ABSTRACT: This paper attempts to develop a prediction model that can be used in line with prescribed laboratory experiments for indirect tensile test such that tensile elastic modulus can be predicted for cement stabilized lateritic soil reinforced with steel fiber using measured properties of the material. The results of the tensile elastic modulus obtained from the Derived Prediction Model almost nearly replicates that obtained from calculations from laboratory experimentation. Results obtained revealed that both the predicted values and calculated values have a linear correlation with an R2 of 96.4%. On this basis the Derived Prediction Model can be said to be valid within the limits of the study.
LABORATORY MODEL TESTS TO EFFECT OF DENSITY TO FILL MATERIAL ON THE PERFORMAN...IAEME Publication
The effective functioning of reinforced earth structures is very much dependent on the quality of materials and construction. Many times, due to poor quality of the materials used and poor quality control measures exercised, the density of the reinforced soil fill is not up to the design requirements, leading to underperformance or distress of the reinforced soil walls. Therefore, it becomes necessary to evaluate the level of underperformance vis-à-vis that of relative compaction. In view of this, in the present study, a series of laboratory experiments were carried out on a model soil wall of 300 mm high with vertical face, prepared at different density states of 95%, 80% and 70% of MDD of IS HCT. The wall was subjected to monotonic load applied through a model square footing of size (B) equal to 50 mm on the surface at an offset distance of 1(B). Similar tests were carried out on the soil wall reinforced with a Woven Geotextile in wrap around form; to study the effect of density on the performance of reinforced soil wall. The results indicated proportionality between relative compaction level and performance of soil wall without and with reinforcement.
Impact test on geopolymer concrete slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Geopolymer is an eco-friendly binding material alternative for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Geopolymer concrete is
produced by mixing fly ash, GGBS, alkaline solution, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. Alkaline solution is composed of
NaOH and Na2SiO3 solution. This paper deals with the study of impact resistance capacity of geopolymer concrete slabs
subjected to impact loading. For this study, ten specimens of size 600 mm (length) × 600 mm (width) × 60 mm (thick) were casted
with nine different combination of geopolymer concrete mix using different molar sodium hydroxide solutions and different
percentages of mineral admixtures and a normal concrete slab as control slab. The molarity of NaOH solution used was 8M, 12M
and 16M. Fly ash and GGBS admixtures were used in three different ratios of 100:0, 75:25 and 50:50.The slabs were oven cured
at 600C for 24 hours. These slabs were subjected to impact loading by drop weight test method. All the slabs were tested under a
drop weight of 75.50 N through a guide pipe from a height of 700mm. The results obtained from this study showed that with the
increase in molarity of NaOH solution, the strength characteristics and the impact resistance capacity of the specimen increases.
Also increase in percentage of GGBS content as replacement for Fly ash content increases the impact resistance and overall
strength characteristics of geopolymer concrete. From the test results, geopolymer concrete slab with 16M NaOH solution using
50:50 Fly ash and GGBS content showed higher impact energy absorption capacity as compared other geopolymer mixes.
Key Words: Geopolymer, Molarity, Impact loading, First crack, Ultimate failure etc…
LABORATORY MODEL TESTS TO EFFECT OF DENSITY TO FILL MATERIAL ON THE PERFORMAN...IAEME Publication
The effective functioning of reinforced earth structures is very much dependent on the quality of materials and construction. Many times, due to poor quality of the materials used and poor quality control measures exercised, the density of the reinforced soil fill is not up to the design requirements, leading to underperformance or distress of the reinforced soil walls. Therefore, it becomes necessary to evaluate the level of underperformance vis-à-vis that of relative compaction. In view of this, in the present study, a series of laboratory experiments were carried out on a model soil wall of 300 mm high with vertical face, prepared at different density states of 95%, 80% and 70% of MDD of IS HCT. The wall was subjected to monotonic load applied through a model square footing of size (B) equal to 50 mm on the surface at an offset distance of 1(B). Similar tests were carried out on the soil wall reinforced with a Woven Geotextile in wrap around form; to study the effect of density on the performance of reinforced soil wall. The results indicated proportionality between relative compaction level and performance of soil wall without and with reinforcement.
Impact test on geopolymer concrete slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Geopolymer is an eco-friendly binding material alternative for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Geopolymer concrete is
produced by mixing fly ash, GGBS, alkaline solution, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. Alkaline solution is composed of
NaOH and Na2SiO3 solution. This paper deals with the study of impact resistance capacity of geopolymer concrete slabs
subjected to impact loading. For this study, ten specimens of size 600 mm (length) × 600 mm (width) × 60 mm (thick) were casted
with nine different combination of geopolymer concrete mix using different molar sodium hydroxide solutions and different
percentages of mineral admixtures and a normal concrete slab as control slab. The molarity of NaOH solution used was 8M, 12M
and 16M. Fly ash and GGBS admixtures were used in three different ratios of 100:0, 75:25 and 50:50.The slabs were oven cured
at 600C for 24 hours. These slabs were subjected to impact loading by drop weight test method. All the slabs were tested under a
drop weight of 75.50 N through a guide pipe from a height of 700mm. The results obtained from this study showed that with the
increase in molarity of NaOH solution, the strength characteristics and the impact resistance capacity of the specimen increases.
Also increase in percentage of GGBS content as replacement for Fly ash content increases the impact resistance and overall
strength characteristics of geopolymer concrete. From the test results, geopolymer concrete slab with 16M NaOH solution using
50:50 Fly ash and GGBS content showed higher impact energy absorption capacity as compared other geopolymer mixes.
Key Words: Geopolymer, Molarity, Impact loading, First crack, Ultimate failure etc…
Improving the Properties of Self-compacted Concrete with Using Combined Silic...Pouyan Fakharian
The viscosity is the main property of self- compacted concrete (SCC) and using of pozzolan material such as metakaolin (MK) and Silica fume (SF) can help to achieve that goal. The effect of simultaneous substitution of MK and SF instead of cement on the rheological and mechanical properties of self-compacted concrete was experimentally investigated in this paper. Seventeen mix designs were cast with a substitution weight percentage (5, 10, 15, 20 %) in water to adhesive material ratio equal 0.32. All mixes were examined by compressive, tensile strengths and water absorption tests with an appropriate fluidity, without having signs of segregation or instability. The test results were indicated that the SCC mixes containing MK and SF had higher compressive and tensile strengths in comparison with no-pozzolan concrete. The comparison of linear multiple regression techniques (LMRT) and nonlinear multiple regression technique outputs with experimental results showed an appropriate similarity.
