1. The document discusses the principles of constructing intelligence tests, including standardization, reliability, and validity.
2. Standardization involves administering a test to a representative sample to establish a basis for comparison and determine a normal distribution of scores.
3. Reliability ensures consistent results through methods like split-half testing and test-retest assessments.
4. Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is intended to measure, including content and predictive validity.
This work is done in order to know the different strategies we have when translating texts in this case a paragraph that we chose and our reflection at the moment of translating and we will give a description and examples of strategy, technique and method.
Spotting The Difference–Machine Versus Human TranslationUlatus
Regardless of how much the systems have improved and made worldwide communication easier, there is still no alternative to human translation. Machines can only comply to grammatical accuracy, but the semantic, linguistic, and the cultural completeness in a text can only be achieved by human speakers
The document discusses natural language processing and some of the key challenges involved. It describes how NLP systems aim to understand human language in written or spoken form by performing tasks like morphological analysis, parsing, semantic analysis, and discourse processing. It also discusses sources of ambiguity in natural language and different models and algorithms used to represent linguistic knowledge and process language, with the goal of building intelligent systems that can understand human communication.
This document discusses principles and methods of translation. It begins with Catford's definition of translation as replacing textual material in one language with equivalent material in another. It discusses issues like translation equivalence, types of translation like semantic and communicative translation, and structural elements like situational features, semantic structure, and levels of word meaning. It also examines sentence structure in English and implications for translation, including theme, subject types, and notions of structure across languages. Finally, it briefly discusses language varieties such as dialects, registers, styles, and modes that impact translation.
Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence that aims to allow computers to understand human language. NLP involves analyzing and representing text or speech at different linguistic levels for applications like question answering or machine translation. Challenges for NLP include ambiguities in language like lexical, syntactic, semantic, and anaphoric ambiguities. Common NLP tasks include part-of-speech tagging, parsing, named entity recognition, and sentiment analysis. Applications of NLP include text processing, machine translation, speech processing, and converting text to speech.
This document outlines classroom guidelines for learners at the School of Continuing Education (SCE) at the American University in Cairo. It details policies on attendance, punctuality, grading, and how final grades are determined and posted. The key points are:
- Learners must attend at least 75% of class sessions or they will fail the course.
- Learners are expected to arrive on time and any tardiness beyond twice will count as absences.
- Grades are based on continual assessments, a final exam, and end-of-term achievement tests. Final grades are posted by student ID number, not name.
In this presentation we will see the different paragraphs we have chosen and the reflection of each one of us about our experience of being able to translate and we will give some examples about the method, strategy and technique
This work is done in order to know the different strategies we have when translating texts in this case a paragraph that we chose and our reflection at the moment of translating and we will give a description and examples of strategy, technique and method.
Spotting The Difference–Machine Versus Human TranslationUlatus
Regardless of how much the systems have improved and made worldwide communication easier, there is still no alternative to human translation. Machines can only comply to grammatical accuracy, but the semantic, linguistic, and the cultural completeness in a text can only be achieved by human speakers
The document discusses natural language processing and some of the key challenges involved. It describes how NLP systems aim to understand human language in written or spoken form by performing tasks like morphological analysis, parsing, semantic analysis, and discourse processing. It also discusses sources of ambiguity in natural language and different models and algorithms used to represent linguistic knowledge and process language, with the goal of building intelligent systems that can understand human communication.
This document discusses principles and methods of translation. It begins with Catford's definition of translation as replacing textual material in one language with equivalent material in another. It discusses issues like translation equivalence, types of translation like semantic and communicative translation, and structural elements like situational features, semantic structure, and levels of word meaning. It also examines sentence structure in English and implications for translation, including theme, subject types, and notions of structure across languages. Finally, it briefly discusses language varieties such as dialects, registers, styles, and modes that impact translation.
Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence that aims to allow computers to understand human language. NLP involves analyzing and representing text or speech at different linguistic levels for applications like question answering or machine translation. Challenges for NLP include ambiguities in language like lexical, syntactic, semantic, and anaphoric ambiguities. Common NLP tasks include part-of-speech tagging, parsing, named entity recognition, and sentiment analysis. Applications of NLP include text processing, machine translation, speech processing, and converting text to speech.
This document outlines classroom guidelines for learners at the School of Continuing Education (SCE) at the American University in Cairo. It details policies on attendance, punctuality, grading, and how final grades are determined and posted. The key points are:
- Learners must attend at least 75% of class sessions or they will fail the course.
- Learners are expected to arrive on time and any tardiness beyond twice will count as absences.
- Grades are based on continual assessments, a final exam, and end-of-term achievement tests. Final grades are posted by student ID number, not name.
In this presentation we will see the different paragraphs we have chosen and the reflection of each one of us about our experience of being able to translate and we will give some examples about the method, strategy and technique
Natural language processing (NLP) refers to technologies that allow computers to understand, interpret and generate human language. NLP aims to allow non-programmers to obtain information from or give commands to computers using natural human languages. NLP involves analyzing text at morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels to determine meaning. It is used for applications like search engines, voice assistants, summarization and translation. While progress has been made, NLP still faces challenges like ambiguity, idioms and connecting language to perception. The future of NLP is linked to advances in artificial intelligence to develop more human-like language abilities in machines.
The document provides guidance on effective translation techniques. It recommends translators ask preliminary questions to assess if they are qualified for an assignment. Some key approaches discussed are using word processing for flexibility, storing documents digitally for editing, and assessing reference tools, terminology, and languages in the text. The document also provides tips for specialized terminology, working habits like taking breaks, and review checklists before submitting a translation.
