This document is a preliminary examination paper from Kent Ridge Secondary School in Singapore for the year 2010. It contains instructions for students taking the Combined Humanities (Geography) paper and provides sample questions and responses for two sections - Section A and Section B. The paper tests students' knowledge of key geography concepts through questions involving figures, diagrams and short-answer and extended-response questions. It also provides a marking scheme to evaluate student answers at different levels based on depth of knowledge, place references, and clarity of responses.
Presentation made on the "Environmental Issues in the Administration of Bhopal Master Plan" in a workshop organised by the All India Institute of Local Self Government
Bacteria and Fungi Population of Surface Soils under Various Land Use Types i...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes a study on bacteria and fungi populations in surface soils under different land use types in Minna, Nigeria. Soil samples were taken from three depths (0-5cm, 5-10cm, 10-15cm) under fallow land, Gmelina plantation, and Teak plantation. Bacterial and fungal counts were highest in Gmelina soils and lowest in Teak soils, with the 0-5cm depth having the highest counts. Microbial populations correlated positively with organic content and negatively with pH. Gmelina vegetation generally produced the highest microbial populations, followed by fallow land and Teak plantation.
Participatory natural resources management through multiple interventions at ...ILRI
1. The paper discusses participatory natural resource management interventions in central Ethiopia to reduce soil erosion, increase soil fertility and land productivity. This includes soil and water conservation structures, agroforestry, composting, introduction of improved crop varieties and livestock forages.
2. Empirical research was also conducted including runoff assessments and characterization of local plant species. Farmers research groups were established to introduce technologies and build capacity.
3. Lessons showed that introducing high value cash crops and linking to markets encouraged participation in natural resource management. However, free grazing limits long term investments like tree planting. Strong partnerships were built but methodologies to promote innovations need strengthening.
ABSTRACT- Composite soil samples were collected from the rhizospheres of Gmelina arborea, Elaeis guineensis and Hevea brasiliensis plantations as well as the Rain Forest of over 20 years of age in Akampa L.G.A. at depths of 0-15 cm (surface soil) and 15-30 cm (sub surface soil), to examine the effects of land use and management practices on some physical, chemical and microbial properties of the soils. The soils were mainly sandy loam, strongly acid in reaction and generally low in available P, exchangeable Ca2+, K+ and Na+, but moderate in Mg2+ except for the surface soil in Elaeis guineensis plantation which was however, high in organic C (4.29 %), total N (0.37 %) and Mg (3.9 cmol kg-1). The soils regardless of the land use patterns were high in exchangeable acidity with Elaeis guineensis having the least values. Diverse species of microorganisms were isolated across the different plantations and rain forest, however, Elaeis guineensis recorded the highest microbial count. Land use altered the microbial population and also had an effect on the species composition of soil microbial communities. Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp and Mucor spp as well as Aspergillus niger were however, common across the study sites while other organisms were location specific suggesting vegetation and land use meddling. The effects of land use pattern were noted in the chemical and microbial alteration observed mostly in the top of rhizosphere soils. It is pertinent that good management practices such as liming, mulching as well as cover cropping be carried out to increase and maintain the fertility of the soils.
Key-words- Land use, Physicochemical and Microbial properties, Rain Forest, Rhizosphere
Evaluation of Land Suitability for Stone Pine (Pinus pinea) plantation in Leb...IJEAB
Stone pine (Pinus pinea) is a typical Mediterranean tree well adapted to drought and high temperatures. It is a species of great interest and economical importance in Lebanon and has a strong beneficial impact on the local communities from the marketing of its edible nuts. This tree is threatened by human activities and fire that are leading to its degradation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to delineate and map the suitability of soils for the plantation and extension of the stone pine. For this purpose, the adopted research methods were composed of the following three steps: (1) identifying through available data and traditional methods the ability of the lands to be planted with stone pine (2) identifying the various factors influencing the growth and fruiting of the treeand (3) transforming and integrating all the data into geo-referenced thematic maps and introducing them into the Geographic Information System (GIS) suitable for delimiting Lebanese areas suitable for planting stone pines. The obtained results were presented in a form of 10 thematic maps (GIS layers) that represent the influence of each ecological factor on the land suitability for afforestation by stone pine. A final thematic map that illustrates the most suitable areas for Pinus pinea plantations was generated by superimposing the 10 GIS layers.