A Study on Effect of Sizes of aggregates on Steel Fiber Reinforced ConcreteIJERD Editor
Plain, unreinforced concrete is a brittle material, with a low tensile strength, limited ductility and
little resistance to cracking. In order to improve the inherent tensile strength of concrete there is a need of
multidirectional and closely spaced reinforcement, which can be provided in the form of randomly distributed
fibers. Steel fiber is one of the most commonly used fibers The present experimental study considers the effect
of aggregate size and steel fibers on the modulus of elasticity of concrete. Crimped steel fibers at volume
fraction of 0%.0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% were used. Study on effect of volume fraction of fibers and change of
aggregate size on the modulus of elasticity of concrete was also deemed as an important part of present
experimental investigation. This work aims in studying the mechanical behavior of concrete in terms of modulus
of elasticity with the change of aggregate size reinforced with steel fibers of different series for M30 and M50
grade concretes. The results obtained show that the addition of steel fiber improves the modulus of elasticity of
concrete. It was also analyzed that by increasing the fiber volume fraction from 0%, to 1.5% there was a healthy
effect on modulus of elasticity of Steel Fiber Reinforced concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Finite Element Analysis of Composite Deck Slab Using Perfobond Rib as Shear C...IJERA Editor
Nowadays, the composite decks are very common to use in composite or steel construction. In this case of study
the composite slabs have been investigated numerically by Finite Element Method (FEM). Five composite slabs
were analyzed using finite element software LUSAS. The deflection of each model were obtained and compared
with experimental test. Results showed a good agreement with the experimental data and indicate that the
perfobond rib is appropriate shear connector for the bridges decks.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
MODELS FOR CONFINED CONCRETE COLUMNS WITH FIBER COMPOSITESIAEME Publication
Many studies have been done to find a convenient representation of physical behavior Fiber Reinforced Polymers for strengthening or retrofitted techniques which can enhance stress-strain performance of existing reinforced concrete structures. FRP composites are used for strengthening applications mainly due to the lightweight, high compressive strength, resistance to corrosion, speed and ease of application and formed on site. Conceptually, the s tress strain relation of concrete as a non-homogenous and nonlinear composite material is not unique that depends on the many variables.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BEHAVIOR OF COIR FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Conventional concrete is robust in compression and weak in tension in order to swamp the weakness natural fibre is being equipped. The adoption of inherent fibres as edifice constituents is boon to procure a livable production. The comprehensive mission of this exploration is to stake out the discernible inspection of natural fibre in concrete structure. The coir fibre freshly tempted an influence as a workable fibre composite material, due to certain precise mechanical property which can be compared to artificial fibre. The coir fibre is treated using natural fluid before using in concrete, so that it is not be affected by moisture content presented in concrete. In this tentative study coir fibre is extant consumed in concrete thereby, the mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split-tensile strength, and modulus of rupture of M30Grade concrete and by capricious the spoonful of fibre gratified from0%, 2% 4%,6% and 8%. Stimulation should be given for the appliance of natural fibres which are regionally procurable materials, in the domain of civil engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Because of the excellent strength of concrete reinforced with fibers pulled in the
consideration of researchers throughout the most recent decades. The proposed
technique manages the experimental investigation to determine the properties of
Ternary Blended Fiber Reinforced Concrete (TBFRC) with the assistance of soft
computing methodology performed in MATLAB software. In the present experimental
examination a mix design of M50 is tried at utilizing ternary blend of Ground
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), Fly Ash (FA) and Metakaolin (MK) as
partial replacement by weight of concrete at different mixing rates running between
0% – 30% with extra steel and polypropylene fibers. Here, the mechanical properties,
for example, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength, are
anticipated by utilizing Deep Learning Neural Network (DNN) strategy with various
fiber rate. The input factors for the neural network depict the materials and different
mix extents of concrete. In this network structure, the weights are enhanced by
utilizing Adaptive Crow Search Algorithm (ACSA). Additionally by utilizing this
system of ternary blended fiber reinforced concrete is delivered at a sensible cost than
that of traditional concrete. In addition, the Optimal DNN predicted the mechanical
properties optimally for all curing days (28, 56, and 90 days) compared with
experimental and existing strategies (ANN).
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF HIGH STRENGTH FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE UNDER PULL OUT...IAEME Publication
The present work deals with an experimental investigation and results obtained on the high strength steel fiber reinforced concrete. The effects of these fibers on workability, density, and on various strengths of high strength concrete (M60 grade concrete) are studied. Present paper emphasises on the Pullout strength of concrete. The fiber content varied from 0.5 to 5% by weight of cement at the interval of 0.5 %. Concrete cubes of 150x150x150 mm with 16mm tor bar embedded
in concrete at the centre of the cube were casted. All the specimens are water cured and tested at the age of 7 and 28 days. Workability of wet mix is found to be reduced with increased fiber content. Super plasticizer is used to increase workability.
Experimental study on behaviour of concrete using steel fiber as a tensile ma...KavinKumarR3
Concrete is widely used in all over the world. It gives a compression strength and when it is collaborate with the steel the tension strength is increased. Traditional reinforcement will takes time. So by using the steel fibers in the concrete it will gives the high strength and durability. The fiber will leads to compensate the weakness in the concrete. Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is successfully used in the slabs, flooring, and even in beams. The formation has proved the high tensile strength when it added in the concrete.
Improving the Properties of Self-compacted Concrete with Using Combined Silic...Pouyan Fakharian
The viscosity is the main property of self- compacted concrete (SCC) and using of pozzolan material such as metakaolin (MK) and Silica fume (SF) can help to achieve that goal. The effect of simultaneous substitution of MK and SF instead of cement on the rheological and mechanical properties of self-compacted concrete was experimentally investigated in this paper. Seventeen mix designs were cast with a substitution weight percentage (5, 10, 15, 20 %) in water to adhesive material ratio equal 0.32. All mixes were examined by compressive, tensile strengths and water absorption tests with an appropriate fluidity, without having signs of segregation or instability. The test results were indicated that the SCC mixes containing MK and SF had higher compressive and tensile strengths in comparison with no-pozzolan concrete. The comparison of linear multiple regression techniques (LMRT) and nonlinear multiple regression technique outputs with experimental results showed an appropriate similarity.