Writing in the discipline Subsentential terminologyAldrin Nepomuceno
This document discusses writing in academic disciplines and the meaning of knowing a word. It defines the hierarchy of written language structure from subsentential terminology to individual words. It then examines the different aspects of truly knowing a word, including its phonetic representation, orthography, morphological irregularities, syntactic features, semantic features, pragmatic features, common derivations and collocations. The document also discusses word formation processes and achieving lexical accuracy. Finally, it provides tips for increasing one's vocabulary.
This document provides information about translation and interpreting as professions. It begins by defining the key differences between translation, which deals with written text, and interpreting, which involves spoken communication. It then discusses the skills required for each profession, such as understanding nuances, conducting research, and communicating effectively. The document also outlines various paths to careers in translation or interpreting, including university programs, and describes some of the settings where translators and interpreters may work, such as in the public or private sectors.
This rubric evaluates reflection papers for a graduation project on three levels: exceptional, proficient, and no credit. It assesses the paper's focus, content, organization, and conventions. An exceptional paper clearly states the purpose, includes a thorough self-reflective analysis with illustrative details, draws conclusions and connects to future plans, and is compellingly organized with sophisticated writing. A proficient paper implies the purpose, includes a reflective analysis with some details, draws conclusions and connects plans, and has good organization. A paper that does not meet these standards would receive no credit.
Natural Language Processing from Object Automation Object Automation
Object Automation Software Solutions Pvt Ltd in collaboration with SRM Ramapuram delivered Workshop for Skill Development on Artificial Intelligence.
Natural Language Processing by Mr.Madan Kartheesan, Technical Lead, Object Automation.
Translation is essential for communicating across languages. There are different types of translation like semantic, literal, functional, communicative, and transcreation. Translation is used in various media like advertisements, songs, cartoons, television shows, and news. It allows content to reach wider audiences but requires skill to accurately transfer meaning and tone. Mistranslations can sometimes lead to humorous unintended interpretations.
The document discusses various translation strategies, techniques and methods. It defines translation strategy and discusses three global strategies employed by translators. It then discusses translation methods and procedures, and defines word-for-word, literal, faithful, semantic and idiomatic translation. Direct and oblique translation techniques are also explained, including borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, reformulation, adaptation and compensation.
The document defines and describes various types of translation including:
- Oral and written translation which can be done consecutively or simultaneously
- Computer-assisted translation which uses computer programs to aid the human translation process
- Machine translation which uses computer programs to translate without human intervention
It also discusses different types of translation based on factors like the unit, aim, tasks/objectives, and number of translators involved. Some translation types discussed include: literal, idiomatic, committee, common language, dynamic, and thought-for-thought translations.
1. The document discusses the need to study the translation process systematically rather than focusing only on models and diagrams.
2. It argues that understanding the cognitive process translators undergo when translating a text is important for improving translation skills.
3. Several experts are quoted warning that current understanding of the brain and memory is insufficient to fully describe the translation process, and that both descriptive and inductive approaches are needed.
Techniques in translation, computer assisted, machine translation, subtitling...Moses Altovar
This document discusses various translation techniques including computer-assisted translation, machine translation, subtitling, and editing/post-editing. It provides details on each technique in 3-4 paragraphs. Computer-assisted translation involves human translators using computer programs, tools, and technology to assist them. Machine translation aims to translate without human intervention but often requires human pre-editing and post-editing. Subtitling has constraints related to synchronization with visual/audio elements and reading speed, requiring simplification and brevity in the subtitles.
The document discusses various technical components of the translation process. It describes translation as involving interpreting the source text, applying skills to render the meaning in the target language, and re-expressing that meaning. The document outlines different options for translation, including direct/literal translation and oblique translation. It also distinguishes between factual knowledge of languages and procedural knowledge of translation techniques.
The document discusses various translation procedures and techniques used in the technical component of the translation process. It describes translation as a problem-solving process involving interpreting the source text, using skills and resources to render the text in the target language while maintaining the intended meaning. It distinguishes between factual knowledge of languages and procedural knowledge of translation techniques. Direct translation techniques like literal translation are possible when languages share structures, while oblique techniques like transposition, modulation, and borrowing are needed when direct translation is not possible or idiomatic. The document provides examples of applying various translation techniques between English and Italian.
This document provides an overview of theories and processes of second language acquisition (SLA). It introduces several major theories of SLA, including behaviorism, Krashen's comprehensible input hypothesis, the interaction hypothesis, sociocultural theory, universal grammar, and frequency-based approaches. It also discusses individual differences that can influence SLA, such as first language, age, gender, working memory, and motivation. Additionally, the document outlines key SLA processes like attention, developmental sequences, and fossilization. Finally, it reviews several common language teaching methods and how they approach teaching, learning, and assessment.
What Interpreters Can Learn from Translation TheoryTerena Bell
This document discusses key terms from translation theory and provides examples of their usage. It defines terms like adaptation, amplification, aspect, false friend, interchange, lacuna, and translation unit. For each term, it provides the English and French translation along with examples to illustrate how the concept can be applied. The document concludes by suggesting potential practice scenarios for interpreters to apply these translation theory concepts and providing additional resources for further information.
Arabic natural language processing (ANLP) faces several challenges due to features of the Arabic language including diglossia, script, morphology, syntax and lack of large corpora. KACST in Saudi Arabia is working on several projects to address these challenges including Arabic text to speech, morphological analyzer, speech recognition, diacritization and machine translation to and from Arabic. The collaboration between linguists, language specialists and computer scientists is needed to make progress on ANLP.
This document discusses speech synthesis technology. It begins with an introduction defining speech synthesis as the artificial production of human speech. It then discusses the history of speech synthesis, including early inventions and developments of speech synthesizers. It also covers the construction and various approaches to speech synthesis, such as concatenative synthesis and formant synthesis. The document concludes by discussing applications of speech synthesis and remaining challenges.