Peatlands cover one third of Scotland's land area and store the largest terrestrial carbon store in the UK. They face many pressures including drainage, burning, and development. Current research projects at the Environmental Research Institute are studying how peatland microbial communities and desmid diversity respond to disturbances like drainage, burning, and forestation. They are also examining how peatland-derived dissolved organic matter transports iron from land to sea. There is a need for more research on intact peatlands as baselines and on the impacts of different management practices to help inform sustainable peatland policy and management.
Determination of Some Mechanical And Hydraulic Properties Of Biu Clayey Soils...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
The document discusses environmental problems and provides vocabulary and grammar exercises related to the environment. It begins with definitions of key vocabulary words like "globalization," "environmental problems," and "alternative energy sources." It then provides a true/false environmental quiz. Following this are suggestions for solutions to environmental problems like reducing carbon dioxide emissions and using alternative energy. The document also defines alternative lifestyles such as ecovillages, vegetarianism, and veganism. It concludes with grammar exercises focusing on past tenses and connectors.
Presentation made on the "Environmental Issues in the Administration of Bhopal Master Plan" in a workshop organised by the All India Institute of Local Self Government
Bacteria and Fungi Population of Surface Soils under Various Land Use Types i...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes a study on bacteria and fungi populations in surface soils under different land use types in Minna, Nigeria. Soil samples were taken from three depths (0-5cm, 5-10cm, 10-15cm) under fallow land, Gmelina plantation, and Teak plantation. Bacterial and fungal counts were highest in Gmelina soils and lowest in Teak soils, with the 0-5cm depth having the highest counts. Microbial populations correlated positively with organic content and negatively with pH. Gmelina vegetation generally produced the highest microbial populations, followed by fallow land and Teak plantation.
Participatory natural resources management through multiple interventions at ...ILRI
1. The paper discusses participatory natural resource management interventions in central Ethiopia to reduce soil erosion, increase soil fertility and land productivity. This includes soil and water conservation structures, agroforestry, composting, introduction of improved crop varieties and livestock forages.
2. Empirical research was also conducted including runoff assessments and characterization of local plant species. Farmers research groups were established to introduce technologies and build capacity.
3. Lessons showed that introducing high value cash crops and linking to markets encouraged participation in natural resource management. However, free grazing limits long term investments like tree planting. Strong partnerships were built but methodologies to promote innovations need strengthening.
ABSTRACT- Composite soil samples were collected from the rhizospheres of Gmelina arborea, Elaeis guineensis and Hevea brasiliensis plantations as well as the Rain Forest of over 20 years of age in Akampa L.G.A. at depths of 0-15 cm (surface soil) and 15-30 cm (sub surface soil), to examine the effects of land use and management practices on some physical, chemical and microbial properties of the soils. The soils were mainly sandy loam, strongly acid in reaction and generally low in available P, exchangeable Ca2+, K+ and Na+, but moderate in Mg2+ except for the surface soil in Elaeis guineensis plantation which was however, high in organic C (4.29 %), total N (0.37 %) and Mg (3.9 cmol kg-1). The soils regardless of the land use patterns were high in exchangeable acidity with Elaeis guineensis having the least values. Diverse species of microorganisms were isolated across the different plantations and rain forest, however, Elaeis guineensis recorded the highest microbial count. Land use altered the microbial population and also had an effect on the species composition of soil microbial communities. Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp and Mucor spp as well as Aspergillus niger were however, common across the study sites while other organisms were location specific suggesting vegetation and land use meddling. The effects of land use pattern were noted in the chemical and microbial alteration observed mostly in the top of rhizosphere soils. It is pertinent that good management practices such as liming, mulching as well as cover cropping be carried out to increase and maintain the fertility of the soils.
Key-words- Land use, Physicochemical and Microbial properties, Rain Forest, Rhizosphere
Evaluation of Land Suitability for Stone Pine (Pinus pinea) plantation in Leb...IJEAB
Stone pine (Pinus pinea) is a typical Mediterranean tree well adapted to drought and high temperatures. It is a species of great interest and economical importance in Lebanon and has a strong beneficial impact on the local communities from the marketing of its edible nuts. This tree is threatened by human activities and fire that are leading to its degradation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to delineate and map the suitability of soils for the plantation and extension of the stone pine. For this purpose, the adopted research methods were composed of the following three steps: (1) identifying through available data and traditional methods the ability of the lands to be planted with stone pine (2) identifying the various factors influencing the growth and fruiting of the treeand (3) transforming and integrating all the data into geo-referenced thematic maps and introducing them into the Geographic Information System (GIS) suitable for delimiting Lebanese areas suitable for planting stone pines. The obtained results were presented in a form of 10 thematic maps (GIS layers) that represent the influence of each ecological factor on the land suitability for afforestation by stone pine. A final thematic map that illustrates the most suitable areas for Pinus pinea plantations was generated by superimposing the 10 GIS layers.
