This document discusses arthropods and common malaria vector species. It provides background on arthropods, noting their segmented bodies and exoskeletons. It then discusses the advantages of arthropods in ecological roles like pollination and decomposition. Four common malaria vector species are described: Anopheles albimanus, Anopheles minimus, Anopheles pharoensis, and Anopheles sergentii. Their life cycles and behaviors are summarized. The document also covers insect behavior and activity, noting how behaviors are influenced by factors like locomotion, feeding, and responses to the environment.
Insect order collembola are also known as Springtails. here the detail about this order mentioned like what are its families and what are its economic importances.
Vectors of Medical Importance-by-Dr.Purnoor.pptxPurnoorKaur3
## Vectors of Medical Importance.pptx: Dive into the World of Disease Carriers
Introduction:
* Defining vectors and their significance in public health.
* Highlighting the global burden of vector-borne diseases.
Major Vector Groups:
Arthropods:
* Mosquitoes - major players in malaria, dengue, yellow fever, Zika.
* Ticks - vectors of Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, encephalitis.
* Flies - tsetse flies (sleeping sickness), sandflies (leishmaniasis).
* Fleas - plague, murine typhus.
Non-arthropods:
* Snails - schistosomiasis.
* Rodents - plague, hantavirus.
Disease Transmission Mechanisms:
* Different mechanisms for each vector-disease combination.
* Role of vector biology and behavior in transmission.
Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases:
* Global health burden - morbidity, mortality, economic impact.
* Social and economic disparities in disease prevalence.
Vector Control Strategies:
* Insecticides and repellents.
* Bed nets and other protective measures.
* Vaccination and treatment programs.
* Environmental modification and community engagement.
Emerging Challenges:
* Climate change and its impact on vector distribution and abundance.
* Antibiotic resistance in vector-borne pathogens.
* Need for innovative control strategies.
Conclusion
* Importance of continued research and collaboration in vector control.
* Emphasizing the potential for disease prevention and improved public health.
Additional elements:
* Compelling visuals like images of vectors, disease transmission cycles, and maps.
* Data and statistics highlighting the global impact of vector-borne diseases.
* Case studies of specific vector-borne diseases and their control efforts.
* Audience-specific tailoring depending on the intended audience (medical professionals, general public, policymakers).
Importance of study of immature stages of insects in agricultureSanju Thorat
The type of life cycle will vary with the insect-pest. However, most pests have certain weak points during their life cycle when they are the most vulnerable to manage. Some insect are predators, either as larvae or in both larval and adult stages. The decomposition of organic waste, such as dung and manures are an important ecosystem process which is largely provided by insects. Insect as food for animals and human being. The knowledge regarding immature stages of insect-pests and understand site of oviposition, site of pupation and larval behaviour can allow for timely and effective management, thus we can reduction in the qualitative and quantitative losses of yield and increase the profit.
you can find answers to what are insects, evolution, why are they dominant creatures on earth, population size, where they are found, life cycle, how insects see, etc.,
Insect order collembola are also known as Springtails. here the detail about this order mentioned like what are its families and what are its economic importances.
Vectors of Medical Importance-by-Dr.Purnoor.pptxPurnoorKaur3
## Vectors of Medical Importance.pptx: Dive into the World of Disease Carriers
Introduction:
* Defining vectors and their significance in public health.
* Highlighting the global burden of vector-borne diseases.
Major Vector Groups:
Arthropods:
* Mosquitoes - major players in malaria, dengue, yellow fever, Zika.
* Ticks - vectors of Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, encephalitis.
* Flies - tsetse flies (sleeping sickness), sandflies (leishmaniasis).
* Fleas - plague, murine typhus.
Non-arthropods:
* Snails - schistosomiasis.
* Rodents - plague, hantavirus.
Disease Transmission Mechanisms:
* Different mechanisms for each vector-disease combination.
* Role of vector biology and behavior in transmission.
Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases:
* Global health burden - morbidity, mortality, economic impact.
* Social and economic disparities in disease prevalence.
Vector Control Strategies:
* Insecticides and repellents.
* Bed nets and other protective measures.
* Vaccination and treatment programs.
* Environmental modification and community engagement.
Emerging Challenges:
* Climate change and its impact on vector distribution and abundance.
* Antibiotic resistance in vector-borne pathogens.
* Need for innovative control strategies.
Conclusion
* Importance of continued research and collaboration in vector control.
* Emphasizing the potential for disease prevention and improved public health.
Additional elements:
* Compelling visuals like images of vectors, disease transmission cycles, and maps.
