This study investigated blood cell subpopulations for early detection of lung cancer. It analyzed 115 early stage lung cancer patients and 402 controls, examining various blood factors. Neural network analysis found that lymphocytes, segmented neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and leukocytes were most important for detection. The neural network correctly classified all cases. Bootstrap simulation also identified segmented neutrophils, total segmented neutrophils, lymphocytes, and total leukocytes as significant factors for early lung cancer detection based on blood tests.

1. Early Detection of Lung
Cancer: Optimal Strategies
Oleg Kshivets, MD, PhD Surgery Department, Roshal Hospital, Roshal, Moscow, Russia
Objective: Significance of blood cell subpopulations in terms of early detection of lung cancer
(LC) was investigated.
Methods: In trial (1987-2019) consecutive cases after surgery, monitored 115 LC patients (LCP)
(m=100, f=15; lobectomies=115) with pathologic stage IA (tumor size=1.86±0.30 cm;
squamous=51, adenocarcinoma=59, large cell=5; T1N0M0=115; G1=39, G2=42, G3=34, 5-year
survival=100%) and control group (CG) (n=402): 120 healthy donors (HD) (m=69, f=51) and 282
patients with lung non-malignant pathology (NMP) (m=188, f=94; pneumonectomies=5,
lobectomies=179, segmentectomies=98; non-malignant tumors=100; abscess=112;
tuberculoma=70) were reviewed. Variables selected for study were input levels of blood cell
circuit, sex, age, TNMG. Differences between groups were evaluated using discriminant
analysis, clustering, nonlinear estimation, structural equation modeling, Monte Carlo, bootstrap
simulation and neural networks computing.
Results: It was revealed that early detection of LC from CG (n=517) significantly depended on:
leucocytes (abs, total), segmented neutrophils (%, abs, total), lymphocytes (%), monocytes (%,
abs, total) (P=0.048-0.000). Neural networks computing, genetic algorithm selection and
bootstrap simulation revealed relationships of early detection of LC and lymphocytes (rank=1),
segmented neutrophils (rank=2), monocytes (3), eosinophils (4), leucocytes (5), stick neutrophils
(6). Correct recognition of early LCP from CG was 100% by neural networks computing
(error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Conclusion: Early detection of LC from HD and NMP significantly depended on blood cell
subpopulations.
Blood
Factors
Mean
NMP+Norm
Mean
Cancer
t-value p Std.Dev.
NMP+Norm
Std.Dev.
Cancer
Leucocytes 5.32015 5.87043 -2.71185 0.006915 1.78399 2.33204
Stick Neutrophils 0.99502 1.09565 -0.64469 0.519414 1.50973 1.35059
Segmented Neutrophils 58.39055 61.46087 -2.53241 0.011624 11.55100 11.15622
Eosinophils 3.56219 3.05617 1.37675 0.169188 3.71119 2.47445
Monocytes 2.94527 3.46087 -1.97725 0.048546 2.32024 2.92085
Lymphocytes 34.19403 30.94783 2.75936 0.005998 11.23262 10.73594
Eosinophils abs 0.18837 0.17902 0.43436 0.664208 0.21370 0.16201
Stick Neutrophils abs 0.05749 0.07092 -1.09385 0.274532 0.11302 0.12631
Segmented Neutrophils abs 3.14426 3.60482 -3.10649 0.001998 1.36638 1.52038
Lymphocytes abs 1.77649 1.80523 -0.30561 0.760026 0.77289 1.21320
Monocytes abs 0.15535 0.21188 -3.36648 0.000818 0.13944 0.21328
Eosinophils tot 0.91769 0.86378 0.51673 0.605569 1.03943 0.77206
Stick Neutrophils tot 0.27943 0.35086 -1.22613 0.220709 0.52941 0.62059
Segmented Neutrophils tot 15.30056 17.73777 -3.16338 0.001652 7.03675 8.09992
Lymphocytes tot 8.62168 8.80075 -0.37016 0.711413 4.09357 5.96624
Monocytes tot 0.75284 1.04564 -3.55172 0.000418 0.68479 1.04679
Leucocytes tot 25.85628 28.79386 -2.68146 0.007565 9.74573 12.27662
Blood Factors
N=517
Discriminant Function Analysis Summary (elc_dp_n002)
No. of vars in model: 17; Grouping: Ca_NMP (2 grps) Wilks'
Lambda: .93942 approx. F (17,499)=1.8928 p< .0166
Wilks'
Lambda
Partial
Lambda
F-remove
(1,499)
p-value Toler.
