An Approach to Improve the Quality of Service in OFDMA Relay Networks via Re-...iosrjce
With the next-generation cellular networks making a transition toward smaller cells, two-hop
orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) relay networks have become a dominant, mandatory
component in the 4G standards (WiMAX802.16j, 3GPP LTE-Adv.). Here we are using the multicasting strategy
Given the growing importance of multimedia broadcast and multicast services (MBMS) in 4G networks, the
latter forms the focus of this project. The main aim of this project is to improve the performance of the OFDMA
based relay networks. The OFDMA transmission Scheme is a widely accepted scheme for improving the quality
and speed of communication over the 4G cellular network. There are two different models designed for OFDMA
relay networks .Distributed (DP) and Contiguous (CP) permutations. We are checking the performance of two
algorithms The linear programming algorithm and the greedy algorithm by using two models of OFDMA for
multicast scheduling and after performance evaluation we select the best model and the algorithm for
transmission. We further improve the throughput via retransmission of lost packets during data transfer over the
specified network. We can detect the packet loss by packet synchronization technique and a request will be sent
by the destination for re-sending the lost packets which is called as Re-Transmission.[1]
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF VBLAST ENCODED 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA WIRELES...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN channel
and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
Performance analysis of multilayer multicast MANET CRN based on steiner minim...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, the multicast mobile ad hoc (MANET) CRN has been developed, which involves multi-hop and multilayer consideration and Steiner minimal tree (SMT) algorithm is employed as the router protocol. To enhance the network performance with regards to throughput and packet delivery rate (PDR), as channel assignment scheme, the probability of success (POS) is employed that accounts for the channel availability and the time needed for transmission when selecting the best channel from the numerous available channels for data transmission from the source to all destinations nodes effectively. Within Rayleigh fading channels under various network parameters, a comparison is done for the performance of SMT multicast (MANET) CRN with POS scheme versus maximum data rate (MDR), maximum average spectrum availability (MASA) and random channel assignment schemes. Based on the simulation results, the SMT multicast (MANET) CRN with POS scheme was seen to demonstrate the best performance versus other schemes. Also, the results proved that the throughput and PDR performance are improved as the number the primary channels and the channel’s bandwidth increased while dropped as the value of packet size D increased. The network’s performance grew with rise in the value of idle probability (푃퐼) since the primary user’s (PU) traffic load is low when the value of 푃퐼 is high.
The Study and Analysis of Effect of MultiAntenna Techniques on LTE network wi...Eswar Publications
Long Term Evolution (LTE) system adapts advanced Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna techniques on both uplink and downlink to achieve high peak data rates and higher system throughput. This enables LTE to support multimedia applications beyond web browsing and voice, which demands higher bandwidth configurations. LTE employs Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) in downlink
to support spectrum flexibility in order to use upto 20MHz system bandwidth to improve the system throughput and robustness. Therefore the combined study of multi-antenna techniques and spectrum flexibility usage on the performance of LTE system becomes vital. Hence in this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the performance of different multi-antenna techniques with various system bandwidth configurations from 1.4MHz to 20MHz using QualNet 5.2 network simulator. The multi-antenna techniques considered for performance evaluation are Single Input Single Output (SISO), Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) and Multiple Input
Multiple Output (MIMO). The performance metrics such as aggregate bytes received, average throughput, average delay and average jitter are considered for simulation study.
Comparative Performance Assessment of V-Blast Encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA Wirele...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN
channel and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
Capacity improvement of mimo ofdma system using adaptive resource allocation ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An Approach to Improve the Quality of Service in OFDMA Relay Networks via Re-...iosrjce
With the next-generation cellular networks making a transition toward smaller cells, two-hop
orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) relay networks have become a dominant, mandatory
component in the 4G standards (WiMAX802.16j, 3GPP LTE-Adv.). Here we are using the multicasting strategy
Given the growing importance of multimedia broadcast and multicast services (MBMS) in 4G networks, the
latter forms the focus of this project. The main aim of this project is to improve the performance of the OFDMA
based relay networks. The OFDMA transmission Scheme is a widely accepted scheme for improving the quality
and speed of communication over the 4G cellular network. There are two different models designed for OFDMA
relay networks .Distributed (DP) and Contiguous (CP) permutations. We are checking the performance of two
algorithms The linear programming algorithm and the greedy algorithm by using two models of OFDMA for
multicast scheduling and after performance evaluation we select the best model and the algorithm for
transmission. We further improve the throughput via retransmission of lost packets during data transfer over the
specified network. We can detect the packet loss by packet synchronization technique and a request will be sent
by the destination for re-sending the lost packets which is called as Re-Transmission.[1]
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF VBLAST ENCODED 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA WIRELES...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN channel
and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
Performance analysis of multilayer multicast MANET CRN based on steiner minim...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, the multicast mobile ad hoc (MANET) CRN has been developed, which involves multi-hop and multilayer consideration and Steiner minimal tree (SMT) algorithm is employed as the router protocol. To enhance the network performance with regards to throughput and packet delivery rate (PDR), as channel assignment scheme, the probability of success (POS) is employed that accounts for the channel availability and the time needed for transmission when selecting the best channel from the numerous available channels for data transmission from the source to all destinations nodes effectively. Within Rayleigh fading channels under various network parameters, a comparison is done for the performance of SMT multicast (MANET) CRN with POS scheme versus maximum data rate (MDR), maximum average spectrum availability (MASA) and random channel assignment schemes. Based on the simulation results, the SMT multicast (MANET) CRN with POS scheme was seen to demonstrate the best performance versus other schemes. Also, the results proved that the throughput and PDR performance are improved as the number the primary channels and the channel’s bandwidth increased while dropped as the value of packet size D increased. The network’s performance grew with rise in the value of idle probability (푃퐼) since the primary user’s (PU) traffic load is low when the value of 푃퐼 is high.