Peatlands cover one third of Scotland's land area and store the largest terrestrial carbon store in the UK. They face many pressures including drainage, burning, and development. Current research projects at the Environmental Research Institute are studying how peatland microbial communities and desmid diversity respond to disturbances like drainage, burning, and forestation. They are also examining how peatland-derived dissolved organic matter transports iron from land to sea. There is a need for more research on intact peatlands as baselines and on the impacts of different management practices to help inform sustainable peatland policy and management.
Determination of Some Mechanical And Hydraulic Properties Of Biu Clayey Soils...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
The document discusses environmental problems and provides vocabulary and grammar exercises related to the environment. It begins with definitions of key vocabulary words like "globalization," "environmental problems," and "alternative energy sources." It then provides a true/false environmental quiz. Following this are suggestions for solutions to environmental problems like reducing carbon dioxide emissions and using alternative energy. The document also defines alternative lifestyles such as ecovillages, vegetarianism, and veganism. It concludes with grammar exercises focusing on past tenses and connectors.
A study by Iowa State University found that applying a topdressing of sand, soil, and peat mixtures in the fall along with nitrogen fertilizer applications visibly improved the spring recovery of Penncross creeping bentgrass greens that had been established on both a native Iowa soil and a soil modified with peat and sand. The topdressing and fertilizer treatments resulted in earlier green-up and recovery in the spring compared to untreated control plots, with effects being most apparent following mild winters.
Fire as a management tools in protected area of nepalgagan sharma
This document summarizes a presentation on the use of fire as a management tool in protected areas of Nepal. It discusses how fire is a natural disturbance that can both improve ecosystems and pose threats. While wildfires often cause environmental degradation, prescribed fire under controlled conditions can be used strategically for purposes like hazardous fuel reduction, plant community restoration, improving wildlife habitat and access, controlling insects and disease, and managing competing vegetation. The document reviews these various uses of prescribed fire and provides examples from protected areas in Nepal. It concludes that policies focused solely on fire suppression must consider how fire also plays an important ecological role, and that fire management training could help reduce wildfire risks while enhancing protected area management.
Erodibility of slash and-burn soils along a toposequence in relation to four ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the erodibility of soils after slash-and-burn agriculture in southeastern Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from plots along a hillslope before and after burning to analyze changes in properties. Results showed burning increased bulk density and decreased porosity by disrupting soil structure. Burning also increased pH and nutrients but decreased organic carbon. Erodibility increased by 14-20% after burning across landscape positions. Soil pH had the strongest correlation with erodibility. However, the specific amounts of ash added from burning were unknown.
Wetlands: Climate adaptation, mitigation and biodiversity protectionCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation by Walter Vergara & Sebastian Scholz, LAC Climate Change Team, Worldbank
Landscape approaches to mitigation and adaptation, Forest Day 3
Sunday, 13 December 2009
Copenhagen, Denmark
1. Forest resources play an important economic and environmental role globally and in India.
2. India has a total forest area of 21.02% of its land, though forest cover is declining due to factors like population growth, infrastructure development, and shifting cultivation.
3. Forests provide timber, fuel, habitat, erosion control, and help regulate climate and rainfall. However, deforestation due to human activities is resulting in issues like soil erosion, biodiversity loss, and decreased water tables.