This document discusses animals in medieval art through summaries of several pieces in the collection. It describes depictions of animals in sculptures, tapestries, glasswork and ceramics from different periods and regions of medieval Europe. The pieces portrayed animals both real and fantastical in various contexts from biblical stories to hunting scenes. Animals occupied an important symbolic place in medieval art and thought.
The 'Ain Dara Temple in Syria dates back to 1300-740 BCE and is architecturally very similar in size, design, and date to the Temple built by King Solomon in Jerusalem in the 10th century BCE. It provides insights into what Solomon's Temple may have looked like before it was destroyed. The well-preserved Syrian temple has carved mythological creatures and stelae that line the walls and corridors, as well as footprints carved in the floor that were meant to represent the presence of the resident deity.
Natural language processing (NLP) refers to technologies that allow computers to understand, interpret and generate human language. NLP aims to allow non-programmers to obtain information from or give commands to computers using natural human languages. NLP involves analyzing text at morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels to determine meaning. It is used for applications like search engines, voice assistants, summarization and translation. While progress has been made, NLP still faces challenges like ambiguity, idioms and connecting language to perception. The future of NLP is linked to advances in artificial intelligence to develop more human-like language abilities in machines.
The document provides guidance on effective translation techniques. It recommends translators ask preliminary questions to assess if they are qualified for an assignment. Some key approaches discussed are using word processing for flexibility, storing documents digitally for editing, and assessing reference tools, terminology, and languages in the text. The document also provides tips for specialized terminology, working habits like taking breaks, and review checklists before submitting a translation.
Writing in the discipline Subsentential terminologyAldrin Nepomuceno
This document discusses writing in academic disciplines and the meaning of knowing a word. It defines the hierarchy of written language structure from subsentential terminology to individual words. It then examines the different aspects of truly knowing a word, including its phonetic representation, orthography, morphological irregularities, syntactic features, semantic features, pragmatic features, common derivations and collocations. The document also discusses word formation processes and achieving lexical accuracy. Finally, it provides tips for increasing one's vocabulary.
This document provides information about translation and interpreting as professions. It begins by defining the key differences between translation, which deals with written text, and interpreting, which involves spoken communication. It then discusses the skills required for each profession, such as understanding nuances, conducting research, and communicating effectively. The document also outlines various paths to careers in translation or interpreting, including university programs, and describes some of the settings where translators and interpreters may work, such as in the public or private sectors.
This rubric evaluates reflection papers for a graduation project on three levels: exceptional, proficient, and no credit. It assesses the paper's focus, content, organization, and conventions. An exceptional paper clearly states the purpose, includes a thorough self-reflective analysis with illustrative details, draws conclusions and connects to future plans, and is compellingly organized with sophisticated writing. A proficient paper implies the purpose, includes a reflective analysis with some details, draws conclusions and connects plans, and has good organization. A paper that does not meet these standards would receive no credit.
Natural Language Processing from Object Automation Object Automation
Object Automation Software Solutions Pvt Ltd in collaboration with SRM Ramapuram delivered Workshop for Skill Development on Artificial Intelligence.
Natural Language Processing by Mr.Madan Kartheesan, Technical Lead, Object Automation.
Translation is essential for communicating across languages. There are different types of translation like semantic, literal, functional, communicative, and transcreation. Translation is used in various media like advertisements, songs, cartoons, television shows, and news. It allows content to reach wider audiences but requires skill to accurately transfer meaning and tone. Mistranslations can sometimes lead to humorous unintended interpretations.
The document discusses various translation strategies, techniques and methods. It defines translation strategy and discusses three global strategies employed by translators. It then discusses translation methods and procedures, and defines word-for-word, literal, faithful, semantic and idiomatic translation. Direct and oblique translation techniques are also explained, including borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, reformulation, adaptation and compensation.
The document defines and describes various types of translation including:
- Oral and written translation which can be done consecutively or simultaneously
- Computer-assisted translation which uses computer programs to aid the human translation process
- Machine translation which uses computer programs to translate without human intervention
It also discusses different types of translation based on factors like the unit, aim, tasks/objectives, and number of translators involved. Some translation types discussed include: literal, idiomatic, committee, common language, dynamic, and thought-for-thought translations.
1. The document discusses the need to study the translation process systematically rather than focusing only on models and diagrams.
2. It argues that understanding the cognitive process translators undergo when translating a text is important for improving translation skills.
3. Several experts are quoted warning that current understanding of the brain and memory is insufficient to fully describe the translation process, and that both descriptive and inductive approaches are needed.
Techniques in translation, computer assisted, machine translation, subtitling...Moses Altovar
This document discusses various translation techniques including computer-assisted translation, machine translation, subtitling, and editing/post-editing. It provides details on each technique in 3-4 paragraphs. Computer-assisted translation involves human translators using computer programs, tools, and technology to assist them. Machine translation aims to translate without human intervention but often requires human pre-editing and post-editing. Subtitling has constraints related to synchronization with visual/audio elements and reading speed, requiring simplification and brevity in the subtitles.
The document discusses various technical components of the translation process. It describes translation as involving interpreting the source text, applying skills to render the meaning in the target language, and re-expressing that meaning. The document outlines different options for translation, including direct/literal translation and oblique translation. It also distinguishes between factual knowledge of languages and procedural knowledge of translation techniques.
