This document discusses various aspects of human and non-human communication. It describes four categories of non-human communication including visual, auditory, chemical and tactile communication. It then outlines 13 key features of human language according to Charles Hockett including vocal transmission, interchangeability, productivity and duality of patterning. Finally, it examines different theories on the functions of language from researchers such as Roman Jakobson, Michael Halliday and Geoffrey Leech, covering referential, phatic, poetic and other functions.

1. LANGUAGE
AND
HUMAN
FACILITATOR:
YASMIEN JOY GABRINO
SALVIE MABAG
RAFAELA MANDIN
ANGELICA ROLDAN
LOVELY- ANN SISTER

2. LANGUAGE AND HUMAN
• NON- HUMAN COMMUNICATION
• FEATURES OF HUMAN LANGUAGE
• LANGUAGE FUNCTION

3. NON-HUMAN COMMUNICATION
 Non human communication is the way anything non-human communicates without the use of
words. (Cabrera, 2013)
 Non-human communication is not symbolic so it cannot preserve ideas of the past.
 Animal language is not culturally transmitted.
 Animal language is innate, immutable and involuntary.

4. • Non-human communication use a variety of techniques that can be
classified into four main categories:
Visual Communication
Auditory Communication
Chemical Communication
Tactile Communication

5. VISUAL COMMUNICATION
• Using their senses of sight, they are able to convey their messages to one
another in two forms:
1. BADGES – refers to the physical appearance of an animal that hold certain
meaning for their kind.
2. DISPLAY – are the animals behaviors.

6. AUDITORY COMMUNICATION
• It involves the use of hearing, on which animals produces sounds tat convey
different meanings. The hissing, barking, purring and growling are some of the
examples of auditory communication. The sounds that they produce maybe use to
ward off threats, attract mates or express feelings of pain or happiness.

7. CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION
• Some animals also use pheromones or chemical marking to attract mate, ward off
threats and mark their territories. Hey do that by releasing or leaving their own
signature scent.

8. TACTILE COMMUNICATION
• They use the sense of touch to convey messages. They use this form of
communication to show comfort, fear, affection and power.

9. FEATURES
OF
LANGUAGE

10. • According to Charles Hockett, there are 13 design features of human language.
• From a 1966 article; The design features listed below are found in every language
on which we have reliable information and each seems to be lacking in at least
one known animal communicative system.

11. 1. VOCAL-AUDITORY CHANNEL
• Sound emitted from mouth and perceived by the auditory system. A speaker
produces language by making sounds with the mouth and listener perceives that
language by hearing it with the ears.

12. 2. BROADCAST TRANSMISSION
AND DIRECTIONAL RECEPTION
• Human language signal is sent is sent out in all directions, while it is perceived in
a limited direction. In other words, the sounds perpetuate as wave forms that
expand from the mouth in all directions and the listener hears those sounds
coming from particular area.

13. 3. THE RAPID FADING OF THE
SOUND WAVE
• Human language signal does not persist over time, speech waveforms fade
rapidly and cannot be heard or retrieved after they fade.

14. 4. INTERCHANGEABILITY
• The speaker can both receive and broadcast the same signal. Put differently, the
speaker can be a listener and speaker in a turn taking situation.

15. 5. TOTAL FEEDBACK
• The sender of a message also perceives the message, that is you hear what you
say. The speaker can hear themselves while producing the speech and thus can
monitor their language performance as they proceed.

16. 6. SPECIALIZATION
• The organs used for producing speech are specially to perform the task.

17. 7. SEMANTICITY
• There is a fixed relationship between a signal and a meaning. This means that
specific signal can be matched with specific meanings. That is a fundamental
aspect of all communication system.

18. 8. ARBITRARINIES
• There is no relationship between a signal and it’s meaning. That is, the signal is
related to the meaning by convention but has no inherent relationship with the
meaning.

19. 9. DISCRETENESS
• Language can be said to be built up from discrete units.

20. 10. DISPLACEMENT
• We use language to talk about the things or events that are distant in time and
space.

21. 11. PRODUCTIVITY
• Language allows speaker to novel sentences never heard before. We can
produce potentially an infinite number of different messages by combining the
elements differently.

22. 12. TRADITIONAL
TRANSMISSION
• Language is passed on from one generation to the other through a process of
teaching and learning. Although Linguist claim that the underlying capacity for
language in humans is genetic.

23. 13. DUALITY OF PATTERNING
• Large numbers of meaningful signals produced from a small number of
meaningless units.
• Property of human language that enables combination structure on two distinct
levels.
• Meaningless sounds can be combined into meaningful morpheme and words,
which themselves could be combined further.

