Craniofacial anomalies
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The document discusses craniofacial anomalies such as clefts. It describes different types of craniofacial clefts including Tessier cleft classifications 0 through 11. For each classification, it provides details on the anatomical location of the cleft and associated soft tissue deformities. The document also discusses mechanisms, genetics, teratogens, and management considerations for various craniofacial anomalies.
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Craniofacial anomalies
- 1. Craniofacial anomalies INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY Leader in continuing dental education www.indiandentalacademy.com www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 3. Cleft Lip ,Cleft Palate and Other Orofacial Clefts www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 16. Mechanism of palatal shelf elevation *Intrinsic Force within the shelf *Accumulation of Glycosaminoglycans *EGF and TGF stimulate production of Hyluronan *Increase in vascularity *Contraction of elastic fibres or muscle fibres. *Unequal division in the palatal and the oral epithelium *Neurotransmitters like Serotonin *Increase in MMP-3 *Increase in Vimentin expression *Master controlling gene is FSP-1,ssh, www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 23. www.indiandentalacademy.com Zone Of Intense Proliferation
- 24. www.indiandentalacademy.com A-P Direction Of Collagen Fibres
- 26. www.indiandentalacademy.com Network Of Collagen Fibres In centre Of Suture
- 31. SINUOUS AND IMBRICATING NATURE OF SUTURE www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 32. NARROWED ZONE OF CELLULAR PROLIFERATION www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 38. Genetics Candidate gene Gene locus Name of gene TGF alfa 2p13 TGF beta 19q13.1-q13.3 MSX1 RAR alfa 4p16.1 17q12 DLX2 2q32 BCL3 19q13.1 2q32 transforming growth factor alfa transforming growth factor beta homeobox gene retinoic acid receptor alfa distal-less homeobox 2 B cell leukemia unknown gene but different from DLX possible genes are FN1,IHH,IGFBP2 unknown gene unknown gene 4q25-q31.1 www.indiandentalacademy.com 6p23
- 39. Teratogens • Ethyl alcohol • Retinoids • Hype rthermia • Smoking • Diphenylhydantoin • Trimethadoine • Aminopte rin www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 40. Site of action of teratogens in electron transport system 3-acetly-pyridine 6-nicotinic acid analogues hypoxia boric acid CO FMN 1/2O2 +2H acetoactate oxaloacetate NAD+ NADH Dhase CoQ.cty.b cyt.c cytochrome oxidase ketoglutarate phenytoin ATP www.indiandentalacademy.com H2O
- 42. *Role of Retinoic Acid Retinoc acid can inhibit the proliferation of and induce the apoptosis of EMS cells. *Role of Folic Acid Deficiency A high dose of 6 mg of folic acid should be recommended for the reduction of orofacial clefts during early pregnancy. www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 50. Group I These are defined as clefts of the lip only. www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 51. Group II These are defined as clefts of the palate only i.e. secondary palatal clefts. www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 53. Group III These are defined as clefts of the lip, alveolus and palate i.e. complete cleft lip and palate www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 54. Group IV These are defined as clefts of the lip and alveolus www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 56. Kernahan’s Striped ‘Y’ Classification www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 61. Deviation of nasal septum www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 78. Lateronasomaxillary cleft Primary Cleft Maxillomandibular Cleft Medionasomaxillary Cleft www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 81. Two leading theories proposed for formation of rare clefts Classic Theory By Dursy and His: States that failure of fusion of the facial processes true clefts The Mesodermal penetration theory By Johnston in 1965: Recognises the importance of neural creast cells www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 82. Tessier Classification Cleft 0:*Represents delay in the closure of the anterior fontanel through the frontal bone,crista galli, midline of the nose,columella,lip,and maxilla and may actually involve the tongue,lower lip and the mandible. *It may give rise to frontonasal,frontoethmoidal, or frontal encephaloceles,duplication of the nasal septum and midline cleft of the lip. *Its cranial extension is cleft 14 www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 87. Cleft 1 *The cleft courses through the frontal bone and the olfactory groove of the cribiform plate, between the nasal and the frontal process of the maxilla and through the maxilla between the central and lateral incisor. *It can cause telorbitism with a deep invagination of the dura in the area of the cribiform plate defect,nasoorbital encephalocele, notching of the nostrils and occasionally a cleft lip. www.indiandentalacademy.com *Cranial extension is cleft 13
- 91. Cleft 2 *Cleft 2 is similar to cleft 1,but is slightly more lateral. *Its cranial extension is cleft 12 www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 93. Cleft 3 *It runs through the lacrimal bone,the frontal process of the maxilla and between the lateral incisor and the canine. *There is absence of the inferomedial wall of the orbit and lack of pneumatisation of the maxillary antrum. *Medial canthus is displaced inferiorly.There is coloboma of the lower eyelid,the conjuctiva and the nasal mucosa being seperated by a thin band of fibrous tissue. www.indiandentalacademy.com *Northbound continuation is cleft 11.
- 98. Cleft 4 *Similar to cleft 3 except that the clefting between the nose and the cheek is more laterally,sparing the nostrils. *The lip cresting take place lateral to the philtral crest www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 106. Cleft 5 *It runs through the orbital floor lateral to the infraorbital nerve and the maxillary sinus ending behind the canine in the premolar region. *The soft tissue deformity involves the coloboma of lateral third of lower lip,ending as the cleft of the lip. www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 110. Cleft 6 *Seperates the maxilla from the malar bone. *The corresponding soft tissue deformity consists of coloboma of the lower lid and a furrow of skin from the coloboma to the angle of the mandible www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 113. Cleft 7 *Courses between the malar and the temporal bone. * The zygomatic arch is usually absent. *The condyle,coronoid and the ramus suffer varying degrees of deformity. *The temporal muscle is either absent or atrophic forming a contineous temporomassetric muscle. *There may be cleft of the scalp or abnormal hair growth. www.indiandentalacademy.com *There may be a degrees of ear malformations
- 114. Cleft 8 *It is a frontozygomatic cleft extending to the greater wing of the sphenoid. *In the soft tissue there may be either a true cleft or notching of the lower eyelid. www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 115. Cleft 9 *It is an upper orbital cleft of the superolateral orbital ridge angle with a corresponding coloboma of the upper lid. www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 117. Cleft 10 *It is an upper central orbital cleft of the frontal bone,supraorbital ridge and the orbital rod,which is lateral to the supraorbital neurovascular bundle,causing an encephalocele. *It should be associated with a coloboma of the medial of the upper lid. www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 119. Cleft 11 *It is an upper medial orbital cleft through the frontal bone,frontal sinus and lateral mass of the ethmoid. *The soft tissue deformity is coloboma of the medial third of the upper eyelid. www.indiandentalacademy.com