The Study and Analysis of Effect of MultiAntenna Techniques on LTE network wi...Eswar Publications
Long Term Evolution (LTE) system adapts advanced Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna techniques on both uplink and downlink to achieve high peak data rates and higher system throughput. This enables LTE to support multimedia applications beyond web browsing and voice, which demands higher bandwidth configurations. LTE employs Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) in downlink
to support spectrum flexibility in order to use upto 20MHz system bandwidth to improve the system throughput and robustness. Therefore the combined study of multi-antenna techniques and spectrum flexibility usage on the performance of LTE system becomes vital. Hence in this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the performance of different multi-antenna techniques with various system bandwidth configurations from 1.4MHz to 20MHz using QualNet 5.2 network simulator. The multi-antenna techniques considered for performance evaluation are Single Input Single Output (SISO), Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) and Multiple Input
Multiple Output (MIMO). The performance metrics such as aggregate bytes received, average throughput, average delay and average jitter are considered for simulation study.
Comparative Performance Assessment of V-Blast Encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA Wirele...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN
channel and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
Capacity improvement of mimo ofdma system using adaptive resource allocation ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Quality of Service in bandwidth adapted hybrid UMTS/WLAN interworking networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Integration of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) result in ubiquitous connection for end users. In the integrated network, ensuring the quality of service to users and enhancing capacity of network are prominent issues. Bandwidth adaptation technique is one of the solutions to overcome these issues. Bandwidth adaptation based on per flow and per class schemes were proposed for loosely coupled interworking network. In this paper, hybrid coupled UMTS and WLAN interworking network is analyzed with bandwidth adaptation based on per flow and per class schemes and the performances have been compared. Simulation result shows that the proposed hybrid coupled interworking network with bandwidth adaptation based on per class scheme performs better with enhanced quality of service and network capacity.
Improved Algorithm for Throughput Maximization in MC-CDMAVLSICS Design
The Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) is becoming a very significant downlink multiple access technique for high-rate data transmission in the fourth generation wireless communication systems. By means of efficient resource allocation higher data rate i.e. throughput can be achieved. This paper evaluates the performance of group (subchannel) allocation criteria employed in downlink transmission, which results in throughput maximization. Proposed algorithm gives the modified technique of sub channel allocation in the downlink transmission of MC-CDMA systems. Simulation are carried out for all the three combining schemes, results shows that for the given power and BER proposed algorithm comparatively gives far better results .
PERFORMANCE OF MIMO MC-CDMA SYSTEM WITH CHANNEL ESTIMATION AND MMSE EQUALIZATIONTamilarasan N
The quality of a wireless link can be described by three basic parameters, namely transmission rate, transmission range
and transmission reliability. With the advent of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) assisted Multicarrier code
division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems, the above-mentioned three parameters may be simultaneously
improved. The MC-CDMA combined with the MIMO technique, has become a core technology for future mobile radio
communication system. However, possible potential gain in spectral efficiency is challenged by the receiver’s ability to
accurately detect the symbol due to inter symbol interference (ISI). Multipath propagation, mobility of transmitter,
receiver and local scattering cause the signal to be spread in frequency, different arrival time and angle, which results in
ISI in the received signal. This will affect overall system performance. The use of MC-CDMA mitigates the problem of
time dispersion. However, still it is necessary to remove the amplitude and phase shift caused by channel. To solve this
problem, a multiple antenna array can be used at the receiver, not only for spectral efficiency or gain enhancement, but
also for interference suppression. This can be done by the, efficient channel estimation with strong equalization. This
paper proposes MIMO MC-CDMA system, Minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalization with pilot based
channel estimation. The simulation result shows improved Bit error rate (BER) performance when the sub carrier (SC)
and antenna configuration were increased
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
ON DEMAND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT METHOD FOR CHANNEL DIVERSITY (ODCAM)ijwmn
The IEEE 802.11s Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) is a new multi-hop technology increasing the coverage
of IEEE 802.11 Wireless Network and providing Internet access. In order to increase the mesh network
capacity, the WMN has evolved from single-radio single-channel architecture to Multi-Channel Multi-
Radios (MC-MR) architecture. In MC-MR the main challenge of the WMN is the channel assignment. In
this article, we propose a new channel assignment method based on channel diversity. This new method
named ODCAM (On Demand channel Assignment Method for channel diversity ) defines a channel
diversity mechanism used to select a new channel along the path between the source and the destination.