A Study on Effect of Sizes of aggregates on Steel Fiber Reinforced ConcreteIJERD Editor
Plain, unreinforced concrete is a brittle material, with a low tensile strength, limited ductility and
little resistance to cracking. In order to improve the inherent tensile strength of concrete there is a need of
multidirectional and closely spaced reinforcement, which can be provided in the form of randomly distributed
fibers. Steel fiber is one of the most commonly used fibers The present experimental study considers the effect
of aggregate size and steel fibers on the modulus of elasticity of concrete. Crimped steel fibers at volume
fraction of 0%.0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% were used. Study on effect of volume fraction of fibers and change of
aggregate size on the modulus of elasticity of concrete was also deemed as an important part of present
experimental investigation. This work aims in studying the mechanical behavior of concrete in terms of modulus
of elasticity with the change of aggregate size reinforced with steel fibers of different series for M30 and M50
grade concretes. The results obtained show that the addition of steel fiber improves the modulus of elasticity of
concrete. It was also analyzed that by increasing the fiber volume fraction from 0%, to 1.5% there was a healthy
effect on modulus of elasticity of Steel Fiber Reinforced concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Finite Element Analysis of Composite Deck Slab Using Perfobond Rib as Shear C...IJERA Editor
Nowadays, the composite decks are very common to use in composite or steel construction. In this case of study
the composite slabs have been investigated numerically by Finite Element Method (FEM). Five composite slabs
were analyzed using finite element software LUSAS. The deflection of each model were obtained and compared
with experimental test. Results showed a good agreement with the experimental data and indicate that the
perfobond rib is appropriate shear connector for the bridges decks.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
MODELS FOR CONFINED CONCRETE COLUMNS WITH FIBER COMPOSITESIAEME Publication
Many studies have been done to find a convenient representation of physical behavior Fiber Reinforced Polymers for strengthening or retrofitted techniques which can enhance stress-strain performance of existing reinforced concrete structures. FRP composites are used for strengthening applications mainly due to the lightweight, high compressive strength, resistance to corrosion, speed and ease of application and formed on site. Conceptually, the s tress strain relation of concrete as a non-homogenous and nonlinear composite material is not unique that depends on the many variables.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BEHAVIOR OF COIR FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Conventional concrete is robust in compression and weak in tension in order to swamp the weakness natural fibre is being equipped. The adoption of inherent fibres as edifice constituents is boon to procure a livable production. The comprehensive mission of this exploration is to stake out the discernible inspection of natural fibre in concrete structure. The coir fibre freshly tempted an influence as a workable fibre composite material, due to certain precise mechanical property which can be compared to artificial fibre. The coir fibre is treated using natural fluid before using in concrete, so that it is not be affected by moisture content presented in concrete. In this tentative study coir fibre is extant consumed in concrete thereby, the mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split-tensile strength, and modulus of rupture of M30Grade concrete and by capricious the spoonful of fibre gratified from0%, 2% 4%,6% and 8%. Stimulation should be given for the appliance of natural fibres which are regionally procurable materials, in the domain of civil engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Because of the excellent strength of concrete reinforced with fibers pulled in the
consideration of researchers throughout the most recent decades. The proposed
technique manages the experimental investigation to determine the properties of
Ternary Blended Fiber Reinforced Concrete (TBFRC) with the assistance of soft
computing methodology performed in MATLAB software. In the present experimental
examination a mix design of M50 is tried at utilizing ternary blend of Ground
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), Fly Ash (FA) and Metakaolin (MK) as
partial replacement by weight of concrete at different mixing rates running between
0% – 30% with extra steel and polypropylene fibers. Here, the mechanical properties,
for example, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength, are
anticipated by utilizing Deep Learning Neural Network (DNN) strategy with various
fiber rate. The input factors for the neural network depict the materials and different
mix extents of concrete. In this network structure, the weights are enhanced by
utilizing Adaptive Crow Search Algorithm (ACSA). Additionally by utilizing this
system of ternary blended fiber reinforced concrete is delivered at a sensible cost than
that of traditional concrete. In addition, the Optimal DNN predicted the mechanical
properties optimally for all curing days (28, 56, and 90 days) compared with
experimental and existing strategies (ANN).
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF HIGH STRENGTH FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE UNDER PULL OUT...IAEME Publication
The present work deals with an experimental investigation and results obtained on the high strength steel fiber reinforced concrete. The effects of these fibers on workability, density, and on various strengths of high strength concrete (M60 grade concrete) are studied. Present paper emphasises on the Pullout strength of concrete. The fiber content varied from 0.5 to 5% by weight of cement at the interval of 0.5 %. Concrete cubes of 150x150x150 mm with 16mm tor bar embedded
in concrete at the centre of the cube were casted. All the specimens are water cured and tested at the age of 7 and 28 days. Workability of wet mix is found to be reduced with increased fiber content. Super plasticizer is used to increase workability.
Experimental study on behaviour of concrete using steel fiber as a tensile ma...KavinKumarR3
Concrete is widely used in all over the world. It gives a compression strength and when it is collaborate with the steel the tension strength is increased. Traditional reinforcement will takes time. So by using the steel fibers in the concrete it will gives the high strength and durability. The fiber will leads to compensate the weakness in the concrete. Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is successfully used in the slabs, flooring, and even in beams. The formation has proved the high tensile strength when it added in the concrete.
BEHAVIOR OF HIGH STRENGTH FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE UNDER SHEAR IAEME Publication
This paper assesses the effectiveness of steel fibers used along with the shear reinforcement in the formation of the high grade fiber reinforced concrete. Shear strength of concrete is obtained from direct shear test using push off specimens. Shear stress (strength) is calculated as a ratio of load
to the area of shear plane. Tests were carried out on the “Push-Off” (double L) type specimens in triplicates to determine the Shear strength. The effects of these fibers with different volume of fibers on work ability, density, and on shear strengths of M60 grade concrete are studied. New expressions
for shear strengths are proposed. The specimen was designed to fail in shear at a known plane.
Behavior Of Reinforce Fibrous Self Compacting Concrete Beam Strengthening Wit...IJMER
In recent years, self-compacting concrete (SCC) has gained wide use for placement in
congested reinforced concrete structures with difficult casting conditions. SCC offers several
economical and technical benefits; the use of fibers extends its possibilities. Adjustment of the
water/cement ratio and super plasticizer dosage is one of the main key properties in proportioning of
SCC mixtures. Several tests such as slump flow, V-funnel, L-box were carried out to determine
optimum parameters for the self-compatibility of mixtures. In this article Nylon 300-e3 micro synthetic
fiber and Nylon Tuff macro synthetic fiber has used in combination and the effect of fiber inclusion on
the compatibility of hybrid fiber reinforcement concrete are studied. Both the Nylon fiber hybrid with
SSC and compared to Plan SSC, Hybrid SSC. The behavior of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams
strengthened in flexure by means of different combinations of externally bonded hybrid Glass and
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP/CFRP) sheets has also studied.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
An Experimental Study on Self Compacting Concrete using Electric Arc Furnace ...ijtsrd
Compaction is not promising and also in dense reinforcement structural elements. The self flow of fresh concrete is the mandatory requirement for SCC and hence the suitability of EAFOS as coarse aggregate in SCC has to be examined before using in SCC. However, the reports on the suitability of EAFOS as coarse aggregate in SCC are limited. Hence, the fresh concrete properties of SCC with EAFOS as aggregate such as flowing, filling and passing ability were examined. In addition, the hardened concrete properties of SCC with EAFOS such as density, compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity and ultrasonic pulse velocity UPV were investigated and compared with the results of normal concrete. The relationship between the mechanical properties of concrete was arrived and also suitable models were developed for predicting the compressive strength of SCC using UPV results. Veeru Kumar Gupta | Dr. Abhay Kumar Jha | Dr. Abhay Kumar Jha "An Experimental Study on Self-Compacting Concrete using Electric Arc Furnace Oxidizing Slag" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50677.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/50677/an-experimental-study-on-selfcompacting-concrete-using-electric-arc-furnace-oxidizing-slag/veeru-kumar-gupta
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Performance of Beam Incorporating with Locally Available ReinforcementQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : This study comparatively evaluated the flexural performance and deformation characteristics of concrete beams reinforced with bamboo, cane and the twisted steel rebar. The yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and the elongation of nine specimens of the three materials were determined using a universal testing machine. Nine beams of concrete strength 22 MPa at age 28 days were constructed separately reinforced with steel, bamboo, and cane bars, while the stirrups were steel bars. The beams were subjected to centre-point flexural loading according to ASTM C0293 to evaluate the flexural strength. The tensile strength of bamboo and rattan bars was 43% and 13% of that of steel in the same order. The elongation of bamboo, rattan and steel were 11.5%, 14% and 15.7% respectively. The experimental flexural strength of bamboo and cane reinforced concrete beams was 34% and 26% respectively of the conventional steel RC beams. The remarkable gap between the flexural capacities of the natural rebar and that of steel can be traced not only to the tensile strength but also the weak bonding at the bar-concrete interface. It can be concluded that the bamboo bars are suitable rebar for non-load bearing and lightweight RC flexural structures, while more pre-strengthening treatment is required more importantly for rattan for improved interfacial bonding and load-carrying capacity.