The document discusses various translation procedures and techniques used in the technical component of the translation process. It describes translation as a problem-solving process involving interpreting the source text, using skills and resources to render the text in the target language while maintaining the intended meaning. It distinguishes between factual knowledge of languages and procedural knowledge of translation techniques. Direct translation techniques like literal translation are possible when languages share structures, while oblique techniques like transposition, modulation, and borrowing are needed when direct translation is not possible or idiomatic. The document provides examples of applying various translation techniques between English and Italian.
This document provides an overview of theories and processes of second language acquisition (SLA). It introduces several major theories of SLA, including behaviorism, Krashen's comprehensible input hypothesis, the interaction hypothesis, sociocultural theory, universal grammar, and frequency-based approaches. It also discusses individual differences that can influence SLA, such as first language, age, gender, working memory, and motivation. Additionally, the document outlines key SLA processes like attention, developmental sequences, and fossilization. Finally, it reviews several common language teaching methods and how they approach teaching, learning, and assessment.
What Interpreters Can Learn from Translation TheoryTerena Bell
This document discusses key terms from translation theory and provides examples of their usage. It defines terms like adaptation, amplification, aspect, false friend, interchange, lacuna, and translation unit. For each term, it provides the English and French translation along with examples to illustrate how the concept can be applied. The document concludes by suggesting potential practice scenarios for interpreters to apply these translation theory concepts and providing additional resources for further information.
Arabic natural language processing (ANLP) faces several challenges due to features of the Arabic language including diglossia, script, morphology, syntax and lack of large corpora. KACST in Saudi Arabia is working on several projects to address these challenges including Arabic text to speech, morphological analyzer, speech recognition, diacritization and machine translation to and from Arabic. The collaboration between linguists, language specialists and computer scientists is needed to make progress on ANLP.
This document discusses speech synthesis technology. It begins with an introduction defining speech synthesis as the artificial production of human speech. It then discusses the history of speech synthesis, including early inventions and developments of speech synthesizers. It also covers the construction and various approaches to speech synthesis, such as concatenative synthesis and formant synthesis. The document concludes by discussing applications of speech synthesis and remaining challenges.
This document discusses animals in medieval art through summaries of several pieces in the collection. It describes depictions of animals in sculptures, tapestries, glasswork and ceramics from different periods and regions of medieval Europe. The pieces portrayed animals both real and fantastical in various contexts from biblical stories to hunting scenes. Animals occupied an important symbolic place in medieval art and thought.
The 'Ain Dara Temple in Syria dates back to 1300-740 BCE and is architecturally very similar in size, design, and date to the Temple built by King Solomon in Jerusalem in the 10th century BCE. It provides insights into what Solomon's Temple may have looked like before it was destroyed. The well-preserved Syrian temple has carved mythological creatures and stelae that line the walls and corridors, as well as footprints carved in the floor that were meant to represent the presence of the resident deity.
Albert Einstein was a famous physicist who developed the theory of relativity and won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. Some photos show Einstein with his sister Maja as a child, in his laboratory in Berlin before winning the Nobel Prize, and with other important figures from history including Meachim Usishkin, Chaim Weizman, and Theodore Benjamin Herzl. Later in life, Einstein explained his famous equation E=mc2 to reporters and became a citizen of the United States after moving there from Germany.
Este documento proporciona información sobre los opioides utilizados en anestesia general, incluyendo su mecanismo de acción, farmacocinética, farmacodinamia y efectos en diferentes sistemas como el sistema nervioso central, cardiovascular, respiratorio y gastrointestinal. También describe la posología, administración y efectos adversos de la naloxona, un antagonista de los opioides.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Birds in the ancient egyptian and coptic alphabetsMargo Barotta
The document discusses ancient Egyptian and Coptic alphabets where letters were represented by birds. It notes that alphabetical lists from papyri followed the same basic model, with minor differences in included sounds or letter order between traditions. While some letter positions like "h" are established, the reconstructed table remains tentative as some letter positions are uncertain or not fully attested, and some bird identifications pose problems due to variants. It also notes that mosquitos were included among representative birds despite not being true birds.
This mosaic was discovered in the ruins of Sepphoris in Galilee. It depicts an unnamed woman in the center who was given the nickname "Mona Lisa of the Galilee" due to the enchanting tilt of her head and near-smile. Surrounding her are depictions of scenes from the life of Dionysus, the Greek god of wine. These include Dionysus depicted as drunken and a procession with a chariot and musician. The mosaic is 20 feet wide and depicts these stories through a series of rectangular panels surrounded by decorative borders.
The document discusses what the Bible says about cancer. It references several Bible verses that use the word "canker" or describe worms or parasites eating away at the body, suggesting these refer to cancer. It also cites historical medical literature dating back to ancient Egypt and the early 1900s that identified cancer as being caused by parasites, and suggests cancer rates may be increasing as a "pestilence" mentioned in the Bible. The document speculates that cancer parasites can be obtained through unsanitary conditions or diets involving unclean animals.
Birds as symbols of protection in ancient egyptMargo Barotta
Birds were commonly used as symbols of protection in ancient Egypt. Protective bird imagery was often depicted above, behind, and around the person or object being protected to signify guarding and watching over from all angles. Avian symbols represented protection and guardianship in ancient Egyptian art and culture.
This document discusses the use of cyber-archaeology, which uses technologies like LiDAR scanning, aerial photography with balloons and drones, 3D modeling, and virtual reality to digitally capture and analyze archaeological sites and artifacts. Researchers at the University of California, San Diego have applied these methods at sites in Jordan to create detailed 3D maps and models of ancient structures and landscapes to further anthropological and historical understanding. The data is also archived and shared online through databases and virtual reality environments to disseminate information about cultural heritage sites.