A Baseline Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon in the Mangroves of the Bakassi ...ijtsrd
The mangrove soils as one of the global soil types is a major carbon store that helps to curb the rising global temperatures. This is not unconnected to their high carbon storing and sequestration potentials of the peat soils. The conclusion is characterized by some knowledge gaps on the actual carbon stock and sequestration potentials of some mangroves soils on the Central African Sub regional landscape. Some of these areas are the Bakassi mangroves in the South West Cameroon. Cross border conflicts, piracy and over exploitation have rendered the sourcing of appropriate data on its carbon stock and sequestration potentials difficult. In strive to bridge this knowledge gap, this work carried out baseline assessments of the carbon stock and sequestration rate of this peat soil. To achieve the study objectives, stratified random opportunistic sampling using an inventory design based on five forest canopy height classes, with collection of peat soils using a soil auger to different depth for laboratory analysis was done. Soils Organic Carbon stocks were estimated from soils to a depth of 100cm and determined using chromic acid digestion and spectrophotometric analysis. Parameters determined were bulk density and percentage carbon. Results showed that soil carbon stock density ranged from 705.8 Mg ha to 546.2 Mg ha . Thus on average, for a hectare in Bakassi, the Soil Organic carbon stock was 632.65 Mg ha Kamah Pascal Bumtu | Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi | Longonje Simon Ngomba "A Baseline Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon in the Mangroves of the Bakassi Peninsula South-West Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30515.doc Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/30515/a-baseline-assessment-of-soil-organic-carbon-in-the-mangroves-of-the-bakassi-peninsula-southwest-cameroon/kamah-pascal-bumtu
Applying advanced spatial tools for landscape analysis and climate change ada...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Applying advanced spatial tools can help analyze landscapes and climate change impacts in Asian highlands. In Yunnan, China, evidence shows warming temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and loss of biodiversity and traditional livelihoods. Case studies in Xishuangbanna and Baoshan show expanding rubber plantations and loss of forests and agricultural lands. Protected areas may no longer protect intended habitats by 2050 due to climate change. Adaptation strategies are needed to help alpine plants shift ranges upward to cope with warming temperatures in southwest China's highlands.
Presentation by Walter Vergara & Sebastian Scholz, The World Bank, at Forest Day 3, 13 December 2009, Copenhagen. Learning event "Landscape approaches to Adaptation and Mitigation"
Forests serve many important functions such as maintaining water supply by filtering and storing water, replenishing oxygen levels and absorbing carbon dioxide, providing habitat for plants and animals, preventing floods and protecting coasts from natural hazards, and supplying valuable resources like timber, medicine, and recreation areas. However, overuse of forests through activities like deforestation can disrupt these ecosystem services and have negative environmental and economic impacts. Sustainable forest management is important to balance human use of forest resources with conservation of forests for future generations.
The document describes different climate zones and their characteristics. It discusses hot climates like the equatorial and tropical climates, which have rainforests, savannahs, and experience wet and dry seasons. It also describes temperate climates like the Mediterranean, oceanic, and continental climates, noting differences in precipitation and vegetation. Finally, it covers cold climates like the polar climate, which is very cold and experiences little precipitation besides snow.
This document discusses logging impacts and forest rehabilitation in Ghana. It notes that logging damages forests through tree felling and infrastructure development, which causes erosion, nutrient loss, and reduced regeneration. Proper forest management is needed after logging to aid recovery through measures like tree planting. The focus is on rehabilitating logging gaps in Ghana's Pra-Anum Forest Reserve using native tree species suited to local growing conditions.
The document provides information on drought tolerant landscaping for development projects in Toronto. It discusses the Toronto Green Standard requirement for 50% water efficient and native plant species. It then lists commonly planted drought tolerant trees, shrubs, perennials, grasses, and groundcovers. The document also describes several native southern Ontario drought tolerant landscape types, including the Carolinian Forest landscape characterized by deciduous broadleaf trees. The key is selecting plants suited to site conditions and establishing them properly during the first year.
Appoquinimink River Association - Rain Gardens BrochureSotirakou964
A rain garden is a shallow depression in the landscape that collects stormwater runoff and allows it to soak into the ground. It is planted with native grasses and plants. Rain gardens provide many benefits, including reducing polluted stormwater runoff, promoting groundwater recharge, and creating habitat for wildlife. They are typically located at the end of roof gutters or drain spouts and are 5-10% the size of the impervious surface area that drains into them. The soil mixture and plant choices are important factors in the function and maintenance of a rain garden.
1. The document discusses various types of natural resources including forest resources, water resources, mineral resources, and food resources. It describes their importance, distribution, uses, exploitation, and environmental impacts.
2. Forest resources are discussed in detail including their functions, importance, and distribution in India. Water resources such as surface water, groundwater, and their management are also summarized.
3. The document also provides classifications of natural resources based on origin, availability, distribution, source, and chemical composition. Renewable and non-renewable resources are defined.