The corrosion in reinforcing steel is the most detrimental effect on endangering the structural behaviour of steel in
concrete. This present study focuses on predicting the corrosion behaviour of concrete in which Manufactured Sand (MSand)
is used as a partial replacement for natural sand. To retain the natural resource such as natural sand an attempt is
made in this research by partially replacing the natural sand with M-Sand. Experimental and numerical investigation has
been carried out for three different levels of corrosion 5%, 10% and 25% to define mild, medium and severe exposure
condition. National Bureau of Standard (NBS) beams have been casted and analysed for thecorrosion performances of steel
that is embedded in concrete by accelerated corrosion technique for concrete of grade M40 replaced with 60%
manufactured sand for river sand which is found optimum. From the experimental investigation, it has been observed that
there is adecline in the load carrying capacity of NBS RC beams due to reinforcement corrosion. Numerical investigation
was made with concrete modelled as solid 65 element and reinforcement modelled as Link 8 elements by ANSYS software
using finite element method.
Similar to Developing A Prediction Model for Tensile Elastic Modulus of Steel Fiber – Cement Stabilized Laterite Used As Pavement Material (20)
Injection Analysis of Hera And Betano New Power Plants At the Interconnection...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Electricity system in Timor Leste is supplied from small scale Diesel Power Plants (DPP) which are distributed at each district that not interconnected, as the consequences, electric continuity at some districts are disturbed so caused power outage. To overcome the matters, the steps taken by Timor Leste government by establishing 2 units of centered DPP with total capacity of 250 MW at Dili District of 120 MW and at BetanoDistrict of 130 MW. The new power plant will be injected at the electricity system of Timor Leste through transmission line of 150 kV. The new power plant injection will cause the power flow and system stability of Timor Leste entirely. Steady state analysis done including the power flow analysis before and after injection of DPP of Hera and Betano so can be seen the voltage profile change and the decrease of electric power losses. Beside the steady state analysis, also done the power system stability analysis to know whether the system can operate normally after short circuit disturbance of three phases before and after new DPP injection. The steady state analysis showed that the system voltage condition before injection of DPP of Hera and Betano experience decrease of -13% from the sending voltage, and the active power losses of 6.8%. After DPP of Hera and Betano injection the decrease only -6% and active power losses can be minimized become 5.3%. The results of power system stability showed the rotor angle stability, frequency and voltage stability during disturbance occurrence become more stable after injection with recovery time faster if compared with before injection of new power plant.
Harmonic AnalysisofDistribution System Due to Embedded Generation InjectionIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:The increased demand for electricity and the depletion of fossil energy sources are a challenge to exploit new and renewable energy sources. Relatively cheap renewable energy sources are Wind Power Plant (WPP) and Photovoltaic System (PV). Currently, many small scale generating plants are being evolved into conventional systems known as Embedded Generation (EG). EG as a source of electricity in the distribution system will affect the flow of system power, system reliability, voltage profile and others. Besides, with the placement of converter technology in WPP and PV system will give contribution of harmonic enhancement to the system. This paper presents the harmonic analysis of WPP and PV designs that are injected into conventional distribution system in one bus at Pujon feeder station Malang, Indonesia. The bus is chosen because in this area the need for electric power in the area is very high and the existing system has a harmonic value of 11%. Hybrid Active Filter (HAF) is designed to lower the voltage harmonics due to EG injection into existing systems without affecting harmonics in other buses. To analyze the harmonics in this study there are 4 scenarios offered: Scenario 1 starts with analysis on existing system, scenario 2 existing in WPP 2 MVA injection, scenario 3, injection1.3 MVA PV, scenario 4 injected EG (WPP and PV). The simulation result using PSCAD 4.5 shows in scenario 4 to generate harmonic voltage of 18.6% and after added with HAF, the harmonic value of the voltage becomes 2.434%
Decision Support System Implementation for Candidate Selection of the Head of...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: One of agency under the subdivision of The Indonesian National Army is Bintaldam V Brawijaya, acts as the mental founding agency. The head of affairs position replacement is often occurred in this agency, but the positions currently have a large number of incompetence person in charge. Subjection inthe election process leads to the inaccurate placement, resulting in poor leadership. The process of head of affairs assignment starts from candidates dispatching from each head of administrative section. Those candidates must then meet the three elements of assessment, i.e. the personality element, qualification element, and potential element. The candidates will be selected by head of agency as the top leader in the agency. The head of agency, however, poses difficulties to determine which candidate to put into position, frequently because of no proportional system exists to provide assistance in decision making process. A method is needed tomake more accurate placement for better leadership result.This research utilizegroup technology as the assessment elements hierarchical data structure and decision table as the rule evaluation engine to form a decision support system for making the replacement process of the heads of affairs easier and more accurate.
Yield Forecasting to Sustain the Agricultural Transportation UnderStochastic ...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Agricultural transportation is a major part of the United States’ transportation systems. This system follows a complex multimodal network consisting of highway, railway, and waterways which are mostly based on the yield of the agricultural commodities and their market values. The yield of agricultural commodities is dependent on stochastic environment such as weather conditions, rainfall, soil type and natural disasters. Different techniques such as leaf growth index, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and regression analysis are used to forecast the yield for the end of harvest season. The yield forecasting techniques are used to predict the agricultural transportation needs and improve the cost minimization. This study provides a model for yield forecasting using NDVI data, Geographical Information System (GIS), and statistical analysis. A case study is presented to demonstrate this model with a novel tool for collecting NDVI data.
