongi district, western Rwanda. The authors interviewed 45 Agroforestry Practioners (AFP) and 45 Non-Agroforestry Practioners (NAFP) from 8 cells randomly selected between July and September 2019.The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20. The result, as asserted by 100 % of AFP, the Grevillea robustae was the frequently planted specie on contours and terraces due to its contribution on improving soil fertility and protecting the soil against erosion. The inheritance of land is the main mode of getting lands as mentioned by 69% and 62% of AFP and NAFP, respectively. In addition, it was noted that the number of reared goat, cattle and poultry is higher for the AFP than that of NAFP. Furthermore, the AFP" mean yearly income and its uses (food security, agriculture and household building) is significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to that of NAFP. Thus, in Karongi District, the agroforestry significantly enhances its practioner"s livelihoods. This study can serve as guide to other similar areas in adopting the agroforestry.
The Study on Components of the Rural Structure in TurkeyPremier Publishers
This study conducted the current state of the rural structure in Turkey. Primary data were obtained through face-to-face surveys with the target group in 2018, and secondary data were obtained from the State Institute of Statistics and State Hydraulic Works. In the last two decades’ rural migration reached a level that adversely affects agricultural production. For the 15-45 age group, which is defined as an efficient labor force in agriculture, the city meant benefiting from better jobs, education, and health services. According to land size distribution agribusiness were concentrated in the range of 20-49 decares. It has been determined that the mechanization tendency is the most in this group. The ownership of 2-5 parcels is highest in this size group, and the 6-9 parcel range followed this value. The share of agribusiness that small from 50 decares in the total number of enterprises is 64.8% and the share of these enterprises in the total agricultural land has been determined as 21.34%. It is seen that 1.6% of the arable land is not used. Studies such as land banking can play a key role in improving on land tenure system. These applications require large investments and significant legal regulations.
This document summarizes land use changes in Indonesia and Malaysia over the past 30 years and explores the role of palm oil production. It finds that large areas of land have been converted, with forest cover decreasing by 40 million hectares (30%) in Indonesia and nearly 5 million hectares (20%) in Malaysia. Palm oil production has played a significant role, with projections estimating additional demand requiring 1-28 million hectares in Indonesia and 0.06-5 million hectares in Malaysia by 2020. Strategies are suggested to minimize future land use impacts from palm oil expansion, such as using degraded lands and improving governance and planning of land use.
Determinants of Small-Scale Irrigation Use: The Case of Jeldu District, West ...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of small-scale irrigation use in Jeldu District, West Shewa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The study used a survey of 118 rural households and logistic regression analysis. It found that age of household, education level, family size, land size, oxen ownership, livestock ownership, and farm income were significant determinants of small-scale irrigation use. The study concluded small-scale irrigation can help ensure household food security in the area but requires proper management systems. It suggested intensifying agricultural production and encouraging productivity on limited land.
Status of Agricultural Food Sector: Basis for A Proposed Continuity PlanIJAEMSJORNAL
This study described the status of agriculture in the province of Nueva Ecija. It determined the current situation of the farming business in Nueva Ecija in terms of agricultural land use, its statistical profile on agriculture, crops grown by cities and municipalities and the presence of support agencies in maintaining the continuous development of farming and other forms of agriculture therein. Based on its agriculture profile, land, mostly irrigated shares the biggest portion in terms of its usage for food production. Rice, corn, onion and tomatoes are the major crops being grown in cities and municipalities. Findings revealed that rice and corn share the biggest in domestic consumption. For support agencies, bank and business agencies are found in support for farmers while the government mostly provides seminars. It was also revealed that other seeds for crops are introduced as a farmer’s option and lesser in choosing for an investment in their income. As their contingency plan, farmers opt to sell and engage in driving rather than farming during lean months. Pest attacks constitute the main problem encountered by farmers, while seeding management is a priority. The above findings point to certain sustainability that requires improvement and a continuity plan to match up with the continuous supply of goods from the farms to the demands of an increasing population for its consumption.
Evaluation of land use practice and its future consequence on dilla zuria wor...zinabu wolde
The study reviewed Land use practices in Gedeo Zone Dilla Zuria woreda to assess its role and achievements in ensuring good food security since 2014 in which the people of Gedeo were being practice on. The objectives were to (1) identify the land Use practice that have been used over time; (2) identify the problem of current land Use practice in the area (3) identify the challenges of the practice in the soil; (4) determine the extent of use of land use practice from historical approaches in maintaining good service and (5) make recommendations for further improvement of land use practice. Primary sources, Published and unpublished secondary sources revealed that several agricultural approach were being undertaken in order to make clear land use practice of the area. One of the basic approaches undertaken today was Agroforestry practice, which culturally tied with Nation of Gedeo. Land use practice dealt with challenges of previous and current approaches of land use practice. Aspects of challenges to effective Land use practice in area were administrative or management, farmer awareness, and in general, attitudinal change of farmers in the area. Natural resource management such as integrated watershed management, soil and water conservation practice, consequence of improper land use practice are discussed and recommended for further improvement of land use practice in the study area.
Energy consumption pattern in wheat production in sindhsanaullah noonari
Wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) is the main staple food for most of the population and largest grain source o the
country. It occupies the central position in formulating agricultural policies. It contributes 13.1 percent to the
value added in agriculture and 2.7 percent to GDP. Area and production target of wheat for the year 2012-13 had
been set at 9045 thousand hectares and 25 million tons, respectively. Wheat was cultivated on an area of 8805
thousands hectares, showing a decrease of 3.6 percent over last year’s area of 9132 thousand hectares. However,
a bumper wheat crop of 24.2 million tons has been estimated with 3.9 percent increase over the last year’s crop
of 23.3 million tons. The prospects for wheat harvest improved with healthy fertilizer off-take and reasonable
rainfall during pre-harvesting period. Energy is a necessary of life for human beings all over the world due to its
function in strengthening the security and contentment of the people. Energy demand is growing with the
passage of time due to infrastructural and industrial development. Energy is required to perform all the human
activities. It is need for food preparation, water heating and cooling, for lighting, for production of goods etc.
The study was focused on all types of energy (fossil fuels, chemicals, animals dung, animate etc). A sample of
60 farmers was selected from study area. A pre tested questioner was used to collect data from selected
respondents through personal interviews. Descriptive statistics and Cobb-Douglas production function was
applied to analyze the data. Result shows that wheat farmer achieved highest amount of net energy which was
calculated as small, medium and large farmers is 1368336.88, 1698003.79 and1702527.75 MJ/acre respectively.
In production of wheat large, medium and small farmers achieve amount of net energy which was calculated
41525.06, 38590.99, 39095.33 MJ/acre. The impact of various energy inputs on yield was studied. The share of
various energy types in total cost of production was estimated. Commercial energy (diesel and electricity)
consumed highest amount of energy in production of wheat.
Impact Assessment of Agroforestry Practices on Community Socio-Economic Livel...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Agroforestry is the source of energy for cooking, materials for construction, domestic utensils and other products and services including fruits, medicine, livestock, feeding and fencing. This study aimed to assess the impact of agroforestry practices on community"s socioeconomic livelihoods in Karongi district, western Rwanda. The authors interviewed 45 Agroforestry Practioners (AFP) and 45 Non-Agroforestry Practioners (NAFP) from 8 cells randomly selected between July and September 2019.The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20. The result, as asserted by 100 % of AFP, the Grevillea robustae was the frequently planted specie on contours and terraces due to its contribution on improving soil fertility and protecting the soil against erosion. The inheritance of land is the main mode of getting lands as mentioned by 69% and 62% of AFP and NAFP, respectively. In addition, it was noted that the number of reared goat, cattle and poultry is higher for the AFP than that of NAFP. Furthermore, the AFP" mean yearly income and its uses (food security, agriculture and household building) is significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to that of NAFP. Thus, in Karongi District, the agroforestry significantly enhances its practioner"s livelihoods. This study can serve as guide to other similar areas in adopting the agroforestry.
This document provides a literature review on sustainable agriculture, food security, food systems, and climate change in Laos. It discusses how agriculture is important for Laos' economic development but is threatened by climate change and other factors. It outlines the geography and agro-ecological zones of Laos and analyzes aspects of food security like availability, accessibility, stability and utilization. The role of biochar and its potential to help with food security and climate change mitigation is also examined. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the need for climate-smart agricultural approaches to boost economic growth while ensuring environmental protection and food security.