The best path between the source and the destination is provided by the HWMP (Hybrid Wireless Mesh
Protocol) protocol using MWCETT (Modified Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time) an
extension of the WCETT metric. The simulation results show the ODCAM performance compared with an
hybrid approach.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A CELLULAR BONDING AND ADAPTIVE LOAD BALANCING BASED MULTI-SIM GATEWAY FOR MO...pijans
As it is well known, the QoS(quality of service) provided by mobile Internet access point devices is far from
the QoS level offered by the common ADSL modem-router due to several reasons: in fact, mobile Internet
access networks are not designed to support real-time data traffic because of several drawbacks
concerning the wireless medium such as resource sharing, traffic congestion, radio link coverage etc.,
which impact directly such parameters as delay, jitter, and packet loss rate that are strictly connected to
the quality of user experience. The main scope of the present paper is to introduce a dual USIM HSPA
gateway for ad hoc and sensors networks thanks to which it will be possible to guarantee a QoS suitable
for a series of network-centric application such as real-time communications and monitoring, video
surveillance, real-time sensor networks, telemedicine, vehicular and mobile sensor networks and so on. The
main idea is to exploit multiple radio access networks in order to enhance the available end-to-end
bandwidth and the perceived quality of experience. The scope has been reached by combining multiple
radio access with dynamic load balancing and the VPN (virtual private network) bond technique.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Quality of Service in bandwidth adapted hybrid UMTS/WLAN interworking networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Integration of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) result in ubiquitous connection for end users. In the integrated network, ensuring the quality of service to users and enhancing capacity of network are prominent issues. Bandwidth adaptation technique is one of the solutions to overcome these issues. Bandwidth adaptation based on per flow and per class schemes were proposed for loosely coupled interworking network. In this paper, hybrid coupled UMTS and WLAN interworking network is analyzed with bandwidth adaptation based on per flow and per class schemes and the performances have been compared. Simulation result shows that the proposed hybrid coupled interworking network with bandwidth adaptation based on per class scheme performs better with enhanced quality of service and network capacity.
Improved Algorithm for Throughput Maximization in MC-CDMAVLSICS Design
The Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) is becoming a very significant downlink multiple access technique for high-rate data transmission in the fourth generation wireless communication systems. By means of efficient resource allocation higher data rate i.e. throughput can be achieved. This paper evaluates the performance of group (subchannel) allocation criteria employed in downlink transmission, which results in throughput maximization. Proposed algorithm gives the modified technique of sub channel allocation in the downlink transmission of MC-CDMA systems. Simulation are carried out for all the three combining schemes, results shows that for the given power and BER proposed algorithm comparatively gives far better results .
PERFORMANCE OF MIMO MC-CDMA SYSTEM WITH CHANNEL ESTIMATION AND MMSE EQUALIZATIONTamilarasan N
The quality of a wireless link can be described by three basic parameters, namely transmission rate, transmission range
and transmission reliability. With the advent of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) assisted Multicarrier code
division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems, the above-mentioned three parameters may be simultaneously
improved. The MC-CDMA combined with the MIMO technique, has become a core technology for future mobile radio
communication system. However, possible potential gain in spectral efficiency is challenged by the receiver’s ability to
accurately detect the symbol due to inter symbol interference (ISI). Multipath propagation, mobility of transmitter,
receiver and local scattering cause the signal to be spread in frequency, different arrival time and angle, which results in
ISI in the received signal. This will affect overall system performance. The use of MC-CDMA mitigates the problem of
time dispersion. However, still it is necessary to remove the amplitude and phase shift caused by channel. To solve this
problem, a multiple antenna array can be used at the receiver, not only for spectral efficiency or gain enhancement, but
also for interference suppression. This can be done by the, efficient channel estimation with strong equalization. This
paper proposes MIMO MC-CDMA system, Minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalization with pilot based
channel estimation. The simulation result shows improved Bit error rate (BER) performance when the sub carrier (SC)
and antenna configuration were increased
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
ON DEMAND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT METHOD FOR CHANNEL DIVERSITY (ODCAM)ijwmn
The IEEE 802.11s Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) is a new multi-hop technology increasing the coverage
of IEEE 802.11 Wireless Network and providing Internet access. In order to increase the mesh network
capacity, the WMN has evolved from single-radio single-channel architecture to Multi-Channel Multi-
Radios (MC-MR) architecture. In MC-MR the main challenge of the WMN is the channel assignment. In
this article, we propose a new channel assignment method based on channel diversity. This new method
named ODCAM (On Demand channel Assignment Method for channel diversity ) defines a channel
diversity mechanism used to select a new channel along the path between the source and the destination.