Injection Analysis of 5 Mwp Photovoltaic Power Plant on 20 Kv Distribution Ne...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : A new 5 MWp PLTS or PV has been built in Oelpuah Village, Kupang Tengah. According to PT. PLN NTT,the amount of injected power to the distribution network cannot reach its maximum capability. At the moment, the average value of injected active power is 2 MWp. In this paper, a solution to achieve maximum injected power will be discussed. As a result of the study, the main problem is absence of energy storage. It cause the output power of the PV strongly affected by the weather. Hence a fluctuation of generated power cannot be avoided. The frequency in the distribution network system can be easily increased or decreased. Sudden drop in frequency due to 5 MWp lost, will cause the frequency to decrease beyond the standard value. The under frequency relay trips because it takes a long time to return to the originalvalue. A 5% of droop setting value is not suitable with those conditions. The droop characteristic setting should be reduced to 1% as a proposed solution. So that the response to frequency changes is more sensitive
Effect of Liquid Viscosity on Sloshing in A Rectangular TankIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : Liquid sloshing was investigated for a moving partially filled rectangular tank with/without vertical baffles. A set of experiments was conducted using two types of liquids: water and sunflower oil. For these liquids, the effects of varying the external excitation amplitude and the number of vertical baffles on sloshing are discussed. It was found that the mechanical dissipation due to the liquid viscosity has a remarkable influence on the sloshing characteristics
Design and Implementation Decision Support System using MADM Methode for Bank...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The function of banking process can be broadly defined as an institution functioning as a capital receiver and lender, as well as support for trading and payment transactions. In order to maintain the stability of the economy through lending, Bank Indonesia issued a form letter on March 15, 2012 on the application of risk management for the bank conducting credit. In an effort to minimize these problems, Bank Indonesia recommends the precautionary principle in arranging the loan terms and choose the prospective customer in the credit granting institutions, both banks and cooperatives to take into account the risk on lending. A method is needed to select bank for credit applications to the public, i.e. the customer. This research uses the comparison of MADM (Multiple Attribute Decision Making) between TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method and ELECTRE (ELimination Et Choix TRaduisant la realitE) method for the loan provisions to the customers. With the hope of getting the quickest and the most accurate solutions, the hesitancy in determining customers for lending can then be minimized.
Investigations on The Effects of Different Heat Transfer Coefficients in The ...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In the metal machining, the cutting fluid has become a tough problem in term of the health of works and environmental protection. The heat transfer coefficients of the water-based fluid, mineral oil and plant oil are distinct. An investigation focused on the effects of different heat transfer coefficients (h) on the cutting thickness compression ratio, chip formation, stress distribution and specific cutting energy is presented and discussed. In this study, three heat transfer coefficients have been simulated by Third WaveAdvantedge in machining AISI 1045 steel during different cutting speeds.It has been shown that the Mises stress and temperature are both affected by the heat transfer coefficient. When the h reaches higher, the Mises stress increases and the temperature shows the opposite trend. Also, the results can be found that the chip compression ratio decreases and shear angle increases when hrises. The relationship between specific cutting energy and heat transfer coefficients can be found in this paper.
Strategy of Adaptation of Traditional House Architecture Bali AgaIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : Adaptation is defined as a change to adapt to the environment or change the environment to fit the need to achieve balance. The Bali Aga community in Pengotan village has a tradition of building a house that refers to the concept of Tri Angga based on the Tri Hita Karana philosophy which is an expression of harmony with God, with human beings, and with the natural surroundings. Each element and layout of the building represents the alignment. In line with the development of the era, the pattern of community life changed resulting in traditional buildings are very regular and uniforms individually undergo a process of change without leaving the concept of Tri Angga and the philosophy of Tri Hita Karana.This paper is the result of field research that examines building changes by taking the example of traditional homes that undergo many changes to be able to conclude how traditional value changes occur in the original house.The results indicate that the change occurred partly due to the personal tastes of its inhabitants without the loss of fundamental changes in their philosophical value.Changes are found in non-structural building components and are strongly influenced by the ease of implementation of construction aspects. The building facade is striking with the appearance of ornaments on traditional buildings previously unknown in Pengotan
Design of Universal Measuring Equipment for Bogie FrameIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The performance parameters of the bogie which directly affect the quality and safety of train operation should be detected during maintenance, especially the structure parameters of bogie frame after many operation years. Based on the related research of the bogie frame measuring requirement, a universal measuring equipment is designed for metro overhaul. The function, basic principle, structure and software design of the universal measuring equipment for bogie frame parameters are described, and the summary meanwhile prospect are given.
A Design Of Omni-Directional Mobile Robot Based On Mecanum WheelsIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:As one of the important branch of mobile robotics, wheel mobile robot has long been paid atten tion to by the research people at home and abroad for its high load ability, positioning accuracy, high efficiency, simple control, etc. Mobile robot has close relation to many technologies suc-h as control theory, computer tech nology, sensor technology, etc. Therefore, research on the mobile robot has important significance
An Investigation Into The Prevalence of Code Switching in the Teaching of Nat...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study examines the functions of code-switching in primary schools by science teachers. In Namibia,English is the official language of instruction for science at primary school. At lower primary, Silozi is the language of instruction. Classroom interaction data was obtained from two science lessons. Analysis of the teachers' code-switching shows that code-switching in the two lessons was vastly different, with little codeswitching in the teacher-facilitated lesson.Evident in other lessons, in which science was taught as a content subjectbut with abstract names that had no corresponding local names in Silozi, there was frequent use of codeswitching for reiteration and message qualification. The direction of the language switch from Silozi to English as well as the proportion of teachersspeaking in English suggests that the official language for teaching is English at upper primary, grade 4 to 7. The science lesson and code-switching is a necessary tool for teachers to achieve teaching goals in content-based lessons involving students who lack proficiency in the instructional language. The study was conducted in five government primary schools in Katima Mulilo, the capital of the Zambezi region in Namibia.The national language is English language, with no exception inscience, mathematics, and language subjects.All Schools are located in a Katima Mulilo-urban. The students are from mixed classes, lower, middle and upper class families with their parents typically working as unemployed single mothers, domestic workers, clerks, nurses, teachers, and accountants. Some of the students could understand English because of their parents‟ educational background or in instances where English is spoken at home.
The Filling Up of Yogyakarta Governor Position in Social Harmony PerspectiveIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper aims to provide an overview in filling up the position of Governor of Yogyakarta, Distinctive Region, Indonesia, that considering social harmony perspective. Discussion conducts using social harmony perspectives, because the Sultan as the King was suspected to devise making her daughter the Queen who will be automatically the Governor succeeding him. This paper based on sociology legal research, this study approached the legal issues in accordance with the fact in social life, to provide an overview existing condition rules and public perseptions in filling position of Governor of Yogyakarta, especially about gender (female) position. Dataas are collected by interviewed and distributed questionnaires to various groups. Considering the result of research, that the Sultan’s way generated a sufficiently deep polemics in the Palace environment, government and society, so that this even kept away from the customary values of Javanese custom and Islam religion emphasizing on social harmony.