The document is a test paper for geography from Kent Ridge Secondary School in Singapore. It contains instructions for students on how to complete the test, which is out of 20 marks total. The test contains several questions analyzing indicators of development and labor force data for different countries. Specifically:
1) Students are asked to analyze figures showing GNP, HDI, education spending, doctors per capita to conclude that Japan is the most developed country.
2) They must complete a table on labor force data showing percentages working in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors in France and Indonesia.
3) Reasons are given for why labor may migrate from less developed to more developed countries, including better opportunities and conditions.
The document discusses the risks and benefits of living near volcanic areas. It describes some key risks such as destruction from volcanic materials, landslides, pollution and effects on weather. It also outlines some benefits including fertile volcanic soil which supports agriculture, building materials and precious minerals, tourism attractions, and geothermal energy. While there are benefits, the document argues that there are more risks compared to benefits of living in volcanic areas, given the threats posed by potential eruptions. Proper management is needed to mitigate the risks and leverage the resources volcanoes provide.
Sec 2 History SBQ Skill: Compare and Contrast notesearlgreytea
This document provides guidance on comparing and contrasting sources. It explains that comparison looks at similarities and differences between objects based on specific criteria. It notes some incorrect comparisons to avoid, such as comparing aspects that only apply to one source. Four common criteria for comparing sources are also outlined: provenance, content, tone, and purpose. The document concludes by presenting templates for writing paragraphs that compare and contrast sources, emphasizing the need to state the basis of comparison and provide evidence from the sources.
Sec 3 Social Studies SBQ Skill: Inferences notesearlgreytea
This document provides guidance on answering source-based inference questions. It explains that inference questions require reaching a conclusion about something stated in the question based on evidence from the source. Responses should include 2 inferences with evidence from the source, written in a PEE paragraph. Contextual knowledge, captions, provenance can help understand the question and source. Self-questions about pictorial or textual sources help determine purpose and conclusions that can be made.
This document provides an overview of topics covered in an elective geography exam, including:
1. Forming and testing hypotheses about tourism relationships.
2. Designing surveys, identifying limitations, and making improvements to data collection methods.
3. Representing and analyzing data using graphs, charts, and maps to identify trends in tourism numbers and flows over different time periods and locations.
Sec 2 History Checklist (for chapters 5 - 10)earlgreytea
The document provides checklists of concepts and events from Singaporean history chapters 5-10 that a student should be able to define, describe, explain or list. It covers topics like the Industrial Revolution, World Wars 1 and 2, the Japanese Occupation, Singapore's self-government and independence, merger with and separation from Malaysia, and Singapore's social and economic development in its early years.
The document discusses how to create and use Google Sites. It explains how to sign in and create a new site, add pages, and insert content like pictures, tables, videos and interactive elements. It covers different page templates, settings, layouts, and how to integrate other Google products. The document also discusses permissions and sharing sites with owners, collaborators and viewers. It provides examples of using Google Sites for self-directed learning, collaborative projects, and sharing resources with other teachers.
Sec 3 Social Studies SBQ Skill: Reliability notesearlgreytea
This document provides guidance on evaluating the reliability of sources for a social studies assignment. It outlines a 4-step process for checking the reliability of a source: [1] Check the provenance of the author to determine potential bias, [2] Analyze whether the source presents facts or opinions and multiple perspectives, [3] Consider how typical the information is compared to other knowledge, and [4] Cross-reference with other sources discussing the same issue. Following these steps allows students to support their evaluation of whether a source is reliable, unreliable, or somewhat reliable for an argument. The document advises students to use evidence from the source content and other sources when explaining their reliability assessment.
A study by Iowa State University found that applying a topdressing of sand, soil, and peat mixtures in the fall along with nitrogen fertilizer applications visibly improved the spring recovery of Penncross creeping bentgrass greens that had been established on both a native Iowa soil and a soil modified with peat and sand. The topdressing and fertilizer treatments resulted in earlier green-up and recovery in the spring compared to untreated control plots, with effects being most apparent following mild winters.
Fire as a management tools in protected area of nepalgagan sharma
This document summarizes a presentation on the use of fire as a management tool in protected areas of Nepal. It discusses how fire is a natural disturbance that can both improve ecosystems and pose threats. While wildfires often cause environmental degradation, prescribed fire under controlled conditions can be used strategically for purposes like hazardous fuel reduction, plant community restoration, improving wildlife habitat and access, controlling insects and disease, and managing competing vegetation. The document reviews these various uses of prescribed fire and provides examples from protected areas in Nepal. It concludes that policies focused solely on fire suppression must consider how fire also plays an important ecological role, and that fire management training could help reduce wildfire risks while enhancing protected area management.