This document examines agroforestry as an adaptation method for African smallholder farmers facing increased weather extremes due to climate change. It discusses how agroforestry can strengthen food system resilience by providing additional crops and income sources while improving soil and water management. However, adoption of agroforestry in sub-Saharan Africa has been low due to various barriers. Overcoming these barriers is important for smallholder farmers to adapt their food production through low-cost agroforestry methods.
Analysis of the relationship between the Socio-Economic Characteristics of Ri...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The study examined the analysis of the relationship between the SocioEconomic Characteristics of Rice Farmers and Soil Management Practices in Abuja. The study was conducted in rural communities in Abuja, Nigeria. Two objectives guided the study. The study adopted descriptive and logistic regression research design. Multistage sampling technique was employed to select the farming communities for the study. Twelve (12) agricultural wards (Chuwkuku, Gaube, Bamushin, kotunku, Pai, Dafa, Bako, Dobi, Paso, Chibiri, Gadabiu and Paikon) were randomly selected giving a total of thirty-six (36) agricultural wards. Five blocks were randomly picked from each of the agricultural wards making the total of 180. Lastly two (2) circles were randomly selected from each of the blocks resulting to three hundred and sixty (360) respondents who were randomly selected from the chosen circles. The results show that 58.06% of the respondents were male while 36.13% of the respondents were between the ages of 30 and 39years. Also, 47.74% of them were married with 40% of the respondents having an average of 5 people in their households. 61.94 had at most a national certificate of education (NCE). Majority (44.84) of the respondent had a farm size of between half a hectare and two hectares. The study recommended that manual tillage should be mostly carried out by rice farmer to improve the level of production and also soil rotation should be practiced where soil is much available to reduce the level of degradation.
Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact o...Premier Publishers
The importance of agricultural technology in enhancing production and productivity can be realized when yield increasing and technologies are widely been used and diffused. Standing from this logical ground, this paper aimed at identifying the factors affecting agricultural technology adoption decision and examining the impact of adoption on household’s income in chiro district west Hararghe zone, Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data was used; primary data was collected through structured questionnaire administered on 97 randomly selected smallholder farmers and secondary data was collected from published and unpublished document related to this topic. For data analysis purpose both Probit and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression models were employed. From the total 97 respondents 80 of them were adopted improved agricultural Technology while the left were not adopted improved agricultural technology in the study area. The regression result revealed that agricultural technology adoption has a positive and significant effect on household income by which adopters are better-offs than non-adopters. The probit regression result revealed that gender of the household head; access to irrigation, credit service; extension service and income of the household head significantly affect adoption of improved agricultural technology in the study area. From these finding researchers recommend that government should encourage small scale irrigation, credit service and extension service in the study area.
Agroecological socio-economics. Impacts and principlesFAO
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/afns/en/
Presentation from Gaëtan Vanloqueren (University of Louvain, Belgium) describes some of the economic benefits of Agroecology in terms of increased income, employment and savings, as well as its positive externalities in environmental terms. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
11.population growth and sustainable land management in indiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the relationship between population growth, sustainable land management, and food security in India. It notes that India faces challenges of high population growth putting pressure on limited land and water resources, leading to issues like land degradation, water scarcity, and food crises. Sustainable land management is presented as a solution that can help increase agricultural production to meet food demands while preserving land quality and the environment for future generations. Key concepts discussed include Malthusian theory of population growth outpacing food supply, the environmental impacts of intensive cultivation and groundwater extraction for irrigation, and balancing economic development with sustainable resource use.
Understanding diversity of smallholder agro-forestry and forestry systems in ...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation examines the importance of social science approaches to understanding social and political dynamics of interventions on forest development in sloping lands.
This presentation was given by Kiran Asher at the World Conference on Agroforestry, Feb 10-14, 2014, New Delhi, India, and Transforming Mountain Forestry ICIMOD symposium, Dehra Dun, Jan 2015.
Indian Agricultural Concerns and Future Prospects of Agriculture in IndiaDevina Seram
Challenges faced in Present Indian Agriculture.
Future Prospects of Agriculture in India (Expected)
"Everything Else Can Wait But Not Agriculture".
- Jawaharlal Nehru
DETERMINANTS OF AGRICULTURE (INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL FACTOR)Calcutta University
Institutional and technological factors are important determinants of Indian agriculture. Key institutional factors include land tenure systems established by the British, small landholding sizes due to inheritance practices, and land reforms aimed at redistributing land from large to small owners. Technological factors that have influenced agriculture include the introduction of high-yielding seed varieties, expansion of irrigation through canals and groundwater, increased use of fertilizers and pesticides, and greater mechanization through tractors and farm machinery. While these changes have increased agricultural productivity and output, many small farmers still lack access to technology.
the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Sri Lanka Agricultural Economics Association (SAEA) summoned a symposium on “Convergence of policies and programs for sustainable and climate resilient agriculture and role of agricultural economics association in contemporary world” on December 13, 2014 as part of Joint Annual Research Forum at Hectare Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka. The aim of the symposium was to bring together researchers from South Asian countries to present the policy measures taken within their countries regarding climate –smart agriculture and to explore the convergence among them for the near future.
This document discusses knowledge management in Indian agriculture. It notes that over 80% of Indians depend on agriculture and knowledge transfer plays an important role in growth. It describes the major organizations involved in agricultural knowledge - public sector bodies like ICAR, state universities, private companies, and NGOs. Public sector focuses on increasing productivity through research, education, and extension. Private sector focuses on commercial goals and products. NGOs focus on dissemination, documentation, and local knowledge. Climate-smart agriculture is presented as key to ensuring food security amidst population growth and climate change.
How Land Laws Are Currently Affecting Food Security for Smallholder Farmers i...Emilene Sivagnanam
My policy term paper for Transformation through Sustained Agricultural and Rural Development: Policies and Institutions, which focused on Cambodia, smallholder farmers, rice, climate change, aid dependence, governance, and land laws
Participatory agricultural production constraint analysis was conducted in AGP-II project supported district; Biyo-Awale district from Dire Dawa Adminisrative Councile (DDAC) of Ethiopia with the objective to assess agricultural production constraints of the target community in the study area. The study was used Participatory Rural Appraisals (PRA) approach to collect and generate the required data and infortation. The study used PRA tools which included reviewing secondary data, focus group discussions, pair-wise ranking, and field observation. Results of PRA study revealed that the main crop production constraints facing the study area are shortage of improved crop varieties for cereal and horticultural crops, pest infestation (weeds, crop disease, and insects), moisture stress due to eratic rainfall distribution and inadequate moisture management practices. The PRA study also revealed that crop production was constraints facing are drought, deforestation, depletion of water resource and declining of soil fertility. The PRA study further indicates shortage of financial capital, and inadequate support in the income source diversification have been identified as major institutiona constraints that are limiting the capacity of the communities to diversify their livelihoods. Hence, there is need for research, development and institutional interventions to alleviate the identified constraints to crop production and socioeconomic in the study area through holistic approach.
Climate change poses challenges to global food security. By 2050, food production must increase 60% to meet demand from a growing population. Adapting agriculture to climate change through climate-smart practices can help achieve food security and sustainable development goals. This involves increasing productivity, adapting to climate impacts, and reducing emissions. At the local level, action plans are needed to assess climate change impacts on soils, water resources, and crops, and implement contingency plans, restoration strategies, and diversified livelihoods to build resilience for small farmers.
Status and potential of improving crop subChimeg DB
The document discusses the status and potential of improving Mongolia's crop sub-sector. It finds that while crops currently make up a small portion of agricultural output, the crop sub-sector has potential to address food security and poverty reduction. It faces challenges such as land degradation, lack of technology, and poor infrastructure. A SWOT analysis identifies strengths like available agricultural land but also weaknesses such as low productivity and threats such as climatic hazards.