Quality Function Deployment And Proactive Quality Techniques Applied to Unive...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Lecturing and instruction to students at university has traditionally been based on qualifications, experience and position of academics within ones department or college. The higher the level and more advanced the subject then the most experienced lecturers are traditionally selected for that task. Visiting lecturers are never asked to teach basic mathematics or science, they are to share their experience and enlighten the students from a vast knowledge and history. This paper reviews and discusses Kano’s model with Quality Function Deployment related to customer satisfaction and compares if the traditional approach is in keeping with university practice. Furthermore, it argues that industry has concepts and ideas that can be more proactive if applied to an educational environment where students’ demands are ever increasing and their expectations are becoming higher. If universities are to improve student-learning experiences then novel and successful techniques are needed. One such approach is discussed in this research paper to find better ways to improve student satisfaction.
The Analysis And Perspective on Development of Chinese Automotive Heavy-Duty ...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In recent years, under the influence of both China's domestic market demand and emissions standard improvement, Chinese manufacturers put great effort on the research and design of automotive heavy-duty diesel engine. This paper analyzes the technical parameters of heavy duty diesel engine in 11 / 13L displacement section and introduces its performance. At the same time, combined with the development of foreign heavy-duty diesel engine, the future development direction of Chinese heavy-duty diesel engine is forecasted.
Research on the Bottom Software of Electronic Control System in Automobile El...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: With the development of science and technology, car replacement faster and faster. The development of the automotive industry has a contradiction, on the one hand, the speed of upgrading the car technology can not keep up with the speed of the performance requirements of the car, on the other hand, the country's automobile exhaust emission standards become more stringent. In addition, the depletion of oil resources led to the rise in gasoline prices, the traditional car is facing a crisis. Considering the situation of gas fuel resource structure and supply situation in China, it is feasible to promote gas fuel engine[1].However, the pollution caused by the car has become one of the major pollution sources in the urban environment and the atmospheric environment, and this trend continues to deteriorate[2].Therefore, alternative energy vehicles and hybrid cars is the main direction of development, and any improvement in the car will be car electronics and software replacement for the premise. On the one hand, natural gas as an alternative to gasoline, with its low prices, excellent combustion emissions, the relative sustainable development and other characteristics of more and more car manufacturers favor;On the other hand, the mainstream of the automotive electronic control unit ECU software development to AUTOSAR structure, low power consumption, functional safety for the development direction. Based on the actual development of natural gas engine control unit, the structure and function of ECU software are studied with reference to AUTOSAR software design standard. This paper studies the structure of the application of the software layer of the electronic control system and the main control strategy under the various conditions of the structure, and puts forward the underlying software resources needed by the application layer software. This paper analyzes the internal and peripheral resources of Infineon XC2785x microcontroller and designs hardware abstraction layer software and ECU abstraction layer software. The current characteristics of the jet valve driven by the natural gas multi-point injection engine were investigated. Automotive electronics technology has been widely used in modern vehicles which, and gradually become the development of new models, improve the performance of the key technical factors[3] .
Risk Based Underwater Inspection (RBUI) For Existing Fixed Platforms In Indon...IJRESJOURNAL
Abstract For existing fixed platforms in Indonesian waters, a method to determine underwater inspection basedon the risk level is needed as an alternative for the conventional time-based underwater inspection. This paper discusses the development of Risk Based Underwater Inspection (RBUI) for Indonesian fixed offshore platforms by adopting the inspection scope from API RP 2A-WSD and API RP 2SIM. The risk will be determined based on the calculated Consequence of Failure (CoF) and Probability of Failure (PoF), and then it will be converted into a relevant inspection interval according to the references. In addition, it had also been discovered that the minimum fatigue of a platform that is shorter than the intended design life appeared to be the major problem of the Indonesian existing platforms. Therefore, this condition would be taken into consideration as a factor to override the preliminary inspection interval plan. Sample of 10 platform data located in Indonesian waters were used for RBUI analysis in this paper.
ABSTRACT: In order to achieve the precise control of the four rotorcraft, we must first obtain the accurate mathematical model of the four rotorcraft.This study analyzes the mechanical structure of the four rotorcraft and ignores the effects of the corresponding air resistance and the associated external secondary factors.The actual environment of the four rotorcraft is simplified, and the main factors of the four rotorcraft in motion are seized to establish a more accurate mathematical model.In the modeling process four-rotor aircraft, using the most current hot research field research methods.Mode using the angular velocity and the linear velocity of the separated solver and attitude by the coordinate transformation, and motion Newton Euler's formula to solve.Thereby establishing a nonlinear dynamic model four-rotor aircraft.Finally, a simplified mathematical model of four rotorcraft is obtained by comprehensive analysis of the relevant constraints of mathematical model of four rotorcraft.This makes the accuracy of the model aircraft system higher, more convenient control four rotorcraft.Which has certain reference value and guiding significance for the study of future stability of aircraft system.
A New Approach on Proportional Fuzzy Likelihood Ratio orderings of Triangular...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this chapter, we introduce a new approach on the concept of proportional fuzzy likelihood ratio orderings, increasing and decreasing proportional fuzzy likelihood ratio orderings of triangular fuzzy random variables are presented. Based on these orderings, some theorems are also established.
Implementation of Fan6982 Single Phase Apfc with Analog ControllerIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:Active power factor orrection technique can improve the input power factor and reduce the harmonic component of the input current. In small power applications, the single-phase active power factor correction circuit of high frequency switching (APFC), reduction of the boost inductance decreases the boost inductor and filter capacitor volume, reducing the net side current ripple, improve efficiency. On the basis of describing the principle of single-phase single-stage boost APFC double closed loop control, a new duty cycle compensation method is proposed, which is based on the FAN6982 simulation and the single phase APFC of the rated output power 500W is achieved. The results show that the effect of current ripple rejection is obvious, and the input current is consistent with the input voltage phase.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
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Planning Of Procurement o different goods and services
Developing A Prediction Model for Tensile Elastic Modulus of Steel Fiber – Cement Stabilized Laterite Used As Pavement Material
1. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
www.ijres.org Volume 5 Issue 8 ǁ August. 2017 ǁ PP. 40-44
www.ijres.org 40 | Page
Developing A Prediction Model for Tensile Elastic Modulus of
Steel Fiber – Cement Stabilized Laterite Used As Pavement
Material
*
Ekwulo E. O1
. and Igwe E. A2
.
