This document discusses several developmental defects of the oral and maxillofacial region, including cleft lip and palate, submucous palatal cleft, cleft uvula, Pierre Robin syndrome, lip pits, leukoedema, ankyloglossia (tongue-tie), lingual thyroid nodule, fissured tongue, hairy tongue, varicosities, and lateral soft palate fistulas. It provides descriptions and classifications of different types of clefts, as well as causes and histopathology findings for several conditions.

1. DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS
OF THE ORAL AND
MAXILLOFACIAL REGION
Developmental defects of the soft tissue
Lab 4

2. Orofacial clefts
Cleft lip and Cleft palate

3. Generally, clefts of the lip and palate are
classified into four major types:
 cleft lip.
 cleft palate.
 unilateral cleft lip and palate.
 bilateral cleft lip and palate.

5. Submucous palatal deft. There is a cleft of the
midline palatal bone. but the overlying mucosa is intact. A
bifid uvula also is present.

7. Cleft palate. Palatal defect resulting in communication
with the nasal cavity.

8. Cleft (bifid) uvula.

9. The Pierre Robin syndrome
 characterized by CP, mandibular micrognathia and glossoptosis:(airway
obstruction caused by lower posterior displacement of the tongue) .

14. Commissural lip pit.

15. Paramedian lip pits.

16. Double lip:

17. (blepharochalasis) and (Ascher syndrome).

18. Fordyce’s Granules

20. Leukoedema:
Leukoedema is a generalized mild opacification of the buccal mucosa that is regarded as a
variation of normal. It can be identified in the majority of the population.

22. Histopathology: In leukoedema:
• the epithelium is parakeratotic and acanthotic, with marked intracellular edema of spinous cells.
• The enlarged epithelial cells have small, pyknotic (condensed) nuclei in optically clear
cytoplasm.

25. Histopathology: a mild to moderate hyperparakeratosis, acanthosis
, and intracellular edema of the spinous cells are shrunken (pyknotic).

26. Ectopic lymphoid tissue, floor of mouth.

27. Reterocuspeid papilla:

28. Abnormally small tongue associated with constricted mandibular
arch.

29. Microglossia. Associated constriction of the maxillary
arch in the same patient.

30. Causes of Macroglossia (congenital and hereditary)
• Vascular malformations
• Lymphangioma
• Hemangioma
• Hemihyperplasia
• Cretinism
• Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
• Down syndrome
• Mucopolysaccharidoses
• Neurofibromatosis
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B

32. ANKYLOGLOSSIA (TONGUE-TIE):

34. Lingual thyroid nodule

35. Histopathology: most cases are composed of normal mature thyroid
tissue although embryonic or fetal thyroid tissue may be seen.

36. Lingual thyroid showing thyroid acini in the submucosa.

37. FISSURED TONGUE (SCROTAL TONGUE)

38. HAIRY TONGUE (BLACK HAIRY TONGUE)

39. Hairy tongue

41. VARICOSITIES (VARICES):

42. Caliber-persistent artery lesion on the upper labial mucosa.

43. Caliber-persistent artery. Thick-walled artery located
just beneath the mucosal surface.

44. LATERAL SOFT PALATE FISTULAS:
defect in the development of the second pharyngeal pouch.
Some fistulas may be the result of infection or surgery of the
tonsillar region.