Smallholder Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change: The Case of Ank...Premier Publishers
Climate change is posing serious environmental, economic, and social impacts in the study area where people’s livelihoods depend on agriculture. This study was initiated to identify the existing adaptation strategies persuaded by smallholder farmers, and factors affecting the choices of adaptation strategies against climate change in Ankesha Guagusa district. Primary data were collected from a randomly selected 156 sample households in the district through interview method and focus group discussion whereas secondary data were collected from different organizations and published sources. Descriptive statistics, and econometric model were employed to achieve the stated objectives. The result of multivariate probit model showed that the likelihood of households to adopt irrigation, improved crop varieties, adjusting planting date, use crop diversification, and soil and water conservation practices were 46.79%, 52.26%, 45.51%, 69.68% and 78.20%, respectively. The result also shows that the joint probability of using all adaptation strategies was 11.53% and the joint probability of failure to adopt all of the adaptation strategies was 7.7%. The model result also confirms that sex, educational level, family size, livestock holding, land holding, off/non-farm income, farm income, extension contact, credit used, access to climate information, distance to market, and agro-ecological zone had significant effect on climate change adaptation strategies. Therefore, future policies shall focus on the smallholder farmers’ technical capacity through adult education system, and on updated extension services, improving credit facilities, irrigation facilities, farm and off-farm income earning opportunities, and use of new crop varieties that are more suited to the local environment.
1) Horticulture is a key driver of India's economic development and contributes 30.4% to agriculture GDP. India is the world's largest producer of many fruits and vegetables.
2) Horticultural crop production has increased 7-fold in India, ensuring nutritional security and employment. Per capita consumption of fruits and vegetables remains below recommended levels.
3) Expenditure on horticultural products like vegetables and fruits has increased over 500% from 1987-88 to 2009-10 for both rural and urban households, indicating rising demand.
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the C...Mohd Asif Shah
1. The document discusses a case study of apple cultivation in the Kulgam district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It examines the association between socioeconomic variables and the type of fertilizer (organic or inorganic) used.
2. The study uses a stratified random sampling method to select 272 households from 34 villages in Kulgam for data collection through interviews. Chi-square tests are used to analyze relationships between fertilizer use and variables like age, gender, education level, occupation, family type, size, and land owned.
3. The results of the chi-square tests found an association between fertilizer use and age, education level, and family size. But no association was found with gender, occupation
A Current-View on Rural Settlements in the Republic of TurkeyPremier Publishers
This study discussed regulations related to village and rural development in the history of the Republic of Turkey. Also, it deals with different physical planning approaches of rural settlements and their success situations and the spatial problems of rural settlements. In recent years, the view of the people and the capital to rural settlements had changed gradually in Turkey. On the one hand, abandoned villages in terms of the young and dynamic labor force, on the other hand, the necessity of making these areas attractive for the efficiency of agricultural production emerges as a dilemma. The villages had come to the agenda again for urban people because of the reasons such as the desire to get away from the stuffy environment of the city by means of rural tourism. In this paper, in the light of these general situation assessments, possible targets of the village renewal studies were put forward.
This document provides a literature review on sustainable agriculture, food security, food systems, and climate change in Laos. It discusses how agriculture is important for Laos' economic development but is threatened by climate change and other factors. It outlines the geography and agro-ecological zones of Laos and analyzes aspects of food security like availability, accessibility, stability and utilization. The role of biochar and its potential to help with food security and climate change mitigation is also examined. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the need for climate-smart agricultural approaches to boost economic growth while ensuring environmental protection and food security.
This document examines agroforestry as an adaptation method for African smallholder farmers facing increased weather extremes due to climate change. It discusses how agroforestry can strengthen food system resilience by providing additional crops and income sources while improving soil and water management. However, adoption of agroforestry in sub-Saharan Africa has been low due to various barriers. Overcoming these barriers is important for smallholder farmers to adapt their food production through low-cost agroforestry methods.
Analysis of the relationship between the Socio-Economic Characteristics of Ri...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The study examined the analysis of the relationship between the SocioEconomic Characteristics of Rice Farmers and Soil Management Practices in Abuja. The study was conducted in rural communities in Abuja, Nigeria. Two objectives guided the study. The study adopted descriptive and logistic regression research design. Multistage sampling technique was employed to select the farming communities for the study. Twelve (12) agricultural wards (Chuwkuku, Gaube, Bamushin, kotunku, Pai, Dafa, Bako, Dobi, Paso, Chibiri, Gadabiu and Paikon) were randomly selected giving a total of thirty-six (36) agricultural wards. Five blocks were randomly picked from each of the agricultural wards making the total of 180. Lastly two (2) circles were randomly selected from each of the blocks resulting to three hundred and sixty (360) respondents who were randomly selected from the chosen circles. The results show that 58.06% of the respondents were male while 36.13% of the respondents were between the ages of 30 and 39years. Also, 47.74% of them were married with 40% of the respondents having an average of 5 people in their households. 61.94 had at most a national certificate of education (NCE). Majority (44.84) of the respondent had a farm size of between half a hectare and two hectares. The study recommended that manual tillage should be mostly carried out by rice farmer to improve the level of production and also soil rotation should be practiced where soil is much available to reduce the level of degradation.
Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact o...Premier Publishers
The importance of agricultural technology in enhancing production and productivity can be realized when yield increasing and technologies are widely been used and diffused. Standing from this logical ground, this paper aimed at identifying the factors affecting agricultural technology adoption decision and examining the impact of adoption on household’s income in chiro district west Hararghe zone, Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data was used; primary data was collected through structured questionnaire administered on 97 randomly selected smallholder farmers and secondary data was collected from published and unpublished document related to this topic. For data analysis purpose both Probit and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression models were employed. From the total 97 respondents 80 of them were adopted improved agricultural Technology while the left were not adopted improved agricultural technology in the study area. The regression result revealed that agricultural technology adoption has a positive and significant effect on household income by which adopters are better-offs than non-adopters. The probit regression result revealed that gender of the household head; access to irrigation, credit service; extension service and income of the household head significantly affect adoption of improved agricultural technology in the study area. From these finding researchers recommend that government should encourage small scale irrigation, credit service and extension service in the study area.
Agroecological socio-economics. Impacts and principlesFAO
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/afns/en/
Presentation from Gaëtan Vanloqueren (University of Louvain, Belgium) describes some of the economic benefits of Agroecology in terms of increased income, employment and savings, as well as its positive externalities in environmental terms. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
11.population growth and sustainable land management in indiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the relationship between population growth, sustainable land management, and food security in India. It notes that India faces challenges of high population growth putting pressure on limited land and water resources, leading to issues like land degradation, water scarcity, and food crises. Sustainable land management is presented as a solution that can help increase agricultural production to meet food demands while preserving land quality and the environment for future generations. Key concepts discussed include Malthusian theory of population growth outpacing food supply, the environmental impacts of intensive cultivation and groundwater extraction for irrigation, and balancing economic development with sustainable resource use.
Understanding diversity of smallholder agro-forestry and forestry systems in ...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation examines the importance of social science approaches to understanding social and political dynamics of interventions on forest development in sloping lands.
This presentation was given by Kiran Asher at the World Conference on Agroforestry, Feb 10-14, 2014, New Delhi, India, and Transforming Mountain Forestry ICIMOD symposium, Dehra Dun, Jan 2015.
Indian Agricultural Concerns and Future Prospects of Agriculture in IndiaDevina Seram
Challenges faced in Present Indian Agriculture.
Future Prospects of Agriculture in India (Expected)
"Everything Else Can Wait But Not Agriculture".
- Jawaharlal Nehru
DETERMINANTS OF AGRICULTURE (INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL FACTOR)Calcutta University
Institutional and technological factors are important determinants of Indian agriculture. Key institutional factors include land tenure systems established by the British, small landholding sizes due to inheritance practices, and land reforms aimed at redistributing land from large to small owners. Technological factors that have influenced agriculture include the introduction of high-yielding seed varieties, expansion of irrigation through canals and groundwater, increased use of fertilizers and pesticides, and greater mechanization through tractors and farm machinery. While these changes have increased agricultural productivity and output, many small farmers still lack access to technology.
the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Sri Lanka Agricultural Economics Association (SAEA) summoned a symposium on “Convergence of policies and programs for sustainable and climate resilient agriculture and role of agricultural economics association in contemporary world” on December 13, 2014 as part of Joint Annual Research Forum at Hectare Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka. The aim of the symposium was to bring together researchers from South Asian countries to present the policy measures taken within their countries regarding climate –smart agriculture and to explore the convergence among them for the near future.