Erodibility of slash and-burn soils along a toposequence in relation to four ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the erodibility of soils after slash-and-burn agriculture in southeastern Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from plots along a hillslope before and after burning to analyze changes in properties. Results showed burning increased bulk density and decreased porosity by disrupting soil structure. Burning also increased pH and nutrients but decreased organic carbon. Erodibility increased by 14-20% after burning across landscape positions. Soil pH had the strongest correlation with erodibility. However, the specific amounts of ash added from burning were unknown.
Wetlands: Climate adaptation, mitigation and biodiversity protectionCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation by Walter Vergara & Sebastian Scholz, LAC Climate Change Team, Worldbank
Landscape approaches to mitigation and adaptation, Forest Day 3
Sunday, 13 December 2009
Copenhagen, Denmark
1. Forest resources play an important economic and environmental role globally and in India.
2. India has a total forest area of 21.02% of its land, though forest cover is declining due to factors like population growth, infrastructure development, and shifting cultivation.
3. Forests provide timber, fuel, habitat, erosion control, and help regulate climate and rainfall. However, deforestation due to human activities is resulting in issues like soil erosion, biodiversity loss, and decreased water tables.
A Baseline Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon in the Mangroves of the Bakassi ...ijtsrd
The mangrove soils as one of the global soil types is a major carbon store that helps to curb the rising global temperatures. This is not unconnected to their high carbon storing and sequestration potentials of the peat soils. The conclusion is characterized by some knowledge gaps on the actual carbon stock and sequestration potentials of some mangroves soils on the Central African Sub regional landscape. Some of these areas are the Bakassi mangroves in the South West Cameroon. Cross border conflicts, piracy and over exploitation have rendered the sourcing of appropriate data on its carbon stock and sequestration potentials difficult. In strive to bridge this knowledge gap, this work carried out baseline assessments of the carbon stock and sequestration rate of this peat soil. To achieve the study objectives, stratified random opportunistic sampling using an inventory design based on five forest canopy height classes, with collection of peat soils using a soil auger to different depth for laboratory analysis was done. Soils Organic Carbon stocks were estimated from soils to a depth of 100cm and determined using chromic acid digestion and spectrophotometric analysis. Parameters determined were bulk density and percentage carbon. Results showed that soil carbon stock density ranged from 705.8 Mg ha to 546.2 Mg ha . Thus on average, for a hectare in Bakassi, the Soil Organic carbon stock was 632.65 Mg ha Kamah Pascal Bumtu | Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi | Longonje Simon Ngomba "A Baseline Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon in the Mangroves of the Bakassi Peninsula South-West Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30515.doc Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/30515/a-baseline-assessment-of-soil-organic-carbon-in-the-mangroves-of-the-bakassi-peninsula-southwest-cameroon/kamah-pascal-bumtu
Applying advanced spatial tools for landscape analysis and climate change ada...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Applying advanced spatial tools can help analyze landscapes and climate change impacts in Asian highlands. In Yunnan, China, evidence shows warming temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and loss of biodiversity and traditional livelihoods. Case studies in Xishuangbanna and Baoshan show expanding rubber plantations and loss of forests and agricultural lands. Protected areas may no longer protect intended habitats by 2050 due to climate change. Adaptation strategies are needed to help alpine plants shift ranges upward to cope with warming temperatures in southwest China's highlands.
Presentation by Walter Vergara & Sebastian Scholz, The World Bank, at Forest Day 3, 13 December 2009, Copenhagen. Learning event "Landscape approaches to Adaptation and Mitigation"
Forests serve many important functions such as maintaining water supply by filtering and storing water, replenishing oxygen levels and absorbing carbon dioxide, providing habitat for plants and animals, preventing floods and protecting coasts from natural hazards, and supplying valuable resources like timber, medicine, and recreation areas. However, overuse of forests through activities like deforestation can disrupt these ecosystem services and have negative environmental and economic impacts. Sustainable forest management is important to balance human use of forest resources with conservation of forests for future generations.
The document describes different climate zones and their characteristics. It discusses hot climates like the equatorial and tropical climates, which have rainforests, savannahs, and experience wet and dry seasons. It also describes temperate climates like the Mediterranean, oceanic, and continental climates, noting differences in precipitation and vegetation. Finally, it covers cold climates like the polar climate, which is very cold and experiences little precipitation besides snow.