The best path between the source and the destination is provided by the HWMP (Hybrid Wireless Mesh
Protocol) protocol using MWCETT (Modified Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time) an
extension of the WCETT metric. The simulation results show the ODCAM performance compared with an
hybrid approach.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A CELLULAR BONDING AND ADAPTIVE LOAD BALANCING BASED MULTI-SIM GATEWAY FOR MO...pijans
As it is well known, the QoS(quality of service) provided by mobile Internet access point devices is far from
the QoS level offered by the common ADSL modem-router due to several reasons: in fact, mobile Internet
access networks are not designed to support real-time data traffic because of several drawbacks
concerning the wireless medium such as resource sharing, traffic congestion, radio link coverage etc.,
which impact directly such parameters as delay, jitter, and packet loss rate that are strictly connected to
the quality of user experience. The main scope of the present paper is to introduce a dual USIM HSPA
gateway for ad hoc and sensors networks thanks to which it will be possible to guarantee a QoS suitable
for a series of network-centric application such as real-time communications and monitoring, video
surveillance, real-time sensor networks, telemedicine, vehicular and mobile sensor networks and so on. The
main idea is to exploit multiple radio access networks in order to enhance the available end-to-end
bandwidth and the perceived quality of experience. The scope has been reached by combining multiple
radio access with dynamic load balancing and the VPN (virtual private network) bond technique.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
LTE QOS DYNAMIC RESOURCE BLOCK ALLOCATION WITH POWER SOURCE LIMITATION AND QU...IJCNCJournal
3GPP has defined the long term evolution (LTE) for 3G radio access in order to maintain the future
competitiveness for 3G technology, the system provides the capability of supporting a mixture of services
with different quality of service (QoS) requirements. This paper proposes a new cross-layer scheduling
algorithm to satisfy better QoS parameters for real time applications. The proposed algorithm takes care of
allocating resource blocks (RBs) with different modulation and coding schemes (MCS) according to target
bit error rate (BER), user equipment supportable MCS, queue stability constraints and available transmit
power constraints. The proposed algorithm has been valued, compared with an earlier allocation algorithm
in terms of service rate and packet delay and showed better performance regards the real time
applications.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE LINK-ADAPTIVE COOPERATIVE AMPLIFY-AND-FORWARD REL...IJCNCJournal
This paper analyzes the performance of cooperative amplify-and-forward (CAF) relay networks that
employ adaptive M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)/M-ary phase shift keying (M-PSK)
digital modulation techniques in Nakagami-m fading channel. In particular, we present and compared the
analysis of CAF relay networks with different cooperative diversity and opportunistic routing strategies
such as regular Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), Selection Diversity Combining (SDC), Opportunistic
Relay Selection with Maximal Ratio Combining (ORS-MRC) and Opportunistic Relay Selection with
Selection Diversity Combining (ORS-SDC). We advocate a simple yet unified numerical approach based on
the marginal moment generating function (MGF) of the total received SNR to compute the average symbol
error rate (ASER), mean achievable spectral efficiency, and outage probability performance metrics.
Performance analysis for Adaptive Subcarriers Allocation in Coherent Optical ...iosrjce
The constraint to satisfy the need of increased bandwidth requirement for high speed applications
with higher performance has been a motivation to work on Optical Orthogonal Frequency division multiplexing
(OOFDM) technique with coherent detection. We implement the coherent optical OFDM (CO-OOFDM)
technique and investigate the effect of the number of sub-carriers on performance over single mode fiber (SMF)
links. To explore improvement in performance adaptive subcarriers has been selected by assigning subcarriers
to user according to the conditions of channel. An adaptive subcarrier allocation has been investigated and
performance comparison for proportional and equal allocation has been carried over.
Abstract –The energy efficiency has become more important in MIMO wireless communication system in recent days. The antennas at each end of the communications circuit are combined to minimize errors and optimize data speed. In Multiple Input Multiple Output Time Division Duplexing (MIMO TDD), by assuming reciprocity property the downlink transmission is based on uplink channel estimation. When more uplink pilot power ensures more accurate channel estimation and better downlink performance, it achieves higher energy consumption of mobile users. Link adaptation scheme uses different modulation schemes for different communication link quality. From the result of MIMO TDD, it ensures high Bit Error Rate.MIMO schemes are usually incorporated intoOFDM systems. The spatial and frequencyresource can be jointly allocated to improve EE.However, the complexity of the joint design may be prohibitive. This system is effective, in addition to that it also needs simple algorithms like energy efficiency optimization power allocation (EEOPA) algorithm of multiuser multiple input and multiple output (MU-MIMO) systems in order to obtain a trade-offbetween complexity and performance.
Multicarrier modulation can be implemented by using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) to achieve utmost bandwidth exploitation and soaring alleviation attributes profile besides multipath fading. To support delay sensitive and band bandwidth demanding multimedia applications and internet services, MIMO in addition with other techniques can be used to achieve high capacity and reliability. To obtain high spatial rate by transmitting data on several antennas by using MIMO with OFDM results in reducing error recovery features and the equalization complexities arise by sending data on varying frequency levels. Three parameters frequency OFDM, Spatial (MIMO) and time (STC) can be used to achieve diversity in MIMO-OFDM. This technique is dynamic and well-known for services of wireless broadband access. MIMO if used with OFDM is highly beneficial for each scheme and provides high throughput. There are several space time block codes to exploit MIMO OFDM; one of the techniques is called Alamouti Codes. The paper investigates adaptive Alamouti Codes and their application in IEEE 802.11n.
Resource Allocation in MIMO – OFDM Communication System under Signal Strength...Kumar Goud
Abstract: - Multiple Inputs and Multiple Output (MIMO) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system have the potential to attain high capability on the propagation setting. The aim of this paper is that the adaptive resource allocation in MIMO-OFDM system uses the water filling formula. Water filling answer is enforced for allocating the ability so as to extend the data rate. The overall system capability is maximised subject to the constraints on total power, signal to noise quantitative relation, and proportionality. Channel is assumed as a flat attenuation channel and therefore the comparison is created for various 2×2, 2×3, 3×2 and 4×4 MIMO-OFDM systems and water filling formula with allotted power. Supported the capability contribution from the relaying terminal, a brand new parameter referred to as cooperation constant is introduced as an operate of the relaying sub channel. This parameter is employed to switch the target parameter of the subcarrier allocation procedure. Fairness-oriented [Fading Channel] and throughput-oriented [Near finish Channel] algorithms square measure elite from the literature to check the planned technique. Each algorithms square measure changed to use the mean of cooperation constant within the objective parameter of the subcarrier allocation procedure and shown to own a much better total turnout with none sacrifice.
