The document discusses various concepts related to mimicry and gene-for-gene relationships. It begins by explaining the gene-for-gene concept discovered by Harold Henry Flor, where a pair of matched genes control host plant resistance and parasite ability to induce disease. It then discusses different types of mimicry including Batesian, Müllerian, aggressive, and Vavilovian mimicry. It also provides details about the National Biosafety Committee of the Philippines, including its mission to coordinate biosafety policies and set technical standards, and vision to implement the country's biosafety system. Figures and examples are provided to illustrate competitive exclusion principles and different types of mimicry.

1. LAB EXERCISE 5
AGUIRANG
BECIERA
EREDIANO
RAMOS
Gene for gene concept
The gene-for-gene relationship was found by Harold Henry Flor, who
was working with rust (Melampsora lini) of flax (Linum usitatissimum).
Flor discovered that a pair of matched genes control both the host's
resistance and the parasite's ability to induce sickness. One is the
resistance (R) gene, which is found in plants. The other is the
avirulence (Avr) gene, which is a parasite gene. A pathogen that
produces the equivalent Avr gene product is resistant to plants that
produce a specific R gene product. Plant disease resistance is
characterized by gene-for-gene connections, which are common and
significant. Another example is the difference between Lactuca serriola
and Bremia lactucae.
Competitive Exclusion in plants
The competitive exclusion principle states that two species cannot coexist in a habitat if their
niches are identical. That's because species with similar niches have similar demands, which
implies they'd be competing for the same resources.
Figure 1 Harold Henry Flor
Figure 2. A Punnett square of the Avr gene and R gene

2. Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum, two
single-celled bacteria, are well-known examples of the
competitive exclusion principle. Both species flourish in
the lab when raised separately. When they are cultivated
in the sametest tube (environment) with the samenumber
of nutrients, both grow poorly, and P. aurelia eventually
outcompetes P. caudatum for food, resulting in the demise
of P. caudatum. Another illustration of competitive
exclusion is the replacement of grey squirrels by red
squirrels in Great Britain.
In the Philippines, an introduced species of plant, Hagonoy Chromolaena odorata, competes and
somehow excludes the native plants in
Philippine agricultural lands. Hagonoy
forms dense stands preventing the
establishment of other species, both due
to competition and allopathic effects.
Emsleyan/Mertensian Mimicry
- This type of mimicry is a technique through which a deadly prey is able to mimic the
warning signs or behaviors of a less dangerous species. In a clearer picture, a milk snake, a coral
snake, and a false coral snake are different types of species with corresponding behaviors. Both
the milk snake and the coral snake are able to mimic the ‘warning signs’ of a so-so venomous
false coral snake since by virtue of leveling, false coral snakes are less dangerous compared to
the two. Batesian mimicryis referred to as ‘a tasty treat dressedup as a venomous one’, whereby
predators classify the rate of
venom in order to avoid it.
Figure 4 invasive Hagonoy plant (Chromolaena Odorata)
Figure 3Experimental competition in laboratory
between two populations of Paramecium having
comparable necessities, illustrating the CEP.
Figure 5 Mertensian mimicryof a wasp resembling an ant. Credit GEORGE
BERNARD

3. Vavilovian Mimicry
Plant Scientists are very keen on the evidence portrayed by the adaptability of weeds in a given
environment. Because of this, a renowned scientist named Nikolai Vavilov introduced the concept
of ‘Vavilovian Mimicry’. This type of mimicry is present in plants especially on weeds. The
adaptation is based on the resistance and survivability of weeds from weed control practices.
Figure 6 Rye, it is a secondary crop, originally being a mimetic weed of wheat.
Wasmanian Mimicry
This type of mimicry takes place when the organism, particularly insects, copies its host in order
to live according to the same nest with it. For instance, beetles are quite similar to ants. Given
that, ants give supplication of food, shelter, and even protection without noticing it since it can
differentiate from the other members of the colony.
Figure 7. Beetle evolves to mimic an ant.
Gilbertian Mimicry
It involves only two species. The potential host (or prey) drives away its parasite (or predator) by
mimicking it, the reverse of host-parasite aggressive mimicry.