This document discusses logging impacts and forest rehabilitation in Ghana. It notes that logging damages forests through tree felling and infrastructure development, which causes erosion, nutrient loss, and reduced regeneration. Proper forest management is needed after logging to aid recovery through measures like tree planting. The focus is on rehabilitating logging gaps in Ghana's Pra-Anum Forest Reserve using native tree species suited to local growing conditions.
The document provides information on drought tolerant landscaping for development projects in Toronto. It discusses the Toronto Green Standard requirement for 50% water efficient and native plant species. It then lists commonly planted drought tolerant trees, shrubs, perennials, grasses, and groundcovers. The document also describes several native southern Ontario drought tolerant landscape types, including the Carolinian Forest landscape characterized by deciduous broadleaf trees. The key is selecting plants suited to site conditions and establishing them properly during the first year.
Appoquinimink River Association - Rain Gardens BrochureSotirakou964
A rain garden is a shallow depression in the landscape that collects stormwater runoff and allows it to soak into the ground. It is planted with native grasses and plants. Rain gardens provide many benefits, including reducing polluted stormwater runoff, promoting groundwater recharge, and creating habitat for wildlife. They are typically located at the end of roof gutters or drain spouts and are 5-10% the size of the impervious surface area that drains into them. The soil mixture and plant choices are important factors in the function and maintenance of a rain garden.
1. The document discusses various types of natural resources including forest resources, water resources, mineral resources, and food resources. It describes their importance, distribution, uses, exploitation, and environmental impacts.
2. Forest resources are discussed in detail including their functions, importance, and distribution in India. Water resources such as surface water, groundwater, and their management are also summarized.
3. The document also provides classifications of natural resources based on origin, availability, distribution, source, and chemical composition. Renewable and non-renewable resources are defined.
The document is a test paper for geography from Kent Ridge Secondary School in Singapore. It contains instructions for students on how to complete the test, which is out of 20 marks total. The test contains several questions analyzing indicators of development and labor force data for different countries. Specifically:
1) Students are asked to analyze figures showing GNP, HDI, education spending, doctors per capita to conclude that Japan is the most developed country.
2) They must complete a table on labor force data showing percentages working in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors in France and Indonesia.
3) Reasons are given for why labor may migrate from less developed to more developed countries, including better opportunities and conditions.
The document discusses the risks and benefits of living near volcanic areas. It describes some key risks such as destruction from volcanic materials, landslides, pollution and effects on weather. It also outlines some benefits including fertile volcanic soil which supports agriculture, building materials and precious minerals, tourism attractions, and geothermal energy. While there are benefits, the document argues that there are more risks compared to benefits of living in volcanic areas, given the threats posed by potential eruptions. Proper management is needed to mitigate the risks and leverage the resources volcanoes provide.
Sec 2 History SBQ Skill: Compare and Contrast notesearlgreytea
This document provides guidance on comparing and contrasting sources. It explains that comparison looks at similarities and differences between objects based on specific criteria. It notes some incorrect comparisons to avoid, such as comparing aspects that only apply to one source. Four common criteria for comparing sources are also outlined: provenance, content, tone, and purpose. The document concludes by presenting templates for writing paragraphs that compare and contrast sources, emphasizing the need to state the basis of comparison and provide evidence from the sources.
Sec 3 Social Studies SBQ Skill: Inferences notesearlgreytea
This document provides guidance on answering source-based inference questions. It explains that inference questions require reaching a conclusion about something stated in the question based on evidence from the source. Responses should include 2 inferences with evidence from the source, written in a PEE paragraph. Contextual knowledge, captions, provenance can help understand the question and source. Self-questions about pictorial or textual sources help determine purpose and conclusions that can be made.
This document provides an overview of topics covered in an elective geography exam, including:
1. Forming and testing hypotheses about tourism relationships.
2. Designing surveys, identifying limitations, and making improvements to data collection methods.
3. Representing and analyzing data using graphs, charts, and maps to identify trends in tourism numbers and flows over different time periods and locations.
Sec 2 History Checklist (for chapters 5 - 10)earlgreytea
The document provides checklists of concepts and events from Singaporean history chapters 5-10 that a student should be able to define, describe, explain or list. It covers topics like the Industrial Revolution, World Wars 1 and 2, the Japanese Occupation, Singapore's self-government and independence, merger with and separation from Malaysia, and Singapore's social and economic development in its early years.