Keywords - MIMO-OFDM; Water filling Algorithm; Subcarrier Resource Allocation
Combination of iterative IA precoding and IBDFE based Equalizer for MC-CDMAEditor IJMTER
Interference alignment (IA) Precoding is a generalization of beam forming to
support multi-stream (or multi-layer) transmission in multi-antenna wireless communications.
Another FDE receivers supported the iterative block decision-feedback equalization (IBDFE), that doesn't use cryptography inside the iterative method will expeditiously exploit the
inherent space-frequency diversity of the MC-CDMA systems. In this paper we have a
tendency to discuss the combination of Pseudo-random sequence generator based iterative IA
precoding and IBDFE based Equalizer for MC-CDMA systems. The using of this sequence
generator we will be able to generate efficient pulse thus the performance might be able to
increase the performance of the system. In receiver aspect, first a linear filter is employed to
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1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 10, Issue 3, Ver. II (May - Jun.2015), PP 69-78
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10326978 www.iosrjournals.org 69 | Page
Adaptive Resource Allocation For Wireless MIMO-OFDMA
Systems
V.Hindumathi 1
Prof..K.Ramalingareddy2
Electronics and communication Engineering B.V.Raju Institute of Technology Narsapur (Medak), INDIA
Electronics and Telematics department, G.Narayanamma Institute of Technology and Sciences
Hyderbad, India.
Abstract: For multimedia transmissions over wireless networks multicasting is emerging as an enabling
technology to support several groups of users with flexible quality of service (QoS) requirements. Despite
multicast has huge potential to push the limits of next generation communication systems it is yet one of the most
challenging issues currently being addressed. In this paper, presented diferent multicast scheduling techniques
in MIMO-OFDMA (Multiple Input and Multiple Output-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
system and dynamic resource allocation based on physical layer. Physical layer on OFDMA is dedicated to
handle the details of data transmission and reception between two or more stations. This paper provides
information about various optimal and suboptimal multicast scheduling techniques used in adaptive resource
allocation. We discuss existing standards employing adaptive resourse allocation in multicasting and further
gives satisfactory information for the researcher to work on physical layer based multicast scheduling in
OFDMA for adptive resource allocation.
Index Terms: Orthogonally Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Adaptive Resource Allocation,
Multicast scheduling Resource Allocation (MSRA), Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), physical layer,
Quality of service (QoS), Channel State Information (CSI)
I. Introduction
The method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies is called „Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM)‟. OFDM is advantageous over single-carrier schemes because of its ability to
cope with extreme channel conditions without any complex equalization filters. It uses multiple subcarriers for
data transmission making it an efficient system. OFDM technique offers optimal settings for higher data rate
transmissions over frequency selective channels in single-carrier schemes. IPTV, mobile TV, video
conferencing and other multimedia services account for one-third of mobile internet market. These multimedia
entertainments are some of the disruptive innovations that can be deployed using multicast technology [1]-[7].
Multicast technology further maximized spectral efficiency and minimizes transmission power consumption at
the base station while also maximally utilizing the limited system resources [4]. The challenges are of
multimedia broadcast are mainly because of wireless channel variations, user‟s high mobility and limited system
resources. These challenges can be resolved and spectrum utilization can be maximized at the base station and
better Quality of Experience (QoE) can be provided for users within the network by combining multicasting
together with orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO)
antenna scheme and resource allocation through physical layer. These are identified as spectrum efficient
techniques.
2. Adaptive Resource Allocation For Wireless MIMO-OFDMA Systems
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10326978 www.iosrjournals.org 70 | Page
Fig.1: cellular structure of multicast transmission system
In wireles multimedia communications, the traffic is carried by two methods namely, unicating and
multicasting. The above figure 1 shows multicasting method , in which users are divided into number of groups
and each group is associated with a paticular data rate.
Fig.2: Block diagram of MIMO-OFDM system
The above figure represents a block diagram of MIMO-OFDM model. Through the feedback channels,
the base station channel states information of each set of transmitting and receiving antennas which are sent to
the block of subcarrier and power algorithms. The MIMO-OFDM transmitter get the forwarded information of
the resource allocation. The system then converts the allocated number of bits selected by the transmitter from
different users to form OFDM symbols and then transmits them through multiple transmit antennas. Here the
spatial multiplexing mode of MIMO is considered. As soon as the channel information is collected and also the
subcarrier and bit allocation information are sent to the end user for further detection.
II. Multicast Scheduling and Resource Allocation in MIMO-OFDM system
Multicast scheduling and resource allocation (MSRA) is based on two types of multicast transmissions:
Single-rate and multi-rate transmissions. The BS transmits to all the users in each multicast group at the same
speeds irrespective of their already non-uniform achievable capacities in a single-rate systems whereas in multi-
rate systems the BS transmits to each user in each multicast group at different rates based on handling capacities
of the end users. Due to its implementation simplicity, Single-rate systems were widely popular and also were
known for less complexity. Due to the recent necessities of user throughput differentiation, Multi-rate systems
are being sought after such that an improved spectral efficiency is attained. MSRA is still facing many technical
challenges. In the presence of a bad channel the system has to detect the capacity of every single user which
gives a high throughput potentials without being insensitive to the other users so as to determine the single most
efficient single transmission rate is the single major problem of MSRA. Single-rate multicasting translates to
trade-off between the transmission rate and system coverage. In multi rate transmission, the problem is how to
reduce the computational complexities, coding, and synchronization difficulties associated with transmission to
multiple subgroups or individual group members.