Pharaoh was a good egg, but whose egg was heMargo Barotta
Pharaoh was a good egg, but whose egg was he? This short rhyming children's story poses the question of where Pharaoh came from by noting he was a good egg, but leaves the reader wondering whose egg he was, as his origins are not specified. In just a few words, the title captures the essence of the story by introducing the main character of Pharaoh and hinting at the mystery around his lineage that is not resolved within the text.
El documento presenta información sobre las inmunizaciones, definiendo conceptos clave como inmunidad, anticuerpos, antígenos e inmunobiológicos. Explica la historia de las vacunas, los tipos de inmunización, la importancia de cumplir con el calendario de vacunación en los primeros años de vida de los niños para prevenir enfermedades, y los desafíos actuales de los programas de inmunización.
The document provides a brief history of the Orto botanico di Pisa botanical garden in Italy, established in 1544 under botanist Luca Ghini, and relocated in 1563 and again in 1591. It also includes images and brief descriptions of other botanical gardens around the world, including in Germany, Italy, India, England, France, the United States, and England.
Birds and bird imagery in the boo k of thothMargo Barotta
The document discusses the role of birds and bird imagery in the Book of Thoth. Some key points:
- The Book of Thoth is an ancient Egyptian text dealing with initiation into the House of Life, a temple library and center for scribal training.
- Birds and bird imagery play a very significant role in the Book of Thoth, as the ancient Egyptians valued birds for their mysterious qualities and mobility.
- The ibis, a bird associated with the god Thoth, features prominently and is used to represent Thoth destroying enemies or ordering the earth. Students of the House of Life are also metaphorically called "ibises".
- Bird imagery is used throughout to illustrate themes of
Early Humans relied on Hunting wild animals and gathering vegetables and fruits, and in the course of their hunter-gatherer lifestyle they would have come across honey in bees’ nests high in the trees.
The Silk Road was a network of trade routes connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world from the 2nd millennium BC to the 15th century AD. Jade, nephrite, lapis lazuli, spinel, and other precious goods were traded from mines in modern day Xinjiang, China and Badakhshan, Afghanistan. The expansion of Scythian cultures across Central Asia played an important role in the development of the Silk Road by encouraging long distance trade and enforcing tariffs. Various goods, technologies, and cultural influences were exchanged between Europe, China, and regions in between along these interconnected land and sea routes.
A Brief slideshow presentation about Egyptian Hieroglyphics: Etymology, History and Development, and some example about Hieroglyphics; and ending the slideshow with article 1 of the human writes written in Hieroglyphics.
The document provides tips on how to be a good listener. It discusses that listening is important for gaining knowledge, cooperation from others, and strengthening relationships. Some key points about listening include spending 45% of time listening but only remembering 20% of what is heard. Poor listening styles include spacing out or pretending to listen. Genuine listening involves listening with eyes, heart and ears, standing in the other person's shoes, and mirroring what they say. Being a reflective rather than reactive listener is important.
This document discusses parameters for evaluating student writing, including productivity, correctness, complexity, text organization, and literary richness. It recommends assessing the writer's background and experience level, and keeping assignments relevant to their needs. Key aspects to focus on include use of proper writing conventions, mastery of vocabulary, clarity of arguments, and logical structure. Rubrics should be used to quantify evaluations in a way that differentiates for different students. The stages of language production are conceptualization, formulation, articulation, and self-monitoring.
A Brief Summary Of Speaking Assessment - HD Brown.Nathan Mathis
The document discusses various methods for assessing speaking ability, including imitative, intensive, responsive, and interactive tasks. Imitative tasks focus on pronunciation, while intensive tasks evaluate narrow grammatical skills through directed responses, reading aloud, and picture prompts. Responsive tasks involve short conversations through questions and answers or paraphrasing. Interactive tasks provide longer interactions through discussions, interviews, or role-plays. Proper task design and scoring procedures are important to reliably evaluate speaking skills.
This document provides an overview of the process of speech production according to psycholinguistic models. It discusses conceptualization, formulation, articulation, self-monitoring, and feedback loops. The summary is as follows:
[1] The document outlines models of speech production including Levelt's model which describes conceptualization, formulation, articulation, and self-monitoring stages.
[2] Conceptualization involves sparking an idea and initial thoughts, while formulation is the linguistic encoding of concepts.
[3] Articulation is the motor control process of producing sounds through the vocal tract using three muscle systems, and self-monitoring allows speakers to correct mistakes.
Psychological features of verbal communicationEneutron
Verbal communication is the human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication through language. Language allows humans to express thoughts and feelings through spoken sounds or symbols. It also allows humans to designate, label, define and limit; evaluate; and discuss things outside immediate experience.
The meaning of words comes from how people use and interpret them, not the words themselves. Words can have denotation and connotation meanings, and meaning depends on syntactic context. Language evolves over time as societies change with immigration and other factors.
Some ways to improve verbal communication skills include using clear, concrete language with appropriate details; being linguistically sensitive to vocabulary level and potential offenses; and adapting language style to the listeners.
This document discusses the process of speech production from conceptualization to articulation. It summarizes some key models and findings from psycholinguistic research. The production process begins with conceptualization of a message in the mind. Levelt's model describes how concepts are formulated into linguistic units and encoded for motor production. Speech errors provide insights into the formulation process. Articulation involves coordinated movements of the vocal tract controlled by motor planning and cycles of production. Speakers self-monitor their speech through internal feedback loops and often self-correct mistakes. Research on sign language also informs understanding of the independence of cognitive and physical aspects of language production.
THE COMPASS: Route to Academic Speaking is a course book designed with the aim of equipping English language learners with the essential speaking and presentation skills they need in order to perform successfully in academic contexts.