This document discusses knowledge management in Indian agriculture. It notes that over 80% of Indians depend on agriculture and knowledge transfer plays an important role in growth. It describes the major organizations involved in agricultural knowledge - public sector bodies like ICAR, state universities, private companies, and NGOs. Public sector focuses on increasing productivity through research, education, and extension. Private sector focuses on commercial goals and products. NGOs focus on dissemination, documentation, and local knowledge. Climate-smart agriculture is presented as key to ensuring food security amidst population growth and climate change.
How Land Laws Are Currently Affecting Food Security for Smallholder Farmers i...Emilene Sivagnanam
My policy term paper for Transformation through Sustained Agricultural and Rural Development: Policies and Institutions, which focused on Cambodia, smallholder farmers, rice, climate change, aid dependence, governance, and land laws
Participatory agricultural production constraint analysis was conducted in AGP-II project supported district; Biyo-Awale district from Dire Dawa Adminisrative Councile (DDAC) of Ethiopia with the objective to assess agricultural production constraints of the target community in the study area. The study was used Participatory Rural Appraisals (PRA) approach to collect and generate the required data and infortation. The study used PRA tools which included reviewing secondary data, focus group discussions, pair-wise ranking, and field observation. Results of PRA study revealed that the main crop production constraints facing the study area are shortage of improved crop varieties for cereal and horticultural crops, pest infestation (weeds, crop disease, and insects), moisture stress due to eratic rainfall distribution and inadequate moisture management practices. The PRA study also revealed that crop production was constraints facing are drought, deforestation, depletion of water resource and declining of soil fertility. The PRA study further indicates shortage of financial capital, and inadequate support in the income source diversification have been identified as major institutiona constraints that are limiting the capacity of the communities to diversify their livelihoods. Hence, there is need for research, development and institutional interventions to alleviate the identified constraints to crop production and socioeconomic in the study area through holistic approach.
Climate change poses challenges to global food security. By 2050, food production must increase 60% to meet demand from a growing population. Adapting agriculture to climate change through climate-smart practices can help achieve food security and sustainable development goals. This involves increasing productivity, adapting to climate impacts, and reducing emissions. At the local level, action plans are needed to assess climate change impacts on soils, water resources, and crops, and implement contingency plans, restoration strategies, and diversified livelihoods to build resilience for small farmers.
Status and potential of improving crop subChimeg DB
The document discusses the status and potential of improving Mongolia's crop sub-sector. It finds that while crops currently make up a small portion of agricultural output, the crop sub-sector has potential to address food security and poverty reduction. It faces challenges such as land degradation, lack of technology, and poor infrastructure. A SWOT analysis identifies strengths like available agricultural land but also weaknesses such as low productivity and threats such as climatic hazards.
Smallholder Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change: The Case of Ank...Premier Publishers
Climate change is posing serious environmental, economic, and social impacts in the study area where people’s livelihoods depend on agriculture. This study was initiated to identify the existing adaptation strategies persuaded by smallholder farmers, and factors affecting the choices of adaptation strategies against climate change in Ankesha Guagusa district. Primary data were collected from a randomly selected 156 sample households in the district through interview method and focus group discussion whereas secondary data were collected from different organizations and published sources. Descriptive statistics, and econometric model were employed to achieve the stated objectives. The result of multivariate probit model showed that the likelihood of households to adopt irrigation, improved crop varieties, adjusting planting date, use crop diversification, and soil and water conservation practices were 46.79%, 52.26%, 45.51%, 69.68% and 78.20%, respectively. The result also shows that the joint probability of using all adaptation strategies was 11.53% and the joint probability of failure to adopt all of the adaptation strategies was 7.7%. The model result also confirms that sex, educational level, family size, livestock holding, land holding, off/non-farm income, farm income, extension contact, credit used, access to climate information, distance to market, and agro-ecological zone had significant effect on climate change adaptation strategies. Therefore, future policies shall focus on the smallholder farmers’ technical capacity through adult education system, and on updated extension services, improving credit facilities, irrigation facilities, farm and off-farm income earning opportunities, and use of new crop varieties that are more suited to the local environment.
1) Horticulture is a key driver of India's economic development and contributes 30.4% to agriculture GDP. India is the world's largest producer of many fruits and vegetables.
2) Horticultural crop production has increased 7-fold in India, ensuring nutritional security and employment. Per capita consumption of fruits and vegetables remains below recommended levels.
3) Expenditure on horticultural products like vegetables and fruits has increased over 500% from 1987-88 to 2009-10 for both rural and urban households, indicating rising demand.
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the C...Mohd Asif Shah
1. The document discusses a case study of apple cultivation in the Kulgam district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It examines the association between socioeconomic variables and the type of fertilizer (organic or inorganic) used.
2. The study uses a stratified random sampling method to select 272 households from 34 villages in Kulgam for data collection through interviews. Chi-square tests are used to analyze relationships between fertilizer use and variables like age, gender, education level, occupation, family type, size, and land owned.
3. The results of the chi-square tests found an association between fertilizer use and age, education level, and family size. But no association was found with gender, occupation
A Current-View on Rural Settlements in the Republic of TurkeyPremier Publishers
This study discussed regulations related to village and rural development in the history of the Republic of Turkey. Also, it deals with different physical planning approaches of rural settlements and their success situations and the spatial problems of rural settlements. In recent years, the view of the people and the capital to rural settlements had changed gradually in Turkey. On the one hand, abandoned villages in terms of the young and dynamic labor force, on the other hand, the necessity of making these areas attractive for the efficiency of agricultural production emerges as a dilemma. The villages had come to the agenda again for urban people because of the reasons such as the desire to get away from the stuffy environment of the city by means of rural tourism. In this paper, in the light of these general situation assessments, possible targets of the village renewal studies were put forward.
Factors influencing rice production in the Lwafi-katongolo irrigation scheme:...Open Access Research Paper
This study was conducted to assess factors influencing rice production in the Lwafi-Katongolo Irrigation Scheme. A sample of 120 farmers from 4 villages of Katongolo, Masolo, Kamwanda and Mpata were purposively selected for the assessment of factors influencing crop yields and water delivery (flow). Data was collected through a questionnaire administered to households to generate information on factors influencing water delivery and how the influence affects rice production. The data were subjected to analysis of trends in crop production and water flows using Microsoft Excel. Multivariate regression analysis was used to assess factors influencing production during the wet and dry seasons while Descriptive analysis was used to determine the level of farmer satisfaction on irrigation services. Qualitative data were analyzed by content analysis. The findings show that Cropped land size, condition of secondary canals, relative position of irrigated area and Government facilitation for maintenance significantly and positively influenced productivity in the scheme. Experience of farmers in irrigation practices influenced negatively the productivity in the scheme. The annual rainfall increased 1.58mm in the period 1981-2020 causing destruction of canal walls and soil erosion in the scheme. Water discharge in the irrigation scheme decreased by 40.36m3/s between 2019 and 2021 implying poor water supply hence negatively influencing productivity. The finding also explained farmers satisfaction for water delivery in the scheme as the response was 61.57% Neutral, 33.75% Dissatisfied, 3.64% Satisfied, 1.04 Strong Dissatisfied and 0% Strong Satisfied. The study recommends, the government and other stake holder of agriculture should continue planning for rehabilitating the infrastructure destructed and constructing other structure as per design, construction of water dam, and rescheduling of the maintenance and operation for Water user association in the scheme.
This document reviews factors influencing Ethiopian farm households' decisions to invest in soil and water conservation. Land degradation through soil erosion and nutrient depletion threatens food security and productivity in Ethiopia's highlands. While the government has promoted conservation, studies have found mixed results on adoption factors. The review finds adoption and investment intensity are influenced by different processes. Addressing all relevant factors is needed, as no single policy can drive major changes alone.