By determining the two types of multicast group rate determinations, scheduling, resource allocation
and optimization can then be performed. Authors of [17] and [18] examined single-rate multiple multicast
groups within a single cell while [19] and [20] investigated multiple multicasts with multi rate transmissions. All
the above algorithms have considered different situations, performance metrics and also possible restrictions.
There is a challenge in optimization problem of multiple antenna complexities at both the Base Station (BS).
Specifically, [21] and [22] are among the few works investigating MIMO techniques in multicast. Hence,
MSRA in wireless networks is currently a research area with many open issues. A major goal of this
examination article is to present concise and understanding view of the current knowledge in several aspect of
channel-aware MSRA algorithms.
3. Adaptive Resource Allocation For Wireless MIMO-OFDMA Systems
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10326978 www.iosrjournals.org 71 | Page
3.1 Single-Rate Multicast Transmissions & Group Formation
There is no requirement of special group formation for single rate transmission except determining a
compromising transmission rate for all users in the group. Three simple schemes have been adopted widely in
the literature to permit researchers to design and propose practical MSRA algorithms. First is a predefined fixed
default rate [23], [24]. Second one is adaptive selection and transmission at worst user's rate [25] and the third is
dynamic transmission using group average throughput [26].
3.2 Multi-Rate Multicast Transmissions & Group Formation
Considering the intrinsic heterogeneous channel characteristics, to address the sub-optimality that
exists in single rate transmission, multi-rate multi cast transmission emerges. To provide multi rate multicast
transmissions, currently there are two techniques. One is information decomposition techniques (IDT) [27],
[28]-[31] which splits high rate multimedia contents into multiple streams of data where users subscribe to
amount of data each can reliably receive. The other is multicast subgroup formation [32], [33], [34] and in this
method it involves splitting and classifying multicast group into smaller subgroups which is based on intra-
group user's channel qualities
In multiuser OFDM or MIMO-OFDM systems, dynamic resource allocation always exploits multiuser
diversity gain to improve the system performance. It is divided into two types of optimization problems:
1) To minimize the overall transmit power with constraints on data rates or Bit Error Rates (BER)
2) To maximize the system throughput with the total transmission power constraint.
III. Multicast Resource Allocation Block In Ofdma System
The below diagram illustrates the structural block diagram of a multicast system model in an OFDMA
system. It also determines number of bits to form an OFDM symbol, modulation scheme and amount of power
to transmit on each subcarrier. Subcarrier bits and transmit power allocation are decided by resident MSRA
algorithm.
Fig.3: Block Diagram of multicast system model in OFDMA system.
In implementing channel aware MSRA, channel state information of users is assumed to be known at
the base station. At each node of user channel state information is estimated and transmitted to the resource
allocation block in the base station through the feedback. This reveals that channel state information can be
estimated time division duplexing system. As shown in Fig. 2, the base station makes use of the channel sate
information to allocate a set of subcarriers to each user. When each OFDM symbol is transmitted, through the
control channel, bit allocation and subcarrier information also sent to the receivers. From this information, the
receivers can make decision about decoding and extraction from the sets of subcarriers assigned to multicast
groups.
Assume an OFDMA-based system with k users on Subcarriers receiving multicast downlink traffic
flows from central‟s having G multicast groups. Sets of user‟s receiving the traffic flow can be represented as
Kg, whereas number of users in a multicast group is |k_g|. We denote total number of users in the system as κ
= . Each group has fixed or variable number of users with different channel characteristics who may be
co-located or differently located. The wireless channel is a frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel and the
noise power of every subcarrier is assumed to be unity for simplicity. Each subcarrier has equal bandwidth size
4. Adaptive Resource Allocation For Wireless MIMO-OFDMA Systems
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10326978 www.iosrjournals.org 72 | Page
ofB_w=W/N, where W is the total bandwidth of the system. For simplicity, we consider an MSRA LCG-based
single-rate multi-multicast system where each multicast group rate is limited by the least-capable user. If
min|h_(k,n)| is the channel coefficient of minimum k∈kg
User kin group g on subcarrier n,N_0 is the white noise single-sided power spectral density on each subcarrier,
then the frequency channel-to-noise-ratio (CNR) group of subcarrier n is Note that
ħ_(g,n)captures the path-loss, fading, and noise of all the multicast users. Fundamentally, throughput
experienced by each user depends on the number of users in each group and the differences in channel quality of
each user. Therefore, multicast group transmission rate R_(g,n)on subcarrier n is then given as:
(1)
Wherep_n denotes the amount of transmit power allocation on subcarrier n. Moreover, since more than one user
can be allocated to a single subcarrier, we define a subcarrier allocation index, δ_(g,n)showing if a flow received
by certain group occupies the n-th subcarrier or not. Note that here,
(2)
The total data rate of a particular group g on all N subcarriers is then given as in eqn (3)
(1+ ), (3)
The underlying MSRA problem is basically to determine the most efficient way to allocate system
resources, the optimal rate the BS should transmit to groups, which subcarrier should be assigned to which
group, and the required power for transmission on each subcarrier of each group. Then, the resulting
optimization problem to improve total system capacity CT becomes a non-convex, mixed-integer, non-linear
maximization problems which is NP-Hard as shown in eqn. (4)-(7). NP-hard (Non-deterministic Polynomial-
Time) problems are classes of problems for which no efficient solution exist [38], [39]. Results of the
optimization problems give set of optimal subcarriers and power allocations
=1, 2……N (4)
Subject to
&
(5)
=1 , (6)
, (7)
Equations (5) & (6) show that the total transmit power on all subcarriers cannot be greater than the
system transmit powerp_total available at the BS, where eqn. (7) is the integer constraint defined in eqn. (2).