Department of Civil Engineering, Rivers State University, Nkpolu Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt Nigeria
Corresponding author**Ekwulo E. O 1
ABSTRACT: This paper attempts to develop a prediction model that can be used in line with prescribed
laboratory experiments for indirect tensile test such that tensile elastic modulus can be predicted for cement
stabilized lateritic soil reinforced with steel fiber using measured properties of the material. The results of the
tensile elastic modulus obtained from the Derived Prediction Model almost nearly replicates that obtained from
calculations from laboratory experimentation. Results obtained revealed that both the predicted values and
calculated values have a linear correlation with an R2
of 96.4%. On this basis the Derived Prediction Model can
be said to be valid within the limits of the study.
Key words: Steel fiber reinforcement (SFR), tensile elastic modulus, cement stabilized lateritic soil
I. INTRODUCTION
There are two main types of approach in the characterization of materials used in structural design of
flexible pavement: the conventional or empirical method and the rationale or mechanistic design approach.
While the former is still widely used in most developing nations of the world; the latter has gained more grounds
in the developed nations because of its greater reliability in terms of the inherent properties that are of interest to
the highway engineer. The advantage of the latter over the former is that it requires the determination of elastic
and resilient properties of the materials to be used for design which controls the overall behaviour and therefore
performance of the pavement during its useful life [1]. The mechanistic design of roads with cement stabilized
and steel fiber-reinforced lateritic soil requires an adequate knowledge of the elastic properties of the material.
The rationale or mechanistic design methods involve an analytical approach that depends on the laws of
mechanics to predict critical stresses and strains by using the elastic parameters [2]. Furthermore, in mechanistic
design methods of flexible pavement, the materials in each layer of the pavement are characterized by their
modulus of elasticity, E and poisson’s ratio, µ [3]. During characterization the developed tensile and
compressive strains due to repetition of wheel load application are then used for fatigue analysis and permanent
deformation (rutting) assessment [4].
The introduction of steel fibers as reinforcement to lateritic soils used as pavement material is a
relatively new technology for producing a relatively inexpensive material of high strength [5]. Hancork and
Cuthberton [6] studied the effect of fiber and interfacial bond in glass fiber-epoxy resin composites and
concluded that the addition of steel fibers to pavement materials retard the propagation of cracks and sometimes
dislocation of the matrix. In similar studies Shahid and Thom [7] investigated the effect of steel fibers on cement
bound bases. Their result showed that the addition of steel fibers to cement bound material base produced
significant improvement in the tensile properties of the material which further provides extra safety against
longitudinal cracking. The modulus of elasticity whether in tension, compression or shear is another property of
concern in mechanistic design of pavement. Nakagawa et al [8] and Naaman [9] conducted tests for tensile
modulus of elasticity for fiber reinforced cement based composites. Their separate results showed that modulus
of elasticity increased with increase in the fiber content. Poisson’s ratio is another important parameter used in
elastic analysis and design of pavement systems. Studies have revealed that Poisson’s ratio can vary between 0-
5 [10]. Furthermore, stiffer materials tend to have lower Poisson’s ratio than softer materials since the strain
normal to applied stress will be small due to rigidity; thus the ratio of strain normal to the applied stress to that
parallel to the applied stress will be small which describes Poisson’s ratio. In simple terms Poisson’s ratio is
defined as
yx / (1)
Where, Ɛx = strain normal to the applied stress
Ɛy = strain parallel to the applied stress
µ = Poisson’s ratio
The determination of elastic modulus whether in tension, compression or shear usually involves the
application of equations based on the simple law of motion from physics in the elastic region. However, the
2. Developing A Prediction Model for Tensile Elastic Modulus of Steel……
www.ijres.org 41 | Page
parameters of the equation are obtained from laboratory experiments. The indirect tensile test methods have
been used by various researchers in the determination of elastic properties in the analysis and design of
pavement systems in Nigeria – [11]; [3]; [12] and [13].
Adedimila and Emina [14] had done a previous study using the indirect tensile test methods to conduct
the stripping potential of Nigeria’s Asphalt mixtures. Their study revealed that it can be a complement for
Marshall Stability test. Also of interest to the highway engineer is the need to improve the performance of the
individual materials that make-up a road pavement. A typical flexible pavement will consist of a wearing course
comprising of asphalt concrete, base course, sub-base course for weaker soils and the sub-grade. It is pertinent
to say that in most cases these different layers beneath the wearing course do not have adequate material
property quality and therefore will require remediation in many cases. One of such measures of remediation is
stabilization of the base and sub-base courses used as road pavement materials. It is common knowledge that
lateritic soils are the most widely used road pavement materials in road construction as bases and sub-bases
because of its availability. However, in most cases these materials do not meet specification requirements and
therefore need to be improved either by stabilization or other procedures. According to Oguara [2] stabilization
is the modification of soils or aggregates by incorporating materials that will increase load bearing capacity,
firmness and resistance to weathering or displacement under traffic loads. These materials used for the
stabilization are mostly referred to as additives, admixtures, stabilizing agents or stabilizers. Examples include
cement, bitumen and lime. Others include salts such as calcium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride
and organic compounds. However, for the purpose of the present study steel fibers were used to reinforce
cement stabilized lateritic pavement material.
Ekwulo and Igwe [5] studied the effects of steel fiber reinforcement on cement stabilized lateritic soil
used as pavement material with respect to cracking. Their results revealed that the addition of steel fiber as
reinforcements to the cement stabilized lateritic soil increased tensile strength by 50% and also increased elastic
tensile modulus by 21%. Furthermore, the failure mode for the steel fiber reinforced (SFR) specimen was
gradual as compared to abrupt and brittle failure pattern of the non-SFR specimen. They concluded that steel
fibers were capable of retarding the propagation of cracks in cement stabilized lateritic soil. Although, the
elastic properties of pavement materials can be determined through laboratory testing programs, the purpose of
the present study was to develop a model that can use the properties of the pavement material determined from
the laboratory to predict elastic tensile modulus.
II. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Material properties
The indirect tensile test was used for the determination of the following properties of the steel fiber reinforced
soil-cement:
Tensile strength
Modulus of Elasticity (Et) in tension
Modulus of Elasticity (Ec)
Horizontal Tensile Strain (Ɛt)
Vertical Compressive Strain (Ɛc)
2.2 Soil sampling and classification
The soil sample was collected from borrow pit along Umuechem Road in Etche Local Government
Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. The soil classification and physical property tests were carried out in accordance
with relevant British Standard Institute procedure[15] and AASHTO standards [16]. The soil classification test
revealed the following properties:
Natural Moisture Content = 11.31%
Liquid Limit = 32%
Plasticity Index = 15.51%
Proctor Maximum Dry Density = 1960kg/m3
AASHTO Classification = A-2-6 soil
2.3 Preparation of Soil Specimen
For the purpose of achieving the objective of the study, specimen preparation was done in accordance
with [17] BY USING 7% cement content [18] and water corresponding to the optimum moisture content.