* Data and statistics highlighting the global impact of vector-borne diseases.
* Case studies of specific vector-borne diseases and their control efforts.
* Audience-specific tailoring depending on the intended audience (medical professionals, general public, policymakers).
Importance of study of immature stages of insects in agricultureSanju Thorat
The type of life cycle will vary with the insect-pest. However, most pests have certain weak points during their life cycle when they are the most vulnerable to manage. Some insect are predators, either as larvae or in both larval and adult stages. The decomposition of organic waste, such as dung and manures are an important ecosystem process which is largely provided by insects. Insect as food for animals and human being. The knowledge regarding immature stages of insect-pests and understand site of oviposition, site of pupation and larval behaviour can allow for timely and effective management, thus we can reduction in the qualitative and quantitative losses of yield and increase the profit.
you can find answers to what are insects, evolution, why are they dominant creatures on earth, population size, where they are found, life cycle, how insects see, etc.,
Studies on the Phyllosoma Larva of the Indian Rock Lobster, Panulirus Homarus...ijtsrd
Attempts were made to develop a technique to rear the phyllosoma larvae of Panulirus homarus. The biological characters like fecundity, hatching percentage, larval morphological changes, feed inputs and moulting frequency till the fourth moult were studied. Morphometric and meristic characters of the larvae were also studied till the 42ndday. The larval output was directly proportional to the size of the gravid brood stock. Relationship between the duration of culture X and length of the larvae Y were shown by the relationships Y intercept = 0.5780 ± 0.1074 and X intercept = 0.7283 r2 = 0.8519 . There was significant p 0.0001 positive relationship between total length TL and carapace width CW of phyllosoma larvae. S. Lazarus | J. C. Nisha | R. Thangaraja "Studies on the Phyllosoma Larva of the Indian Rock Lobster, Panulirus Homarus Linnaeus, 1758" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31676.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/molecular-biology/31676/studies-on-the-phyllosoma-larva-of-the-indian-rock-lobster-panulirus-homarus-linnaeus-1758/s-lazarus
Mosquitoes vectors of malaria and their controlnelson oru
Mosquitoes: introduction
There are about 3000 species of mosquito, of which about 100 are vectors of human diseases
Mosquitoes and ticks account for the majority of transmissions of the most important vector-borne diseases, although some close relatives of mosquitoes also get involved, including sand flies and black flies.
Mosquitoes: behavior
Female mosquitoes feed on animals and humans
Attracted by the body odours, carbon dioxide and heat emitted from the animal or person
Some species prefer biting at certain hours, for example at dusk and dawn or in the middle of the night
Feeding usually takes place during the night but daytime biting also occurs
Some species prefer to feed in forests, some outside of houses, others indoors.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Studies on the Phyllosoma Larva of the Indian Rock Lobster, Panulirus Homarus...ijtsrd
Attempts were made to develop a technique to rear the phyllosoma larvae of Panulirus homarus. The biological characters like fecundity, hatching percentage, larval morphological changes, feed inputs and moulting frequency till the fourth moult were studied. Morphometric and meristic characters of the larvae were also studied till the 42ndday. The larval output was directly proportional to the size of the gravid brood stock. Relationship between the duration of culture X and length of the larvae Y were shown by the relationships Y intercept = 0.5780 ± 0.1074 and X intercept = 0.7283 r2 = 0.8519 . There was significant p 0.0001 positive relationship between total length TL and carapace width CW of phyllosoma larvae. S. Lazarus | J. C. Nisha | R. Thangaraja "Studies on the Phyllosoma Larva of the Indian Rock Lobster, Panulirus Homarus Linnaeus, 1758" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31676.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/molecular-biology/31676/studies-on-the-phyllosoma-larva-of-the-indian-rock-lobster-panulirus-homarus-linnaeus-1758/s-lazarus
Mosquitoes vectors of malaria and their controlnelson oru
Mosquitoes: introduction
There are about 3000 species of mosquito, of which about 100 are vectors of human diseases
Mosquitoes and ticks account for the majority of transmissions of the most important vector-borne diseases, although some close relatives of mosquitoes also get involved, including sand flies and black flies.
Mosquitoes: behavior
Female mosquitoes feed on animals and humans
Attracted by the body odours, carbon dioxide and heat emitted from the animal or person
Some species prefer biting at certain hours, for example at dusk and dawn or in the middle of the night
Feeding usually takes place during the night but daytime biting also occurs
Some species prefer to feed in forests, some outside of houses, others indoors.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
1. Arba Minch University
College of Medicine and Other Health
Department of Environmental Health
Medical entomology and vector control
submitted to:-Lakew D.(MPH)
Date:-28/12/2014
submitted by:- Loza Yimegn
ID:- NSR/006/13
3. Arthropods
Introduction
Arthropods are invertebrate animals with bilateral symmetry, segmented
bodies, jointed appendages, and a hard outer covering, called an exoskeleton.