4. Figure 8 a leaf with real butterflyeggs vs a leaf with colored nubs which resembles butterflyeggs
Browerian Mimicry
This is the analogue of Batesian mimicry within a single species, and occurs when there is a
palatability spectrum within a population. In zoology, automimicry, Browerian mimicry, or
intraspecific mimicry, is a form of mimicry in which the same species of animal is imitated. There
are two different forms. In one form, first described by Lincoln Brower in 1967, weakly-defended
members of a species with warning coloration are parasitic on more strongly-defended members
of their species, mimicking them to provide the negative reinforcement learning required for
warning signals to function. The mechanism, analogous to Batesian mimicry, is found in insects
such as the monarch butterfly.
Figure 9. Eyespots of foureye butterflyfish (Chaetodon capistratus) mimic its own eyes, which are camouflaged with a disruptive
eye mask, deflecting attacks from the vulnerable head.
Aggressive Mimicry

5. It is a form of similarity in which a predator or parasite gains an advantage by its resemblance to
a third party. This model may be the prey (or host) species itself, or it may be a species that the
prey does not regard as threatening.
The country has a National Biosafety Committee of
the Philippines (NBCP)
Figure 10. The antmimicking spiders of the genus Myrmarachne belong to the jumping
spider family. These spiders specialize in feeding on specific species of ants, with some
even going so far as to imitate anta.
Figure 11. NBCP logo retrieved from:
https://www.facebook.com/dostncbp/photos/a.108816
000658299/108816397324926/

6. Philippines (National level)
Executive Order No. 430 creating the National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines (NCBP).
This Executive Order creates the National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines (NCBP),
attached to the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). It establishes composition,
duties and responsibilities of the above mentioned National Committee, entitled to perform the
following activities: Identify and evaluate potentials hazards involved in initiating genetic
engineering experiments or the introduction of new species and genetically engineered organisms
and recommend measures to minimize risks; Formulate and review national policies and
guidelines on biosafety, such as the safe conduct of work on genetic engineering, pests and their
genetic materials for the protection of public health, environment and personnel and supervise
the implementation thereof; Formulate and review national policies and guidelines in risk
assessment of work biotechnology and supervise their implementation; Assist quarantine
services and institutions in the evaluation, monitoring, and review projects on biosafety; Assist in
the development of technical expertise, facilities and other resources for quarantine services and
risk assessments; Recommend the development and promotion of research programmes to
establish risk assessment protocols and assessment of long-term environmental effects of
biological research covered by these guidelines; etc.
Mission :
Mandate of the NCBP
The NCBP shall be the lead body to coordinate and harmonize inter-agency and multi-sector
efforts to develop biosafety policies in the country and set scientific, technical and procedural
standards on actions by agencies and other sectors to promote biosafety in the Philippines.
Vision :
Designated to implement the biosafety system was the National Committee on Biosafety of the
Philippines (NCBP) with the principal responsibility of identifying and evaluating potential hazards
in genetic engineering experiments or in the introduction of genetically modified organisms into
the country.
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Niches & competition (article) | Ecology. (n.d.). Khan Academy. Retrieved September 18, 2021,
from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/ecology-ap/community-

7. Wikipedia contributors. (2021, July 6). Gene-for-gene relationship. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene-for-gene_relationship
Mimicry in the wild. Mimicry in the Wild | North Dakota Game and Fish. (n.d.). Retrieved
September 22, 2021, from https://gf.nd.gov/wildlife-notes/mimicry-wild. Entry into force
notes This Executive Order enters into force immediately.
Hagonoy. (n.d.). Tonji and Sylvia’s Wildlife Refuge. Retrieved September 23, 2021, from
https://sylviatramos.blog/list-of-weeds-arranged-alphabetically-by-local-name/hagonoy/
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&ust=1632489404331000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwiorNCJl5XzAhXTI
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NCBP - national committee on biosafety of the philippines in government & military by
AcronymsAndSlang.com. (n.d.). Http://Acronymsandslang. Retrieved September 23,
2021, from http://acronymsandslang.com/definition/851660/NCBP-meaning.html
Paramecia - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Https://Www.Sciencedirect.Com.
Retrieved September 23, 2021, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-
planetary-sciences/paramecia
Wikipedia contributors. (2021a, January 30). Harold Henry Flor. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Henry_Flor
Wikipedia contributors. (2021b, July 10). Vavilovian mimicry. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vavilovian_mimicry#/media/File:Secale_cereale.jpg

8. McElroy, J. S. (2013). Vavilovian Mimicry: Nikolai Vavilov and HisLittle-Known Impact on Weed
Science. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-13-00122.1
(National Biosafety Committee of the Philippines & their mission and also vision)