CAN PAYMENTS FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES REDUCE SOIL EROSION? THE CASE OF EASTERN ...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that uses an economic model to determine the optimal level of payments for ecosystem services (PES) needed to encourage farmers in eastern Morocco to adopt soil conservation technologies. The model, called the Minimum Data (MD) approach, estimates adoption rates of technologies like alley cropping and improved olive trees under different PES levels. The study area has significant soil erosion problems from overgrazing, cultivation of steep slopes, and other degradation factors. While technologies exist to reduce erosion, adoption without incentives is low. The MD model estimates over 90% adoption without payments, but field data shows lower rates, likely due to institutional barriers. The study aims to identify PES levels that would achieve acceptable adoption given regional variability
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Role of watershed management in reducing soil erosion zewde azewde alemayehu
Soil is one of the most important and essential natural resources. Soils offer plants physical support, air, water, temperature moderation, nutrients, and protection from toxins. Soils provide readily available nutrients to plants and animals by converting dead organic matter into various nutrient forms.
This study investigates the socio-economic impact of small-scale irrigation schemes on smallholder farmers in East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. The study uses survey data from 200 households, including beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of irrigation schemes. Logit regression analysis finds that irrigation scheme participation positively impacts education levels, farm income, non-farm income, living standards, and cooperative membership. However, problems accessing irrigation negatively impact participation. In general, small-scale irrigation schemes were found to improve socio-economic conditions for smallholder farmers, but issues like water management problems and lack of seed supply limited some benefits.
Superior Commodities Potential and the Strategy Development in Sigi District...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Impacts of Land-use Transformationon Agriculture land in Afghanistan,Kabul ci...IEREK Press
The change in land-use over a certain period of time is inevitable. This paper investigates the issue of land use change on agricultural land that has become a phenomenon affecting the economy and environment in Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan. Agriculture is the main economic source of Afghan cities, however, due to rapid population growth, population densification, and inabilityto apply Kabul city’s master plan and regulations, a large portion of land cover transformed from agricultural areas to unplanned developmentsand have shifted the function of communities from productive societies into consumer and dependent societies. The study sheds light on Yakatoot as a study farmland area in Kabul city to present an alive example of what is happening in the reality of agricultural land in Kabul. Therefore, approaches for sustainable conversion of agricultural land in Kabul city is a vital quest that needs to be followed seriously. The study illustrates Afghanistan's land laws. It identifies the social, economic and environmental impacts of land-use change. This paper applies qualitative methods, where data and analysis worked by using field surveys, aerial photographs from Google Earth and data collected from CRIDA. It also investigates international experience regarding land-use change and sustainable solutions. Therefore, due to positive implications of urban agriculture practice as afeasible and sustainable approach to tackle the ongoing challenges related to land-use change in Kabul city, this paper suggests inducing this approach in Kabul city’s master plan and other urban initiatives because it will not only lead to environmental protection, but also, it will re-establish economic stability, enhance social welfare, revive city’s historic identity.
— Land fragmentation is one of the country's traditional agricultural structural elements which nowadays as one of the main obstacles to agricultural development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the willingness to accept integration of rice fields by the lifters who strive in Behshahr interest and identify factors affecting it. In this respect, the required data through the completion of a questionnaire among lifters who strive in Behshahr interest collected and analyzed using Logit analysis. The results of the study showed that the amount of variables, age, education, experience, income, capital, area under cultivation and the distance of the Earth from each other parts have a significant difference. At the end of the research based on the results, decide to present. Keywords— consolidate, the tendency toward admission, rice, Behshahr.
An Example of Constructed Wetland Planning for a Rural Settlement in TurkeyPremier Publishers
Artificial wetlands are one of the methods that are used to recover the water specifically for domestic use or for agricultural activities without damaging the environment. These are the combination of biological, chemical and physical treatment systems, including microorganisms, plants, animals and aquatic ecology. These systems are economical because they do not require energy, special equipment, and trained personnel to operate them. This study focuses on the planning of constructed wetlands in the existing rural settlements or in future rural settlements that need to be re-planned as a result of various factors in Turkey conditions. In this study, an artificial wetland plan sample was prepared for domestic wastewater treatment in Demirgecit Village, which has cold climatic conditions, a projection population of 350 and a height of approximately 1750 m above sea level. As a result of the planning, the wetland area consisting of two chambers of 0.7m depth, 20m width, and 40m length was determined. The BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) value of the effluent water and holding time in the chamber were found to be 20.17 mg / L and 5.6 days respectively.
1. Agriculture is the backbone of India's economy, with two-thirds of the workforce depending on it. However, agricultural growth rates have been lower than planned in the past decade.
2. Small farm sizes, environmental degradation, and unsustainable use of water resources have hindered agricultural productivity.
3. Policies need to shift subsidies towards investment, adopt new technologies, and incentivize sustainable farming practices to boost agricultural growth while protecting the environment.
Farmers comparative use assessment of wind and electric pump for irrigationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Keta District provides one of the best wind regimes in Ghana and farming is the main occupation of most people in the communities of the district, notably the anloga community.A small size wind pump (1.6m rotor diameter) is currently in operation in Anloga in the Keta District on pilot bases to verify its cost effectiveness compared with the hydro electric power technology. The high electricity tariff paid every month for power consumption deterred majority of the farmers using hydro electricity technology for pumping. A survey conducted revealed that out of about 50 farmers, only 29% engaged in the use of electric power for pumping whilst 69% are still practising the manual method. 2% of the farmers are practising wind energy technology on pilot bases. Farmers in these coastal communities may have engaged in the use of wind energy for water pumping but for its high initial cost.
Keywords: wind, irrigation, electric, rural, development
Water-Energy-Land-Livelihood (WELL) Nexus Report, June 2019Martin Scherfler
The distress facing the agriculture sector needs an integrated approach deriving a win-win solution for all the concerned stakeholders—water security and better livelihood for farmers, easing of the massive financial burden on the state and the electricity utility, and benefits to the public at large through job creation and lower emissions. Our analysis considers a three-pronged approach consisting of (i) grid-interactive solar PV (photovoltaic), (ii) energy efficient pumps (EE), and (iii) advanced irrigation technology (AI) at the farm level. It makes policy recommendations for a successful implementation of this approach.
This study finds that there is strong support for community level approaches to forest management. Securing community forest tenure through clarifying land claims and integrating local land tenure into spatial planning is a key step to achieving sustainable forest management.
GIS Mapping of Large Soil Groups, Current Land Use, Soil Depths and Slopes, E...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted within the scope of the spatial evaluation of the current land uses, large soil groups, soil depth and slope distributions and soil erosion data in Kırşehir province of Turkey. In the study, digital soil maps produced by the Abolished General Directorate of Rural Services in Turkey were used. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) (Arc GIS 10.3.1) software was used for the spatial evaluation of soil data in the study. According to the spatial analysis results; Dry marginal agricultural areas with 2857.7 km2 constitute a large part of the current land use of Kırşehir Province. This area covers 44% of the total. When the large soil groups of Kırşehir province are examined, brown soils constitute a large part of the region. It has been determined that brown soils correspond to 2710.4 km2 area and 41% of the existing area. The soil depth structure has been observed to be generally medium depth soils. Medium deep soils have an area of 2052.1 km2 and constitute 31% of the total area. As for the soil slope class, it was seen that a large part of the region was between the 2nd degree slope group (7-12%) and the 3rd degree slope group (13-20%). When the soil erosion degree was examined, it was seen that a large part of the region had 2nd degree erosion. Soils with 2nd degree erosion group constitute an area of 2294.3 km2 (35%). Sharing the digital land use data obtained in the study will provide significant contributions to the investor organizations that will invest in the region and contribute to agricultural production.
This document reviews the impact of small-scale irrigation on household food security in Ethiopia. It finds that access to reliable irrigation water enables farmers to intensify cultivation, leading to increased productivity, production, and returns. Irrigated households are able to grow crops more than once a year, ensuring stable production, income, and food consumption to improve food security. However, simply providing irrigation infrastructure is not enough - farmers also need access to roads, markets, credit, training, and information to engage in irrigation and reduce food insecurity. The potential for irrigation in Ethiopia is estimated at 3.7 million hectares, but currently only 853,000 hectares are under small-scale irrigation.