Arthropods a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods
form the phylum Arthropoda. They are distinguished by their jointed limbs
and cuticle made of chitin, often mineralized with calcium carbonate. The
arthropod body plan consists of segments, each with a pair of appendages.
Arthropods are bilaterally symmetrical and their body possesses an external
skeleton. In order to keep growing, they must go through stages of mounting, a
process by which they shed their exoskeleton to reveal a new one. Some
species have wings. They are an extremely diverse group, with up to 10 million
species., more than any other animal group. For instant, ants and bees,
arachnids, such as spiders and scorpions, centipedes and millipedes, and
crustaceans, such as lobsters and crabs, are all types of arthropods. However,
Arthropods also found nearly everywhere on earth, from rainforests to deserts,
the ocean, and even in homes.
4. Advantage of Arthropods
Importance of Arthropods in Ecological Roles
Many arthropods have extremely important roles in ecosystems. Arthropods are of ecological importance
because of their sheer numbers and extreme diversity. As mentioned above, bees, wasps, ants, butterflies,
moths, flies and beetles are invaluable agents of pollination. Pollens and grains became accidentally attached
to their chests and legs and are transferred to other agricultural crops as these animals move about, either by
walking or flying. Most plants actually produce scents to send signals to insects that food (in the form of
nectar) is available. Mites, ticks, centipedes, and millipedes are decomposers, meaning they break down dead
plants and animals and turn them into soil nutrients. This is an important role because it supplies the plants
with the minerals and nutrients necessary for life. It also keeps dead material from accumulating in the
environment. Plants then pass along those minerals and nutrients to the animals that eat the plants.
Importance's of Arthropods in Pest Control
Humans use mites to prey on unwanted arthropods on farms or in homes. Other arthropods are used to
control weed growth. Populations of whip scorpions added to an environment can limit the populations
of cockroaches and crickets. Millipedes also control the harmful growth of destructive fungi and bacteria.
When the numbers of millipedes is low, the imbalance between predator and prey can cause harmful
microorganisms to flourish, and it can became difficult to manage plagues and diseases through natural
processes. Cockroaches, spiders, mites, ticks and all other insects considered as carnivorous, prey on
smaller species to maintain ecological balance. Thus, communities that have a good balance of these
arthropods tend to have better pest control.
5. Importance of Arthropods in Human uses
Arthropods are also invaluable to humans, as they are used in many different humanmade products. Examples are:
• Bees produce honey and their honeycombs contain beeswax, widely used for making candles, furniture wax and polishes,
waxed papers, antiseptics, and fillings for surgical uses.
• The pollens stored in honeycombs were discovered to have a rich mixture of vitamins ,enzymes , and amino acids that could
provide medical benefits. They were used as ingredients for supplements and medications that could provide relief for colds,
asthma, and hay fever.
• Silk produced by arthropods, like those produced by caterpillars to protect their cocoons, is strong enough to use and be woven
into fabrics, a discovery first used in ancient China's silk industry.
• The spiders’ web was discovered as an additional material that could provide strength, and has became essential raw materials
for Kevlar vests, fishing nets, surgical sutures, and adhesives, as they contained natural antiseptics.
Importance of Arthropods in Foods
Many species of crustaceans, especially crabs, lobsters, shrimp, prawns, and crayfish, are consumed by humans, and are now farmed
on a large commercial scale. Nearly 10,000,000 tons of arthropods as food were produced in 2005. Over 70% by weight of all
crustaceans caught for consumption are shrimp and prawns. Over 80% is produced in Asia, with China producing nearly half the
world’s total. In fact, there are more than 1,900 edible insect species on Earth, hundreds of which are already part of the diet of
about two billion people worldwide. This is just under one of every three people worldwide, and this number should continue to
grow in the future
6. Disadvantage of Arthropods
- Exoskeletons must be shed when an animal grows, leaving them without protection.
- Exoskeletons limit size and mobility.
7. Common malaria vector spp
• Anopheles Albritarsis
Mosquitoes belonging to the Albritarsis Group (Anopheles:
Nyssorhynchus) are of importance as malaria vectors across the
Neotropics. The Group currently comprises six known species, and
recent studies have indicated further hidden biodiversity within the
Group. DNA barcoding has been proposed as a highly useful tool for
species recognition, although its discriminatory utility has not been
verified in closely related taxa across a wide geographic distribution.