The book consists of four thematic units which explore different aspects of carefully selected and stimulating themes like mind, art, marketing, and technology & science. The tasks in each unit build upon each other both thematically and skills wise and the units end with a culminating presentation assignment where students are expected to display their understanding and command of the themes and skills focused on in the relevant unit.
Key features:
designed for tertiary level learners
follows an integrated skills approach with the primary focus on the speaking skill
utilizes authentic listening and reading materials which serve as a springboard to provide the necessary context and background knowledge for the speaking tasks
offers an array of speaking tasks like debates, discussions, role plays and oral synthesis
encourages fluency and spontaneous language production
helps learners build confidence in speaking English
contains “Speaking Help” sections and “The Sound of English” sections to help learners improve their fluency and pronunciation
facilitates critical thinking skills
provides input and practice for the presentation skills required in academic and professional contexts
THE COMPASS: Route to Academic Speaking ensures that students will acquire the language skills they will draw upon not only in their academic life but also in their future career.
Navigating the rough patches in the academic landscape is a tough experience...All you need to survive is... “THE COMPASS”!
www.nuanskitabevi.com
The document discusses the key properties of a well-written text, including organization, coherence and cohesion, language, and mechanics. It provides details on each property and emphasizes the importance of strong organization through proper paragraph structure, logical flow of ideas, and use of transitional devices. Coherence and cohesion ensure continuity through development of ideas and connection of sentences. Appropriate language considers the purpose, audience, and context. Proper mechanics like spelling, punctuation and capitalization make the writing easy to understand. Critical reading, thinking and reasoning are essential skills to analyze, evaluate and make judgments about written works.
The document discusses the key properties of a well-written text, including organization, coherence and cohesion, language, and mechanics. It provides details on each property and emphasizes the importance of strong organization through proper paragraph structure, logical flow of ideas, and use of transitional devices. Coherence and cohesion refer to how smoothly ideas connect within and across paragraphs. Appropriate language depends on factors like formality and avoiding bias, while mechanics involve proper spelling, punctuation and capitalization. Critical reading and developing strong thinking and reasoning skills are also emphasized.
This document outlines the content and activities for a session on speaking, listening, and communicating. It includes learning outcomes related to expressing oneself clearly, using linguistic techniques for cohesion, listening critically, and recognizing non-verbal communication. Participants are asked to self-assess their confidence in these areas and identify what could help improve. The session covers topics like back-referencing, discourse markers, intonation, and non-verbal communication. Activities include demonstrating communication techniques, a dictagloss exercise to reconstruct a text, and planning and sharing a speech. Homework includes reviewing session content and selecting a topic for a summative assessment presentation.
The document discusses language production and summarizes key points in 3 sentences:
Language production involves conceptualizing thoughts, formulating linguistic plans by selecting words and structures, and implementing plans through articulation. Evidence from eye movements, slips of the tongue, and self-repairs suggests language production involves parallel planning at multiple linguistic levels from meaning to sounds. Models of speech production propose different views on whether planning proceeds incrementally from smaller units or begins with larger syntactic structures.
The scoring rubric evaluates midterm presentations on a scale of 1 to 4 in several categories including visual organization, analysis, language, delivery, and use of filler words. Presenters are scored on their opening, conclusion, use of transition words, focus on topic, and other areas with 4 being expert level and 1 being novice. The highest possible total score is 50.
This document discusses various aspects of human and non-human communication. It describes four categories of non-human communication including visual, auditory, chemical and tactile communication. It then outlines 13 key features of human language according to Charles Hockett including vocal transmission, interchangeability, productivity and duality of patterning. Finally, it examines different theories on the functions of language from researchers such as Roman Jakobson, Michael Halliday and Geoffrey Leech, covering referential, phatic, poetic and other functions.
This document discusses assessing speaking ability and describes different types and skills of speaking. It outlines five basic types of speaking assessment tasks: imitative, intensive, responsive, interactive, and extensive. It also describes microskills like pronunciation and macroskills like social and pragmatic aspects of speaking. The document provides examples of assessment tasks for each type of speaking, such as word repetition for imitative speaking and interviews for interactive speaking. It aims to design speaking assessments that evaluate different speaking skills.
Language production involves four stages: conceptualization, formulation, articulation, and self-monitoring. In conceptualization, the speaker forms the concept they wish to express. In formulation, they plan the linguistic representation. During articulation, the plan is executed through speech sounds. In self-monitoring, the speaker assesses if their speech matches their intent and makes corrections if needed. Speech errors provide insight into this process, suggesting language is planned at different linguistic levels and errors occur when plans at one level interfere with another. Native speakers self-monitor and correct mistakes, demonstrating the difference between linguistic competence and performance.
Language production involves four stages: conceptualization, formulation, articulation, and self-monitoring. In conceptualization, the speaker forms the thought they want to express. In formulation, they plan the linguistic representation. During articulation, the brain sends signals to speech muscles. In self-monitoring, the speaker assesses if their speech matches their intent and corrects any errors. Speech errors provide clues about how language is planned and produced, and that speakers have multiple competing production plans. Native speakers can self-correct immediately, showing production is constantly regulated and sensitive to mistakes.
Language Production is one of the basic topic in Linguistics. This will help in acknowledging the basics.
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Psycholinguistics investigates the mental mechanisms underlying language processing. It studies both language comprehension, how we understand words and sentences, and language production, how we speak and use language. Research methodologies in psycholinguistics include reaction time experiments, eye tracking studies, brain imaging techniques like PET and fMRI, and studies of patients with brain lesions. Key findings include that the meaning and phonology of words are automatically activated during reading and that language functions are lateralized, with the left hemisphere specialized for language abilities.
Brown - 8 Factors in Listening ComprehensionDaniel Beck
I made this slideshow to help study the 8 factors Brown lists in "Teaching by Principles" that make listening difficult. They are found on pages 304-307.