Study of irrigation sources and cultivation area for Cereals & Pulses in the ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Cereals and pulses play a significant role in the diet of population. As per WHO, the recommended ratio is 2:1 for cereals and & pulses. However, there are different reasons which have gone against the production of pulses in general. Cereals on the other hand, have picked up larger portion in overall cultivation and consequently, the gross & net sown area are more under the cultivation of cereals. Currently, the ratio between cereal to pulses production ranges from 8:1 to 6:1. In this paper, it is found that the ratio between cereals and pulses which was 7.3:1 in the year 2012-13 increased to 7.7 1 in the year 2018-19. The study found that there was not much change in the gross & net area sown in the district of Meerut from the year 2012-13 to 2018-19. Irrigated area was also constant in both the years. Furthermore, production of different cereals and pulses are studied to know whether there is any change in their production due to change in the availability of water for irrigation during studied years in the district of Meerut, Uttar Pradesh.
Similar to “Land Consolidation” As A Solution for Rural Infrastructure Problems (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
The document discusses a case study of enhancing social capital among rural women in Bukidnon Province, Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic through a livelihood project. Key findings include:
1) Technical trainings provided by the project increased the women's knowledge, allowing them to generate additional household income through vegetable gardening during the pandemic.
2) The women's social capital, as measured by groups/networks, trust, and cooperation, increased by 15.5% from 2019 to 2020 through increased participation in their association.
3) Main occupations, income sources, and ethnicity influenced the women's social capital. The project enhanced social ties that empowered the rural women economically and socially despite challenges of the pandemic.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
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2. “Land Consolidation” As A Solution for Rural Infrastructure Problems
Kuslu Y 211
practice also differ. In Turkey "optional" and "mandatory"
as land consolidation is implemented by two different
legal bases. Mandatory consolidation is carried out in the
basins to be opened to irrigation considering the public
welfare. In particular, it is aimed to increase the efficiency
of large-scale irrigation systems. In voluntary
consolidation, it is done if the farmers who have the
majority in number (or according to the amount of land
owned) demand. In this study, the conditions that make
land consolidation necessary are examined. In addition,
types of land consolidation and expected benefits from
consolidation were discussed.
Land Fragmentation Effects
The deterioration of the agricultural structure harms crop
yield, and in some cases, it makes it difficult to take
precautions to increase productivity and causes an
increase in costs (Kuslu, 2009; 2020). The majority of
the number of agricultural enterprises in Turkey are
generated by businesses with less than 5.0 hectares of
land. In Turkey, the rate of enterprises smaller than 5.0
hectares in the total enterprise is 63.51% (Figure 1), and
the share of the land cultivated by this group in the total
agricultural land is 21.34% (TURKSTAT, 2020)
Figure 1. General distribution of farm size in Turkey
While small agribusinesses less than 10.0 ha, which
constitute about 40% of the cultivated areas, benefit from
about 14% of the mechanization possibilities, this rate for
agricultural enterprises larger than 10.0 ha is 86%.
(TURKSTAT, 2020). With respect to the form of the
farmland ownership, it is observed that land ownership
percentage in the agricultural enterprises in Turkey are
quite high. While the rate of enterprises that only cultivate
their own land is 81.34%, the rate of land processed by
these enterprises is 73.96% (TURKSTAT, 2020). On the
other hand, the fact that the amount of land owned by
enterprises is much precautions or less alone is not
enough to show that the business is big or small. Factors
such as land location, ecological conditions, the use of
agricultural techniques, the grown crops, and the yield
power of the soil should be considered together with the
land's existence (Sardar et al, 2020). For example, a farm
with 4.0 hectares of land in the Mediterranean coastal
zone and where products with high market value are
grown may be larger than those with 30.0 ha dry land in
the Eastern Anatolia Region. Therefore, it is beneficial to
examine farmlands in terms of natural conditions and
production systems (Uçar and Kara, 2006; Kuslu and
Yaganoglu, 2007; Kosoe et al, 2020).
All of the long-term precautions that ensure the utilization
of soil and water resources in the most economical way
in agricultural enterprises, the protection and
development of these resources, and the structural and
physical development of agricultural enterprises, include
the technical aspect of agriculture. These precautions,
which affect production and productivity in agriculture,
can be summarized as development of soil and water
resources, utility water, physical planning of rural
3. “Land Consolidation” As A Solution for Rural Infrastructure Problems
Int. J. Geogr. Reg. Plan. 212
settlements, planning of farmyards (Kuslu et al, 2017).
It is very important to develop land and water resources
in developing countries where the place of the population
livelihood in agriculture is important in the country's
economy (Dijk, 2002; Kuslu, 2009). According to the
researches, the construction of irrigation networks and
land development works have the biggest share
(approximately 54%) in the total cost of a project covering
rural planning (Uçar and Kara, 2006). It is a common
observation that in irrigation projects carried out with
large investments, the expected goals cannot be
achieved and the desired income cannot be obtained
(Kuslu and Ertem, 2019). In a study conducted by Kuslu
(2004), it was determined that the rate of benefiting from
the irrigation system remained at 14% in a rural
settlement where the irrigation system was completed
and irrigated agriculture was started. Similar situations
have been reported by different researchers (Uçar and
Kara, 2006; Kirmikil and Arici, 2013; Arici and Akkaya
Aslan, 2014). In general, different infrastructural reasons
play a role in this low irrigation rate such as every parcel
does not benefit from the irrigation canal, the channel
water level elevation was below the agricultural land
elevation, inadequate operation maintenance and
services, and high water charges.
Basic rural infrastructure problems in Turkey and most of
the developing countries can be summarized as follows:
A significant portion of the people living in rural areas
have no land.
The land of most of the agricultural enterprises is too
small to sustain a family.
Land ownership distribution in agricultural enterprises
is unregular.
Tenancy, splitting, and sharecropping system, which
is still valid, hinders economic and efficient
agriculture.
In most of the agricultural enterprises, the lands are
scattered in small parcels and their shapes are
irregular.
There is a title-use conflict in the records.
The misuse of agricultural land has increased in
recent years.
Some of the agricultural lands have been left out of
agriculture because they cannot be improved.
One of the most important problems of the agricultural
infrastructure is land fragmentation. From the land
fragmentation, it is understood that the land of agricultural
enterprises is divided due to the intervention of other
businesses or parcels used for non-agricultural purposes.
This situation causes both the distortion that creates
cultivation difficulties and the obligation to use
neighboring parcels to reach the confused farmlands
(Akkaya Aslan et al, 2007; Choumert and Phélinas, 2015;
Asiama et al, 2017).
The reasons for land fragmentation can be listed as
follows:
Fragmentation by inheritance and transition:
Agriculture and agricultural activities have no direct effect
on this type of fragmentation. It is a form of fragmentation
that occurs in agricultural lands due to social needs and
legal obligations (Akkaya Aslan et al, 2007). It is a known
fact becoming increasingly smaller due to the inheritance
law of large enterprises in Turkey (TURKSTAT 2020).
Depending on the increase in the number of businesses,
business size has decreased over time.
Fragmentation due to sale of shared lands:
It is a form of fragmentation due to the event of the death
of the landowner, the division of the agricultural lands by
his wife and children, and the legal and freely of purchase
and sale of the shared properties. (Gun, 2003; Yucer,
2016). In this type of fragmentation, the agricultural land
is divided into strips to benefit from the road, irrigation
channel, or drainage channel with equal rights (Figure 2).
Fragmentation through tenancy and sharecropping
due to lack of capital and labor:
It is the fragmentation caused by the enterprises that
give part or all of their land to the tenant or sharecropper
because they cannot cultivate their land (Demetriou et al,
2013).
Fragmentation due to infrastructure works for various
purposes:
It is the fragmentation that occurs due to the construction
of highway, railway and irrigation systems, playgrounds,
recreation and entertainment areas in a region. For
example, due to the construction of irrigation systems, 45
parcels were divided into 93 parcels in Demirgeçit village
(Figure 2).
Fragmentation caused by changes in high population
density in the agricultural sector:
It is a form of fragmentation resulting from the sale of the
empty and uncultivated agricultural land left behind by the
population shifting to the industrial sector to different
people (Arici and Akkaya Aslan, 2014).
Fragmentation due to geographical and topographic
location:
It is the fragmentation that occurs due to the
diversification of agricultural activities and crop rotation
as a result of the soil and topographic characteristics and
climatological conditions.
Is Land Consolidation Mandatory?