Life cycle
Life stages is Like all mosquitoes, anophelines go through four stages
in their life cycles: egg, larva, pupa, and imago. The first three
stages are aquatic and together last 5–14 days, depending on the
species and the ambient temperature. The adult stage is when the
female Anophebehaviles mosquito acts as malaria vector.
Behavior
Attacks Humans and Domestic animals indoors and outdoors.it
resting place is usually outdoors.
8. • Anopheles Minimus
Anopheles minimus is considered an important malaria vector
throughout forested regions of the SEAR particularly outside of
India (namely, China, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, and
Laos . There are three species within this complex, with two capable
of malaria transmission. Again, this species complex exhibits high
levels of plasticity in both ecological and behavioral traits across the
region
Life cycle
Life stages is Like all mosquitoes, anophelines go through four stages
in their life cycles: egg, larva, pupa, and imago. The first three
stages are aquatic and together last 5–14 days, depending on the
species and the ambient temperature. The adult stage is when the
female Anophebehaviles mosquito acts as malaria vector.
Behavior
Occurs Habitat is shaded areas around flowing waters, irrigation
ditches and rice fields. Feeding is primarily on humans but
occasionally domestic animals. Adults rest mostly indoors.
9. • Anopheles pharonesis
Anopheles pharoensis, the type species of the
subgenus Cellia, is a grayish mosquito with a pale-scaled
abdomen sporting dark, laterally-projecting scale tufts. It is
informally placed within the Cellia Series together with An.
Also Anopheles pharoensis Theobald was found to be the
prevalent man-biting anopheline mosquito in the central
area of the Senegal River delta.
• Life cycle
Life stages is Like all mosquitoes, anophelines go through four stages
in their life cycles: egg, larva, pupa, and imago. The first three
stages are aquatic and together last 5–14 days, depending on the
species and the ambient temperature. The adult stage is when the
female Anophebehaviles mosquito acts as malaria vector.
Behavior
Breeding is in marshes, ponds and water with grassy or floating
vegetation and rice fields. Adults draw blood from humans and
animals both indoors and outdoors, but adults rest outdoors after
feeding. This species is especially active in Egypt.
10. • Anopheles sergentii
Anopheles sergentii is often referred to as the “desert malaria
vector” in northern Africa, the Mediterranean basin and the Middle
East.
Life cycle
Life stages is Like all mosquitoes, anophelines go through four stages
in their life cycles: egg, larva, pupa, and imago. The first three
stages are aquatic and together last 5–14 days, depending on the
species and the ambient temperature. The adult stage is when the
female Anophebehaviles mosquito acts as malaria vector.
Behavior
hey inhabit borrow pits, rice fields, seepage waters and slow-
flowing streams and both sunny or partially shaded habitats. Adults
draw blood from humans and animals indoors and outdoors, but
rest in houses and caves after feeding.
11. Insect Behavior and Activity
Insect Behavior
Insect behavior is critical for successfully managing stored-product insect pests, particularly in the current climate where
more-targeted IPM programs are becoming more widely used. IPM relies on a fundamental understanding of pest behavior
and its implications for ecological parameters such as spatial distribution and population dynamics.
One of definition of behavior is any action that an individual carries out in response to a stimulus or its environment,
especially an action that can be observed and described. However, insects also behave spontaneously, in the absence of any
obvious stimulus. Thus, behavior includes studies to understand how an insect takes in information from its environment,
processes that information, and acts. Processing information in the central nervous system may involve integrating
information over time, including stimuli such as hormones coming from within the insect. Thus, the connection
between stimulus and response can be delayed and indirect.
The genetic analysis of behavior rightfully has been perceived to be more complex than analysis of morphological or
anatomical traits (Vanin et al., 2012). One complication in genetic analyses of behavior is the difficulty in defining the
behavior in a clear manner. Often “a behavior” may consist of multiple components, which can lead to confusion regarding
the number of genes involved. Distinguishing between behavior and physiology can be particularly difficult. The same
behavior can be examined from at least four different viewpoints:
(1) the immediate cause (or control);
(2) its development during the individual’s lifespan;
(3) the function of the behavior; and
(4) how the behavior evolved (Wyatt, 1997).
12. Insect activity
Insect activity influences the behavior in wild range .including
• Locomoting
• Grooming
• Feeding
• Communicating
• Reproductive
• Dispersal/ migration
• Hand prey selection
• Diapause and various responses to environmental hazards