Furthermore, DUBIC steel fibers (animal wires) of 0.5mm diameter and 40mm long with aspect ratio of 80 were
added to the moist soil - cement paste to produce steel fiber reinforced (SFR) cement stabilized lateritic
pavement material. The composite was then thoroughly mixed in a mixing tray and compacted in a proctor
mould using 2.5kg hammer to produce cylindrical specimens 100mm x 120mm dimension. Steel fiber was
added in varying amounts of 0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2% respectively. For each fiber content three specimens
3. Developing A Prediction Model for Tensile Elastic Modulus of Steel……
www.ijres.org 42 | Page
were prepared in order to have a weighted average. The indirect tensile strength was then carried out in
accordance with Kennedy [19] and Adedimila [20]. Specimens were then cured at 28 days in moist saw-dust in
air-tight plastic containers. The CBR machine was used to apply load through special testing bearings strips
12.7mm wide and 110mm long which was fabricated from a 100mm diameter pipe to enable the seating of the
penetration piston on the test specimen [21]. Tensile properties of the specimens were determined. Also
horizontal tensile strains and vertical compressive strains were measured directly using the DEMEC strain
gauge No. 3463 with sensitivity of 1.97 x 10-5
.
III. RESULTS
The results from the indirect tensile testing of specimens are as presented in Table 1 below;
Table 1: SFR Cement Stabilized Lateritic Soil properties from Indirect Tensile Test
Parameters Fiber Content (%)
0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
1 Tensile Strength, ST (N/mm2
) = 2p/ᴫtd 0.62 0.65 0.68 0.7 0.55 0.4
2 Poisson’s ratio, µ 0.21 0.24 0.26 0.3 0.27 0.25
3 Modulus of Elasticity in Tension, ET (N/mm2
) 36,400 38,400 42,000 46,100 30,300 21,500
4 Modulus of Elasticity in Compression, Ec
(N/mm2
) 4,580 5,720 6,890 8,540 4,350 4,170
5 Horizontal Tensile Strain, Ɛt (x 10-5
) 2.31 2.62 2.7 3.16 2.73 2.31
6 Vertical Compressive Strain, Ɛc (x 10-5
)
16.89 17.16 18.56 19.41 16.08 14.04
IV. MODEL DEVELOPMENT
The following steps were undertaken during the process of developing a prediction model for Tensile
Elastic Modulus for the SFR Cement Stabilized Lateritic Soil:
1. Model proposal: the following model was proposed for the prediction of tensile elastic modulus for SFR
Cement Stabilized Lateritic Soil: caE
bS
T t
T
*
( 2)
Where: ET = Tensile Elastic Modulus
ST = Tensile strength of specimen
µ = Poisson’s ratio
Ɛt = Horizontal tensile strain
a, b and c are coefficients to be statistically determined
2. Measure tensile strain for each specimen at failure
3. Measure Poisson’s ratio for each specimen at failure
4. Determine tensile strength of each specimen at failure
5. Calculate tensile elastic modulus for each specimen at failure
6. Write a non-linear regression equation that satisfies the condition of the general form of the proposed model
7. Input stringed variables into the SPSS software for non linear analysis
4.1 Developing Proposed Model Using Non Linear Regression Approach in SPSS
A non linear model is one in which at least one of the parameters appear nonlinearly. More formally, in
a nonlinear model, at least one derivative with respect to a parameter should involve that parameter. To solve
the non linear regression using SPSS, the variables (dependent and independent) were first of all collated into
different cells in the “Data View” dialogue box. Next, these variables were stringed and coded into another
dialogue box called the “Variable View Cell”. Finally model syntax was developed that satisfies the condition of
the general form of the model proposed.
4.2 Non Linear Model Syntax
The non linear model syntax is of the form as shown below;
caE b
bS
T t
T
**
***
*
(3)
Equation 3 is the non linear syntax model that corroborates the general form of the proposed model in
Equation 2 used for analysis in the SPSS program. Furthermore, in SPSS the command (**) means raising a
variable to the power of the coefficient in the same bracket while the command (*) means multiplication. By
applying Equation 3 in the SPSS program using results from Table 1 the experimental coefficients were
determined as follows, a = 1.30; b = 1.216; c = 12,620 [See Appendix A: Table 1 a - c].
By applying the coefficients obtained the resulting prediction model equation in syntax form becomes;
4. Developing A Prediction Model for Tensile Elastic Modulus of Steel……
www.ijres.org 43 | Page
620,12*3.1 216.1**
216.1***
t
TS
TE
(4)
The actual prediction model can thus be written as;
620,123.1
216.1*
t
TS
TE
(5)
4.3 Validation of Model
In order to validate the fairness of the derived model, values from indirect tensile test results in Table 1
above were inputted into Equation 5 to determine predicted values of tensile elastic modulus. The values
obtained from the predicted model for tensile elastic modulus were then compared with that calculated from
laboratory experimentation as in Table 2 and Figure 1. The results of their correlation revealed that the
predictive model developed closely simulated calculated values of tensile elastic modulus having an R2
value of
0.964.
Table 2: Comparison of Calculated and Predicted Tensile Elastic Modulus, ET
S/N Fibre Content (%) Calculated Tensile Elastic Modulus Predicted Elastic Modulus
1 0 36,400 34,712.36
2 1.2 38,400 37,977.43
3 1.4 42,000 44,179.36
4 1.6
46,100 45,208.58
5 1.8 30,300 32,710.34
6 2.0 21,500 21,719.28
Figure 1: Calibration of Predicted and Calculated Tensile Elastic Modulus
V. DISCUSSION
From figure 1, it was observed that the results from the prediction model closely replicated that
calculated from laboratory experimentation. Also the similarity of their correlation is such that they are linearly
related with the expression as in Equation 6 below with an R2
value of 96.4%.
1611963.0 calculatedTpredictedT EE
6
VI. CONCLUSION
From the foregoing based on the laboratory experiments carried out, results obtained and analysis as presented
in the sections above the following conclusions can be made;
1. Since the Derived Prediction Model for Tensile Elastic Modulus from Equation (5) closely simulates
results calculated from laboratory experimentation; it can thus be accepted as a means for predicting
Tensile Elastic Modulus under similar conditions.
2. The general form of the Derived Prediction Model can be written in simple terms as in Equation 2 above.
3. The relationship between the derived prediction model for tensile elastic modulus and the calculated
tensile elastic modulus from laboratory experimentation is generally linear and expressed as in Equation 6.
5. Developing A Prediction Model for Tensile Elastic Modulus of Steel……
www.ijres.org 44 | Page
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*Ekwulo E. O1. "Developing A Prediction Model for Tensile Elastic Modulus of Steel Fiber – Cement
Stabilized Laterite Used As Pavement Material." International Journal of Research in Engineering and
Science (IJRES) 5.8 (2017): 40-44.