Land consolidation works are a kind of soil and water
conservation method. Soil is one of the main resources
required for agricultural production. Water is, the main,
irreplaceable resource, and the most important factor in
increasing agricultural production. The most important
factors that will ensure product increase are good soil
preparation, use of appropriate tools and machines,
selection of seeds, irrigation suitable with the technique,
development of soil and water resources together with
agricultural struggle, and improvement of the agricultural
structure.
4. “Land Consolidation” As A Solution for Rural Infrastructure Problems
Figure 2. Land fragmentation caused by irrigation network in Demirgeçit village, from Erzurum, Turkey (Kuslu,
2004)
The drawbacks of land fragmentation can be examined in
two parts, in terms of management and on-farm
development projects (Coelho et al 2001). The fact that
agricultural lands are fragmented, scattered, and small
makes it difficult to reorganize enterprises, improve heavy
working conditions for farmers by increasing work
efficiency, construct cheap irrigation and drainage
systems, and soil and water conservation precautions
(Cay et al, 2010). The fragmentation of the parcels
affects the use of the land, production, mechanization,
and the efficiency of the machine, on labor costs, on
technical precautions negatively (Kuzu and Degirmenci,
2020). The fragmentation of the parcels makes it difficult
for in-field development services such as irrigation,
passing drainage canals, land improvement works, and
in-field roads. The fragmentation of the parcels also
makes it difficult to apply irrigation and drainage
channels, which are in-field development services, soil
leveling, land improvement works, and the construction of
inter-field roads. Similarly, the fragmented parcels
increase the cost of in-field development services such
as the implementation of irrigation and drainage
channels, soil leveling, land improvement works, and the
construction of inter-field roads (Muchová et al, 2018).
Another negative effect of the fragmentation of lands on
usage is that it makes it difficult to protect meadows and
pastures (Latruffe and Piet, 2014).
Fragmented parcels have an indirect and direct effect on
production: Its direct effect is originated from the non-
plantable strips on the parcel edges. The more
fragmented an enterprise's land is the more its
perimeter/area ratio increases. In this way, due to the
area reserved for the parcel boundaries, roads, and water
arcs increase, the unusable area also increases (Kuslu
and Ertem, 2019). Its indirect effect arises from the
working difficulties caused by small parcels during
cultivation, maintenance, and harvest (Muchová et al,
2018). The boundary lengths are longer in irrigated
parcels than in non-irrigated parcels, and the edge strip
widths are greater in non-irrigated parcels (Kuslu, 2019b).
As a result of land fragmentation, the number of parcels
per enterprise increases. Parallel to this, it is observed
that the number of parcels that do not have roads or
direct access to them increased and lost their regular
5. “Land Consolidation” As A Solution for Rural Infrastructure Problems
Int. J. Geogr. Reg. Plan. 214
geometric shapes (Akkaya Aslan et al, 2018). Farmland
that fragmented and has irregular geometry is often
divided into thin slices parallel to the slope. It is very
difficult to take soil protection precautions in these
parcels (Buday et al, 2018).
Modern agriculture is agriculture that provides a
qualitative and quantitative increase in production by
applying advanced technologies. One of the most
important inputs of advanced agriculture is
mechanization. There is a close relationship between the
agricultural business structure of the countries and the
level of mechanization (Kuzu and Degirmenci, 2020). Full
efficiency cannot be expected from modern agricultural
machinery in an agricultural enterprise consisting of small
parcels, but it may be appropriate to benefit from animal
power. As the parcels get smaller, the tendency to
mechanization in agriculture decreases, and the use of
tools and machinery becomes impossible (Arici and
Akkaya Aslan, 2014). If the agricultural lands are far from
each other and on a small scale that requires less than
time half a day, it also causes a loss of time and labor in
terms of mechanization. In addition to the fragmentation
of agricultural enterprises, their small size does not allow
rational use of machinery. Given that part of the land
suitable for processing by a tractor must be at least 2.0
hectares, a large portion of the agricultural enterprises in
Turkey is seen as necessary not to use tractors with
existing land presence (TURKSTAT 2020).
Land consolidation is to connect the farmlands to the
road and irrigation network taking into consideration
ecological requirements and combine the lands of the
same enterprise that located in different places and
directions compared to the village center and in
unsuitable forms in terms of agricultural processing
(Sklenicka et al, 2013). Land consolidation is obligatory in
irrigation areas to achieve the expected benefits from
irrigation, to increase irrigation efficiency, and to prevent
problems that may occur due to irrigation and the other
cultivation process among landowners (UKKS, 2020).
Land consolidation, which is necessary for the efficient
use of agricultural lands and for the agricultural
production inputs to be at the appropriate level, should be
a part of irrigation projects realized by making large
investments.
Land Consolidation and Rural Planning
Land consolidation can be defined in two ways as simple
and extend land consolidation.
Simple land consolidation is the combination of scattered
small pieces of land and shares belonging to the same
person or household in regular shapes. Consolidation
made in this way is cheaper and requires less time, but it
is not very effective in increasing agricultural production
and rural development alone (Demetriou et al, 2013).
There is not take place any infrastructural work in simple
land consolidation.
"Extend land consolidation" is to improve the working and
living conditions of the farmer families, protect the soil
and nature, ensuring sustainable agricultural
development, and increasing agricultural productivity in
addition to gathering the scattered, fragmented, and
amorphous agricultural lands belonging to an agricultural
enterprise. It includes all the technical, economic, and
social precautionss to be taken for the purposes listed
above and the reorganization of agricultural space (FAO,
2020). The most critical work to be carried out together
with land consolidation in agricultural planning is to
ensure that agricultural infrastructure conditions are
suitable for agriculture by providing in-field development
services such as irrigation, drainage, soil conservation,
land leveling, soil reclamation. It is also important to
arrange the agricultural enterprises rationally according to
the principles of profitable management, improve the
living conditions of families, and train the farmers.
Land consolidation is a versatile work that increases the
living standards of people engaged in agriculture in rural
areas by supporting the increase of production on the
one hand, and on the other hand, improves working and
living conditions, decreases the production cost of
agricultural activities, and is effective in the development
of rural areas. The scope of this study, which is perceived
as bringing together and reorganizing the scattered lands
owned by enterprises, has been expanded over time, and
it has gained a modern and dynamic structure in many
countries due to its role in the multi-directional
development of the rural area (Akkaya Aslan et al, 2007).
One of the purposes of consolidation is to provide a road
for all parcels. To provide transportation without
damaging other parcels, one side of each parcel must be
based on the road. In a road and parcel plan, it is
desirable to provide access to all parcels with the
shortest road length. This is possible by planning the
short sides of the parcels based on the road. In a parcel
that is far from the farm center, there are negative effects
such as low yield and inadequate cultivation of the soil,
insufficient plant production plan, excessive labor force
requirement (Demetriou et al, 2013).
Today, a far-reaching land consolidation study should
cover the following services and investments:
Improvement of farmlands as form,
- Gathering parcels that are not regularly shaped and in
multiple pieces,
- In regular shapes, a suitable size that allows the
application of today's advanced technology, and are
suitable for agricultural activities, and
- It covers the connection of the parcels to the road
network and irrigation-drainage channels from at least
one side.
Improving the working and production conditions of
the farmer,
6. “Land Consolidation” As A Solution for Rural Infrastructure Problems
- Improving the physical and chemical properties of soils,
- Construction of irrigation and drainage facilities,
- Land leveling,
- Developing fertilizer usage standards that take into
account soil, environment, and water features, and
- It includes the use of machinery and the improvement of
the economic use conditions of them.
Improving the living conditions of farmers and other
people living in the agricultural area,
- Elimination of unhealthy environmental conditions, if any
(treatment of wastewater, control of factory wastes, etc.),
- Ensuring healthy living conditions for residences,
- Arrangement of the farmhouses in a way that reflects
the culture of the village and encourages tourism,
- Construction of school, reading room, health facilities,
social, religious and cultural facilities,
- It includes the works of establishing a suitable
transportation network in the campus, between the
villages, in the field, and between the fields (Akkaya
Aslan et al, 2007; FAO, 2020; Kosoe et al, 2020).