24. REFLEXIVENESS
Human can use speech language in order to talk about language.

25. PREVACATION
• The ability to lie and deceive using speech language.

26. LEARNABILITY
• Language is both teachable and learnable. It can

27. LANGUAGE
FUNCTIONS

28. ROMAN JAKOBSON
• Roman Jakobson is a Russian-American linguist. He was pioneer in his field of structural
linguist. He was a very influential linguist. He defined six function od language. These are:
Phatic Function
Poetic Function
Metalingual Function
Emotive Function
Conative Function
Referential Function

29. PHATIC FUNCTION
• The Phatic function is used to establish a social connection without really
communicating any meaningful information. This type of language is used to start
or to stop a conversation or to check the connection between the sender and
receiver.

30. POETIC FUNCTION
• This one is also known as the aesthetic function of language. This function
focuses on the message as well as the way the message is communicating. This
means that the message might be embellished with rhetorical figures of the
speech or “flowery” language.

31. METALINGUAL FUNCTION
• Meta is basically defined as self-awareness. So metalingual refers to talking about
the language itself, its features, word definition, clarifying ambiguity and
describing deliberate word play are metalingual function.

32. EMOTIVE FUNCTION
• Relates to the Addresser (sender) and is best exemplified by interjection and other
sound changes that do not alter the denotative meaning of an utterance but do
add information about the addresser’s (speaker) internal state.

33. CONATIVE FUNCTION
• This function focuses on the receiver of the message. The language used with
this function is meant to get the attention of or a reaction from the addresser.

34. REFERENTIAL FUNCTION
• Is oriented toward the context of the communication. This functions aims to send
information or to tell others about the speaker’s idea.

35. HALLIDAY’S FUNCTIONS OF
LANGUAGE
• Michael Alexander Halliday is an English linguist. He developed the systematic functional
linguistics (SFL).
• Language is always resource of making meaning and even the infant who cannot talk is
developing language, and thereby, learning how to mean. The child uses protolanguage
(alternately referred to as proto conversation and proto semiosis) in order to express
meaning even before he has word in his communication repertoire.
• The first four function allow the child to meet physical, emotional, and social need. They
are instrumental, regulatory, interactional, and personal. The next three function help a
child to come to terms with his/her environment, the heuristic, imaginative and
representational.

36. INSTRUMENTAL
• Is used to achieve a certain result. It accomplishes something either for the
speaker or someone else and this function help us understand its purpose.

37. REGULATORY
• When speaker commands, persuade or request something from someone else,
this is known as regulatory language function. Regulatory language controls the
listener behaviors the speaker adapt a commanding tone.

38. INTERACTIVE
• Is how we form relationships with others as it encompasses the communicative
use of language. It is how we rely our thoughts and emotions, strengthening
bonds with those around us.

39. PERSONAL
• This function defines how we refer to ourselves and express our personal
opinions, our identity, and our feelings. A child may communicate their opinion and
emotions in a simplistic way using phrases.

40. Heuristic
• This term refers to language associated with discovery and explanation, usually in
the form of questions or a running commentary ( when the child talks about what
they are doing as they are doing it).

41. Informative
• To inform or provide a piece of information. This part aims to give an audience
new knowledge or facts that they did not previously posses on a subject matter. It
aims to achieve clarity and conciseness to communicate the material being
presented more efficiently while engaging the audience attention and interest.

42. IMAGINATIVE
• When children tell stories and create imaginary friends or concept in their heads, it
is an imaginative way of using language. Imaginative language usually occurs in
leisure, play scenarios or jokes.

43. GEOFFERY LEECH
• A specialist in English language linguistics. He has published over 30 books and
120 different papers on semantics, stylistics, pragmatics, grammar, and other
directions. He played an important role in the development of English and in the
overall understanding of language and its functions.

44. INFORMATIVE FUNCTION
• It involves information of giving and receiving. The general assumption is that the
content is believable and valuable.

45. EXPRESSIVE FUNCTION
• Language express and evokes ideas, thoughts and feelings. Expressive language
may or may not include any real information because the purpose of expressive
use of language is to convey emotion.

46. AESTHETIC FUNCTION
• The use of language for the sake of the linguist artifact itself, and for no purpose.
This aesthetic function can have at least as much to do with conceptual as with
affective meaning. They don’t convey messages or requests but serve as a tool or
poetic art.

47. DIRECTIVE FUNCTION
• Language is used a directive whereby we aim to influence the behavior or
attitudes of others. The most straightforward instances of directive functions are
commands and request.

48. PHATIC FUNCTION
• The function of keeping communication lines open, and keeping social
relationship in good repair. This language function correlates with the channel of
communication.

49. THANK YOU…