Note that the complexity and hardness of this global optimization problem is due to the integer constraint and it
becomes more difficult with increase in number of users and subcarriers. Since computation complexities
increase with number of individual subcarriers to be allocated, it may be potentially helpful to allocate the
subcarriers in chunks or blocks to reduce complexity. In [40], [41] and references therein, it was shown that
chunk-based contiguous subcarrier allocation method based on SNR or overheads. However, as expected, one
common major drawback of this approach is how to reduce frequency selective fading on subcarriers which are
in the chunk that may hamper the possible benefits of chunk allocation. In general, the cross-layer resource
allocation and optimization problems [42] to meet the QoS requirements for all services requested by multicast
users, maximize system throughput, maintain user fairness, minimize user and base station transmit power while
considering channel characteristics of each user in multi-antenna OFDMA system is extremely challenging and
sophisticated techniques with low complexities are required.
IV. Suboptimal Subcarrier Allocation And Power Distribution
The block diagram of multiuser MIMO-OFDM downlink system model is shown in Fig. 2. It shows
that in the base station channel state information of each couple of transmit and receive antennas are sent to the
block of subcarrier and power algorithm through the feedback channels. The resource allocation information is
forwarded to the MIMO-OFDM transmitter.The transmitter then selects the allocated number of bitsfrom
5. Adaptive Resource Allocation For Wireless MIMO-OFDMA Systems
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10326978 www.iosrjournals.org 73 | Page
different users to form OFDMA symbols and transmits via the multiple transmit antennas. The spatial
multiplexing mode of MIMO is considered. The resource allocation scheme is updated as soon as the channel
information is collected and also the subcarrier and bit allocation information are sent to each user for detection.
The following assumptions are used in this paper. The transmitted signals experience slowly time-
varying fading channel, therefore the channel coefficients can be regarded as constants during the subcarrier
allocation and power loading period.
Throughout this paper, let the number of transmit antennas be T and the number of receive antennas R be for all
users. Denote the number of traffic flows as M , the number of user as K and the number of subcarriers as N .
Thus in this model downlink traffic flows are transmitted to users over subcarriers. Assume that the base station
has total transmit power constraint . The objective is to maximize the system sum capacity with the total power
constraint. We use the equally weighted sum capacity as the objective function. The system capacity
optimization problem for muticast MIMO-OFDM system can be formulated to determine the optimal subcarrier
allocation and power distribution:
Where C is the system sum capacity which can be derived based on [16] and the above assumptions;Q
is the total available power; qk,n is the power assigned to user in the subcarrier n ;P k,n can only be the value of 1
or 0 indicating whether subcarrier n is used by user or not. is the rank of
H k,n which denotes the MIMO channel gain matrix (R*T)
on subcarrier n for user and are the eigenvalues of Hk, n H !
k,n ;
Kn is the allocated user index on subcarrier n ; N o is the noise power in the frequency band of one subcarrier.
The different point of muticast optimization problem in (1) compared to the general unicast system is
that there is no constraint of for all , which means that many users can share the same
subcarrier in multicast system because they may need the same multimedia contents.
The capacity for user K , denoted as RK, is defined as
The optimization problem in (1) is generally very hard to solve. It involves both continuous variables
and binary variables. Such an optimization problem is called a mixed binary integer programming problem.
Furthermore, since the feasible set is not convex the nonlinear constraints in (1) increase the difficulty in finding
the optimal solution. Ideally, subcarriers and power should be allocated jointly to achieve the optimal solution in
(1). However, this poses a prohibitive computational burden at the base station in order to reach the optimal
allocation. Furthermore, the base station has to rapidly allocate the optimal subcarrier and power in the time
varying wireless channel. Hence, low-complexity suboptimal algorithms are preferred for practical
implementations. Separating the subcarrier and power allocation is a way to reduce the complexity, because the
number of variables in the objective function is almost reduced by half. In an attempt to avoid the full search
algorithm in the preceding section, we devise a suboptimum two-step approach. In the first step, the subcarriers
are assigned assuming the constant transmit power of each subcarrier. This assumption is used only for
subcarrier allocation. Next, power is allocated to the subcarriers assigned in the first step. Although such a two-
step process would cause suboptimality of the algorithm, it makes the complexity significantly low. In fact, such
a concept has been already employed in OFDMA systems and also its efficacy has been verified in terms of both
performance and complexity. However, the algorithm proposed in this paper is unique in dealing with MIMO-
OFDM based multicast resource allocation.Before we describe the proposed suboptimal resource allocation
algorithm, we firstly show mathematical simplifications for the following subcarrier allocation. It is noticed that
in large SNR region, i.e., , we get the following approximation:
6. Adaptive Resource Allocation For Wireless MIMO-OFDMA Systems
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10326978 www.iosrjournals.org 74 | Page
where is named as product-criterion which
tends to be more accurate when the SNR is high. On the other
hand, in small SNR region, i.e., , using , we get
where is named as sum-criterion which is more accurate when the SNR is low. These two approximations will
be used in the suboptimal algorithm for the high SNR and low SNR cases, respectively. In this way, we can
reduce the complexity significantly with minimal performance degradation.