Reading and Writing Properties-of-a-Well-written-Text .pptxsciPantallano1
This document discusses the key properties of well-written text, including organization, coherence and cohesion, appropriate language use, and proper mechanics. It defines each property and provides examples. Organization refers to how ideas are logically arranged. Coherence and cohesion concern how well sentences and paragraphs connect together through transitional devices. Appropriate language use means adapting the style to the audience. Proper mechanics involves conventions like capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. The document provides guidance on applying each of these properties to improve writing effectiveness.
2. INTELLIGENCE
PRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION
For a psychological test to be acceptable it must
fulfill three criteria:
1. Standardization
2. Reliability
3. Validity
3. INTELLIGENCE
PRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION
STANDARDIZATION
Standardizing a test involves administering the test to
a representative sample of future test takers in order
to establish a basis for meaningful comparison.
4. INTELLIGENCE
PRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION
STANDARDIZATION
Standardized tests establish a normal distribution
of scores on a tested population — a bell-shaped
pattern called the normal curve.
5. INTELLIGENCE
PRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION
RELIABILITY
A test is reliable when it yields consistent results. To
establish reliability researchers establish different
procedures:
1. Split-half Reliability: Dividing the test into two
equal halves and assessing how consistent the
scores are.
2. Reliability using different tests: Using different
forms of the test to measure consistency between
them.
3. Test-Retest Reliability: Using the same test on
two occasions to measure consistency.
6. INTELLIGENCE
PRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION
VALIDITY
The degree to which a test actually measures what
it’s supposed to measure or predict.
1. Content Validity: Refers to the extent a test
measures a particular behavior or trait.
2. Predictive Validity: Refers to the function of a
test in predicting a particular behavior or trait.
7. RELIABLE AND VALID
LO 7.5 Measuring Intelligence and How Intelligence Tests Are Constructed
Construct (i.e., “intelligence)
TEST
Scores on test
Test MUST be RELIABLE to be VALID!
Menu
8. RELIABLE BUT INVALID
LO 7.5 Measuring Intelligence and How Intelligence Tests Are Constructed
Construct (i.e., “intelligence”)
TEST
Scores on test
Test can be RELIABLE but still be INVALID!
Menu
9. UNRELIABLE AND INVALID
LO 7.5 Measuring Intelligence and How Intelligence Tests Are Constructed
Construct (i.e., “intelligence”)
TEST
Scores on test
Menu
10. Mary's bathroom scale always overstates people's actual
weight by exactly six pounds. The scale has ________
reliability and ________ validity.
A. low; high 25% 25% 25% 25%
B. high; low
C. low; low
D. high; high
1 2 3 4
11. LANGUAGE
Language = An open and symbolic communication
system that has rules of grammar and allows its
users to express abstract and distant ideas
Open = free to change
Symbolic = no connection between a sound and the meaning or idea with
associated with it.
12. LANGUAGE
INTERESTING FACTS
Protolanguage – very rudimentary language, also
known as pre-language, used by earlier species of
homo.
Evolution of language and the brain are intertwined
Particularly the frontal lobe
Evolved to grammatical language
13. LANGUAGE
INTERESTING FACTS
English is language with most words – app. 250,000
Countries where English (or other Germanic languages) is spoken
account for more than 40 percent of the world GDP, while comprising
only about 8 percent of the world's population
Every human being is born with the capacity to make every sound of
every language in the world perfectly. With time, we filter out the
sounds we don’t need for our primary language and focus on the
ones we do.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/guide/languages.s
html
14. LANGUAGE
STRUCTURE
Spoken language is built of basic speech
sounds, called phonemes; elementary units of
meaning, called morphemes; and words.
Finally, language must have a grammar, a system of
rules that enables us to communicate with others.
Semantics refers to the rules we use to derive
meaning from the morphemes, and syntax refers to
the rules we use to order words into sentences.
15. LANGUAGE
STRUCTURE
Phonemes: The smallest distinctive sound unit in a
spoken language. For example:
bat, has three phonemes b · a · t
chat, has three phonemes ch · a · t
English has about 40 different phonemes
16. LANGUAGE
STRUCTURE
Morpheme: The smallest unit that carries meaning
may be a word or a part of a word. For example:
Previewed = pre . view. ed
Uneventful = un. event. ful
17. LANGUAGE
STRUCTURE
Grammar - A system of rules in a language that
enables us to communicate with and understand
others.
Grammar
Semantics Syntax
18. LANGUAGE
STRUCTURE
Grammar> Semantics
Set of rules by which we derive meaning from
morphemes, words, and sentences. For example:
Semantic rule tells us that adding –ed to the word
laugh means that it happened in the past.
19. LANGUAGE
STRUCTURE
Grammar> Syntax
The rules for ordering words into grammatically
sensible sentences. For example:
In English syntactical rule is that adjectives come
before nouns; white house. In Spanish it is reversed;
casa blanca.
“Blue happy processes swim angrily down stream”
20. The smallest distinctive sound unit is a ___________ and
the smallest unit that carries meaning is a
____________.
1. Phoneme, morpheme 25% 25% 25% 25%
2. Syntax, grammar
3. Morpheme, phoneme
4. Semantics, morpheme
1 2 3 4
21. LANGUAGE
STRUCTURE
Jamaican patois
me glad for to see you” (pro: I am glad to see
you)…”
West African languages form their sentences and
forms of verbs differently in the basic morphological
structure
22. LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
the theory that thought processes and concepts are
controlled by language
23. LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT
Cognitive universalism
theory that concepts are universal and influence the
development of language
24. WHAT DAY DO YOU WANT OFF?
1. Tuesday 16th Oct
33% 33% 33%
2. Thursday 18th Oct
3. Thursday 1st Sept
1 2 3
Editor's Notes
Because scores become meaningful only when they can be compared with others’ performance, they must be defined relative to a pretested group, a process called standardization. Obviously, the group on which a test is standardized must be representative of those who will be taking the test in the future. For example, Terman recognized that a scale standardized on Parisians did not provide a satisfactory standard for evaluating Americans. Thus, he revised Binet’s test and standardized the new version by testing 2300 native-born, white Americans of differing socioeconomic levels.