1-Toler.
(R-Sqr.)
Leucocytes 0.945636 0.993430 3.299895 0.069884 0.000030 0.999970
Stick Neutrophils 0.941472 0.997824 1.088048 0.297409 0.108486 0.891514
Segmented Neutrophils 0.941266 0.998043 0.978654 0.323011 0.004721 0.995279
Eosinophils 0.944501 0.994624 2.697189 0.101155 0.031829 0.968171
Monocytes 0.944698 0.994417 2.801764 0.094787 0.048493 0.951507
Lymphocytes 0.942826 0.996391 1.807346 0.179438 0.004708 0.995292
Eosinophils abs 0.948309 0.990630 4.719812 0.030287 0.002269 0.997731
Stick Neutrophils abs 0.944118 0.995028 2.493570 0.114946 0.004633 0.995367
Segmented Neutrophils abs 0.945233 0.993854 3.085688 0.079597 0.000056 0.999944
Lymphocytes abs 0.946093 0.992951 3.542417 0.060400 0.000137 0.999864
Monocytes abs 0.944160 0.994983 2.515877 0.113338 0.003474 0.996526
Eosinophils tot 0.947924 0.991032 4.515480 0.034080 0.002778 0.997222
Stick Neutrophils tot 0.943604 0.995569 2.220710 0.136802 0.005169 0.994831
Segmented Neutrophils tot 0.945435 0.993641 3.193357 0.074545 0.000057 0.999943
Lymphocytes tot 0.946065 0.992980 3.527546 0.060940 0.000143 0.999857
Monocytes tot 0.941900 0.997370 1.315639 0.251926 0.003925 0.996075
Leucocytes tot 0.945715 0.993347 3.341892 0.068134 0.000028 0.999972
Effect
All Groups Ca—NMP+Norm - Test of all
effects Distribution : BINOMIAL, Link
function: LOGIT Modeled probability
that Ca—NMP+Norm=Ca
Degr. of
Freedom
Wald
Stat.
p
Intercept 1 2.770466 0.096018
Leucocytes 1 4.424666 0.035423
Stick Neutrophils 1 2.169120 0.140807
Segmented Neutrophils 1 2.539519 0.111029
Eosinophils 1 5.206370 0.022504
Monocytes 1 3.465356 0.062667
Lymphocytes 1 3.564749 0.059019
Eosinophils abs 1 5.786612 0.016149
Stick Neutrophils abs 1 4.212904 0.040118
Segmented Neutrophils abs 1 4.277158 0.038628
Lymphocytes abs 1 4.608960 0.031805
Monocytes abs 1 3.934539 0.047304
Eosinophils tot 1 5.587765 0.018086
Stik Neutrophils tot 1 4.061129 0.043881
Segmented Neutrophils tot 1 4.379579 0.036372
Lymphocytes tot 1 4.621466 0.031574
Monocytes tot 1 3.281245 0.070076
Leucocytes tot 1 4.482998 0.034234
Neural Networks: n=517;
Baseline Error=0.000;
Area under ROC Curve=1.000;
Correct Classification Rate=100%
Rank Sensitivity
Lymphocytes 1 211222
Segmented Neutrophils 2 16605
Monocytes 3 11174
Eosinophils 4 9421
Leucocytes 5 9065
Stick Neutrophils 6 8777
Bootstrap Simulation
Significant Factors
(Number of Samples=3333)
Rank Kendall’Tau-A P<
Segmented Neutrophils abs 1 -0.075 0.05
Segmented Neutrophils tot 2 -0.069 0.05
Lymphocytes 3 0.063 0.05
Leucocytes tot 4 -0.059 0.05
P132