Land Consolidation Types
Land consolidation is a process that requires intense
time, labor, and money. It provides various benefits such
as the creation of economical sized enterprises and
optimum size parcels by collecting fragmented
agribusiness and lands, shortening the farmyard-parcel
distance, and minimizing area, time, and labor losses
(Demetriou et al, 2013).
Land consolidation technically can be done in several
ways, such as:
classical land consolidation,
consolidation in private agricultural areas,
special-purpose consolidation,
simple and accelerated consolidation,
consolidation by expropriation or purchase of land,
consolidation by mutual agreement and land change
and
basin-based consolidation.
Classical consolidation: Land consolidation studies
carried out with this method are applied in agricultural
areas, and it requires not only the consolidation of
fragmented, scattered, and irregularly shaped parcels but
also the necessary cultivation and technical services to
increase agricultural production in the project area (Arici
and Akkaya Aslan, 2014).
Consolidation in private cultural areas is the consolidation
of vineyards, fruit, vegetables, tobacco, and olive groves
within themselves. This is a fairly new and expensive
type of consolidation (Dijk, 2002).
Special purpose consolidation is the method applied in
case of construction of more canals, dams, energy
facilities, new highways, and other comprehensive
projects. This way, indiscriminate division of lands and
large-scale loss and damage of some businesses are
prevented (Demirel 1999).
Simple and accelerated consolidation aims to ensure that
only the rationalization of property and agricultural
business in lands where there is no need for agricultural
infrastructure and improvement works, to improve
production and working conditions very quickly, to take
the necessary precautionss for the protection of nature
and the maintenance of the rural area. Such practices are
more common in areas where land consolidation has
already been carried out (Kosoe et al, 2020).
Consolidation by expropriation or acquisition of land, in
some countries, is the consolidation done by rearranging
the lands within the framework of the laws. This type of
consolidation is applied when the lands are very
fragmented and create social problems (Arici and Akkaya
Aslan, 2014).
Consolidation by mutual agreement and land change is a
form of consolidation resulting from the exchange of land
by farmers who have adjacent lands in more than one
place (Buday et al, 2018). In some regions, such
agreements are seen between inheritors.
Basin-based consolidation is the type of consolidation
applied when the dimensions of the road and irrigation
network exceed the limits of the consolidation area. If
there is an arrangement by changing parcels between
villages, more than one land consolidation project is
combined (Kuslu and Ertem, 2019). This type of
consolidation is seen in places where large-scale
irrigation projects are implemented.
In Turkey, land consolidation activities, regulated by law,
are done in two ways as optional and mandatory. The
scope of these studies includes classical and special-
purpose consolidation. Optional land consolidation is
usually done on a village basis. Landowners who want
their land to be consolidated apply to the institution (State
Hydraulic Works-SHW) responsible for consolidation by
providing the absolute majority according to the size and
number of their land. The relevant institution prepares the
land consolidation project and implements it.
The Benefits of Land Consolidation
It is important to implement land consolidation in dry
farming areas. However, it should also be carried out in
areas that are or will be opened to irrigation (TURKSTAT
2020). This understanding is also adopted by major
investor-state institutions such as SHW and professional
associations.
In the state irrigation networks, in case of land
consolidation of irrigation projects, in-field development
services are provided to be more economical and less
investment cost (Arici and Akkaya Aslan, 2014). The
main reason for this is that there is no need for
expropriation for irrigation and drainage systems and the
7. “Land Consolidation” As A Solution for Rural Infrastructure Problems
Int. J. Geogr. Reg. Plan. 216
areas where the road network will be passed. In areas
where land consolidation is applied, "contribution share to
public facilities" is collected from landowners. In this way,
expropriation charges are eliminated. The implementation
of land consolidation in state irrigation networks reduces
the expropriation costs, which constitute a large part of
the project cost, by up to 35-40% (Akkaya Aslan et al,
2007).
In areas opened to irrigation via land consolidation, the
rate of direct utilization of the canals is close to 100%,
thus the utility rate of irrigation water benefit increases. In
case irrigation and drainage facilities are designed
without depending on the parcel boundaries, both
expropriation problems will occur and the old parcels will
be fragmented inappropriately (Kuslu and Ertem, 2019).
Although the irrigation system projects were applied
centuries ago, the land arrangement or consolidation
studies started to intensify in the 2000s in Turkey. While
the irrigation systems were being designed, the canals
were built depending on the existing parcel boundaries.
Thus, it was aimed that the fields would not be
fragmented anymore and their shape would not be
distorted. However, such practices not only cause the
irrigation rate to remain low in the scattered parcels but
also caused an increase in the cost of irrigation structures
up to 30% due to the increase of the canal length. As a
result, it has been realized that the irrigation systems
should be built in coordination with land consolidation
works. (Kosoe et al, 2020).
Land consolidation studies also include land leveling
applications. As these studies make the slope of the field
surface suitable for irrigation, it increases the efficiency of
water application (Arici and Akkaya Aslan, 2014).
Parcel sizes increase and become a regular shape with
land consolidation. Since the operation of agricultural
machines in these parcels is easier and more
economical, the mechanization rate also increases.
(Buday et al, 2018). Because the size of the parcels has
increased, the parcels are connected to irrigation,
drainage, and road network from at least one side, and
the in-field development activities have been completed,
labor costs have been decreased significantly with the
land consolidation. According to the results of researches
conducted in European countries on this subject, labor
savings have been achieved by 50% in Germany, 20-
30% in Switzerland, 33% in France, and 14% in Austria.
(FAO, 2020). In Turkey, in different studies carried out
about labor savings rates are estimated differently.
Researches thematized the effect of land consolidation
on labor-saving were found different results in Turkey. In
terms of agricultural labor-saving, the rate was
determined as 3.5-4.5% for Erzincan-Güllüce Village in
1965 and 8.5% for Eskişehir-Alpu Village in 1994. (Kuslu
and Ertem, 2019; Kuslu, 2009).
Agriculture has important socio-economic problems in all
the developing country. The population living in rural
areas cannot benefit from infrastructure, education, and
health services sufficiently. (Akkaya 1997). One benefit of
land consolidation that cannot be determined clearly is its
social contribution to rural society. (Buday et al, 2018).
Uncontrolled migration to urban will decrease in a rural
society that is economically comfortable and socially
peaceful (Kuslu and Ertem, 2019; Latruffe and Piet,
2014).
CONCLUSION
Today, rural arrangement studies consist of activity types
follows: nature, landscape, ecology, environmental
protection; regulation of agricultural and forestry
businesses; development of general agriculture and
forest culture; traffic planning; irrigation, drainage, and
provision of them; village renovation; major public works
projects, infrastructure; tourism and recreation, protection
of antiquities and monuments; the agricultural settlement,
refreshment of the village area; land arrangement; small
gardening and settlement; supporting fishing, hunting,
and mining; protection of mineral raw materials.
Land consolidation studies are need staffs that have
some skills. These are ordered as follows: lawyers and
sociologists experienced in land-human relations for the
quality of collective life; topographical engineers for the
nature of knowing nature, obtaining and evaluating
information about nature; technical and auxiliary staff; for
the nature of the land reorganization, topographical
engineers, agricultural engineers/biosystem engineers,
and operators who will ensure the administrative order
between these people with auxiliary staff; computer
programmers who can develop programs related to the
subject; employees (driver, operator, etc.) and office staff
who can use all kinds of tools.
Land consolidation is exhausting work involving many
routine tasks at the same time considering many factors
and information. It is imperative to carry out studies
quickly, minimize the work done with human labor, and
obtain efficient and reliable results in studies. During the
project phase, the application is carried out by
considering a large number of parameters. Consolidation
studies since there is an interference activity with
ownership, it should be ensured that the new ownership
situation that the participants will accept is created in a
way that does not contradict the purpose of consolidation.
These studies included political decisions and complexity
and are made by taking into account many characteristics
of the land. To prepare a parceling plan with high
implementation success, operations research techniques
should be used. The information system used in land
consolidation works should be transferable and reusable.
The information included in the planning should be
classified according to their subjects and analyzed
structurally. Most of this information is local and consists
of basic information and planning information. The
8. “Land Consolidation” As A Solution for Rural Infrastructure Problems
Kuslu Y 217
information system should be able to easily access the
desired data and to exclude unwanted data. Land
consolidation is a component of rural landscaping and
attracts more and more attention around the world.
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