Is it measuring the same thing every time? You do not need to know each type of reliability but learning about the different types will better help you to understand what reliability is.
Reliability – it is hitting the same mark every time? It is consistent? Validity – is it measuring what it supposed to measure or are all items equally measuring the same thing?
Human language is unique because it can transmit abstract ideas. Although most animals communicate, for the most part they are able to signal to other members of their species very concrete states such as being angry or threatened. Yet we can discuss not only our immediate feelings but also very remote ideas or states of being such as infinity, the afterlife. The easiest way to demonstrate the arbitrary nature of the connection between sound and meaning is to point out how we can say the exact same sentence in almost every language in the world, of which there are 5,000 to 6,000.
Our ancestors moved from protolanguage to grammatical language, which required brains with greater working memory and the ability for abstract thought. As the human brain, and especially the frontal lobes, grew larger and larger, people became capable of thinking and communicating more and more complex and abstract thoughts. Increases in the size of human social groups may have also triggered increased brain size as well. The more complex a group is, the greater the need for its members to communicate.
English is also supposedly the hardest language to learn.
Phoneme is sound that can change the meaning of a word e.g. cat and cut and cot.
Free morphemes like town, and dog can appear with other lexemes (as in town hall or dog house) or they can stand alone, i.e. "free".Bound morphemes like "un-" appear only together with other morphemes to form a lexeme. Bound morphemes in general tend to be prefixes and suffixes. Unproductive, non-affix morphemes that exist only in bound form are known as "cranberry" morphemes, from the "cran" in that very word.Derivational morphemes can be added to a word to create (derive) another word: the addition of "-ness" to "happy," for example, to give "happiness." They carry semantic information.Inflectional morphemes modify a word's tense, number, aspect, and so on, without deriving a new word or a word in a new grammatical category (as in the "dog" morpheme if written with the plural marker morpheme "-s" becomes "dogs"). They carry grammatical information.Allomorphs are variants of a morpheme, e.g. the plural marker in English is sometimes realized as /-z/, /-s/ or /-ɨz/.
Finally, language must have a grammar, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with others. Semantics refers to the rules we use to derive meaning from the morphemes, and syntax refers to the rules we use to order words into sentences.semantics: the rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences. Syntax: the system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences.
Do the nouns and verbs fit together to make a proper sentence = syntax. Does the sentence make any sense (semantics) maybe not….but syntax can still be correct.
This means that the way verbs are formed is by combining a verb that means (ex. Go) and a verb that means specifically “past tense” (which varies in the different languages, but in Swahili is “ka”). In English to do this one would change the lexical category of the verb. But like I said, African languages make the past tense of a verb by using a separate word/verb (morpheme-s). This kind of structure carried over to Patois in sentence structure like: “Mi a go lef today” (“I am leaving today”). The verb in the first is two separate words “a” and “go” instead of the one English word “leaving,” indicating the inflected form of the verb “to leave.” Another reason it might be referred to as “slang” according to “Suite for Ebony and Phonics” is because it tends to “omit word-final consonants, especially if they come after another consonant, as in "tes(t)" and "han(d).” However, because so many new words are created using identical words from English for new meaning, it could be said that the shortening process is one of expansion and economy. In order to speak faster and more easily say complex thoughts, they have condensed words to shorter ones. Similar to how Americans use “clipping” which is “an omission from a word like bathtub and making it tub or air plane and making it just plane.” (Bergmann) This speaks to an argument of intelligence and economy in both languages, because communication is a means of survival. Therefore, the argument of Patois words being slang is not solid.
For example when asked to describe themselves in Chinese or English bilingual students had different (culturally related) descriptions depending on what language was used. language in the sense we ordinary think of it, in the sense that people in Germany speak German, is a historical or social or political notion, rather than a scientific one. There are around 5000 languages in use today, and each is quite different from many of the others. Differences are especially pronounced between languages of different families, e.g., between Indo-European languages like English and Hindi and Ancient Greek, on the one hand, and non-Indo-European languages like Hopi and Chinese and Swahili, on the other.Many thinkers have urged that large differences in language lead to large differences in experience and thought. They hold that each language embodies a worldview, with quite different languages embodying quite different views, so that speakers of different languages think about the world in quite different ways. Suppose the hypothesis is true. Then all the trouble many people go to today to avoid sexist language is useful and worthwhile; it�s rational to hope that change in the language will help bring about change in attitudes about gender. Suppose the hypothesis is false, on the other hand; suppose social change has to come first, and language only reflects that change. Then the people who say that nonsexist language is silly and awkward -- people who want to always say "Every physician must wear his lab coat" instead of "Every physician must wear his or her lab coat" -- have a strong case. If saying "Every U.S. president makes decisions after consulting his or her Cabinet officers" makes it more likely that a woman could become president, the hypothesis is true
Humans share a kind of “psychic unity”Language is merely a reflection of human thought, and so all languages are significantly similar in their conceptual categories.Culture is a reflection of how humans think, which is both a reflection of innateness and their interaction with their environment, not their language Universalism operates under the assumption that there are “Universal semantic primes” in language.