The steps of the proposed suboptimal algorithm are as follows:
• Step 1 Assign the subcarriers to the users in a way that maximizes the overall system capacity;
• Step 2 Assign the total power to the allocated subcarriers using the multi-dimension water-filling algorithm.
A. Step 1—Subcarrier Assignment
For a given power allocation vector for each subcarrier, RA optimization problem
of (1) is separable with respect to each subcarrier. The subcarrier problem with respect to subcarrier n is
Then the multicast subcarrier allocation algorithm based on
(3) for each subcarrier is given as follows.
1) For the th subcarrier, calculate the current total data rate
when the th user is selected as the user who has lowest eigenvalue product
2) For the th subcarrier, select the user index Kn which can
Maximize
Then we have
7. Adaptive Resource Allocation For Wireless MIMO-OFDMA Systems
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10326978 www.iosrjournals.org 75 | Page
For the low SNR case, the product-criterion (3) is changed into the sum-criterion (4) for this step‟s subcarrier
allocation.
B. Step 2 Power Allocation
The subcarrier algorithm in step 1 is not optimum because equal power distribution for the subcarriers
is assumed. In this step, we propose an efficient power allocation algorithm based on the subcarrier allocation in
step 2. Corresponding to each subcarrier, there may be several users to share it for the multicast service. In this
case, the lowest user‟s channel gain on that subcarrier among the selected users in step 1 will be used for the
power allocation. The multi-dimension water-filling method is applied to find the optimal power allocation as
follows.
The power distribution over subcarriers is
Where qn means the power assigned to each antenna of subcarrier n and it is the root of the following equation,
where Kn is the allocated user index on subcarrier n ; α is the water-filling level which satisfies
where Q and N are the total power and the number of subcarriers, respectively.
In case of T=R=1 , that is, a single antenna system, the optimal power distribution for the subcarriers is
transformed into the standard water-filling solution:
The multi-dimension water-filling algorithm is an iterative method, by which we can find the optimal
power distribution to realize the maximum of system capacity.
V. Overall View Of A Physical Layer On Ofdma System
Afolabi et al. [63] proposed the Multicast Scheduling resource allocation for downlink multicast
services in OFDMA services and also to evaluate the core characteristics. JianXu et al. [64] implemented the
adaptive resource allocation for high downlink capacity in next generation wireless system and he proved that
the system improves the performances of Quality of Service for users. JinZyren [65] proposed the Long Term
Evolution is the next term forward in cellular services. It is designed to meet carrier needs for high speed data
and media transport as well as the high capacity voice support. Farzad Manavi et al. [66] proposed a prototype
design for the physical layer of IEE 802.11a Standard which is based on OFDM. It includes synchronization
circuitry used for packet detection and time synchronization Juan Sanchez et al. [67] proposed the concept that
has
Table 1: performance analysis
8. Adaptive Resource Allocation For Wireless MIMO-OFDMA Systems
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10326978 www.iosrjournals.org 76 | Page
analyzed the performance of the new LTE cellular technology. The analysis has focused on the main
features involved in the downlink, like the user multiplexing, adaptive modulation and coding, and support for
multiple antennas to provide Quality of Service for users.
Xiamomin Ran et al. [68] constructed an algorithm about OFDMA physical resource allocation for
non-ideal environment. In an algorithm initially construct an OFDMA network security model. Then, the
concept of system average confidential capacity is putted forward as an index to measure the safety of system
when the state of wiretap channel is unknown. Finally, the joint optimization distribution of subcarrier and
power is realized by dual decomposition to maximize the average confidential interrupt capacity.
Timothy et al. [69] proposed two pertinent problem formulations minimizing transmitted power under
multiple minimum received power constraints, and maximizing the minimum received power subject to a bound
on the transmitted power in an OFDM system. The proposed method had shown that both Formulations are NP-
hard optimization problems. Its Solution can often be well approximated using semi definite relaxation tools.
Proposed method have explored the relationship between the two formulations and also insights approximate
solutions Provided herein offer useful designs across a broad range of applications. MarkBeach et al… [70]
Implemented that, the OFDM was proposed as the transmission technique for a future 4G network. The key
link parameters were identified and initial physical layer performance results were presented for a number of
channel models system provides data rates of around 1.3-12.5 Mb/s by employing different transmission modes.
Hence, this system will be suitable for multimedia traffic, which is a key requirement for 4G systems. In order
to achieve diversity gain and enhance performance, space-time block codes were employed
Category1-signal to noise ratio Category2-bandwidth
Category3-Biterror rate Series denotes method in the performance analyze table
VI. Conclusion
Most resource management schemes are developed without considering mobility of user and
interferences in cell. Therefore to enhance capacity of a cell , more rigorous studies are required on base station
cooperation and mobility effect on multicast resource allocation as no.of users in groups dynamically changes. It
requires cross layer optimization study. Some of the imoprtant problems of multicast systems hindering it from
achieving its full potential are, the selection of the most efficient group transmission rates and determination of
the optimal MSRA strategy. OFDMA at the physical layer, in combination with multicasting provides an
optimized resource allocation and Quality of Service (QoS) support for different types of services.
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