The document discusses how to create and use Google Sites. It explains how to sign in and create a new site, add pages, and insert content like pictures, tables, videos and interactive elements. It covers different page templates, settings, layouts, and how to integrate other Google products. The document also discusses permissions and sharing sites with owners, collaborators and viewers. It provides examples of using Google Sites for self-directed learning, collaborative projects, and sharing resources with other teachers.
Sec 3 Social Studies SBQ Skill: Reliability notesearlgreytea
This document provides guidance on evaluating the reliability of sources for a social studies assignment. It outlines a 4-step process for checking the reliability of a source: [1] Check the provenance of the author to determine potential bias, [2] Analyze whether the source presents facts or opinions and multiple perspectives, [3] Consider how typical the information is compared to other knowledge, and [4] Cross-reference with other sources discussing the same issue. Following these steps allows students to support their evaluation of whether a source is reliable, unreliable, or somewhat reliable for an argument. The document advises students to use evidence from the source content and other sources when explaining their reliability assessment.
Sec 3 Social Studies SBQ Skill: Inferences ppt slidesearlgreytea
The document provides information about inference skills:
(1) Inference is the process of reaching a conclusion about an issue based on evidence rather than a direct statement.
(2) Good inferences in answers use Point-Evidence-Explanation (PEE) - stating a point, providing evidence from the text, and explaining how the evidence supports the point.
(3) Contextual knowledge, provenance, and visual elements can help in making inferences.
The document provides keywords and definitions from chapters 5-10 of a secondary school history textbook on Singapore. It includes terms related to World War 2, British rule in Singapore, Singapore's path to independence, and the early economic development after independence. Key events summarized include the impact of external factors prior to WW2, how WW2 affected Singapore, the local response to British rule post-WW2, Singapore achieving internal self-government and independence, and tackling economic challenges in the early independent years.
Sec 3 Social Studies Chapter 4 revision notesearlgreytea
The document summarizes the conflicts in Sri Lanka and Northern Ireland.
In Sri Lanka, the conflict was between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil minority over language, education policies, land rights and citizenship that favored the Sinhalese and discriminated against Tamils. This caused tension and violence between the two ethnic groups.
In Northern Ireland, the conflict was between the Protestant and Catholic communities over political representation, housing, jobs and education. Catholics faced discrimination which led to unrest. Divided loyalties to either Britain or Ireland also contributed to tensions between the two religious groups.
1) Ms. Chong provides 6 levels of thinking based on Bloom's taxonomy to help students structure their essay writing, ranging from simply copying information to making balanced judgements.
2) She also outlines the PE.E.L method for writing paragraphs, which involves a topic sentence, elaboration on the topic, examples to support the topic, and linking the topic back to the overarching issue.
3) Following these structures is meant to help desperate students in Ms. Chong's classes improve their essay writing skills.
This document describes citizenship and how it can be obtained in Singapore. It discusses three ways to become a Singapore citizen: by descent, marriage, or naturalization. It also outlines the key attributes of citizenship, including that citizens have rights and responsibilities in a democracy. Citizens participate in common practices and have a shared national identity. The document provides guiding questions and describes how citizenship is shaped by legal status and participation.
This is a simple powerpoint presentation meant to be used as a revision tool or for the purpose of self-learning. This covers the different techniques of answering SBQ questions and how to identify and recognise what type of question it is and which asnwering technique to use.
The document discusses the concept of a welfare state and Britain's national healthcare system, the NHS. It explains that Britain adopted a welfare state model after WWII to provide basic services like healthcare for all citizens. The NHS was created in 1948 as part of this welfare system. It then discusses challenges like rising costs and an aging population that have led the government to manage spending, increase efficiency through privatization and personal responsibility, and focus on quality of service through various NHS improvement plans.
The document discusses Singapore's path towards self-government and independence from British rule between 1947-1955. It describes the attitudes of locals towards the British, including riots in 1947 and 1950 that expressed unhappiness with British governance. Political parties like the Singapore Progressive Party and People's Action Party were formed to advocate for self-government and an end to colonial rule. The British responded by establishing the Rendel Commission and introducing limited self-government through the 1955 Rendel Constitution, transferring some powers to elected local leaders and political parties. However, full independence was still being introduced gradually.
Singapore faced four main challenges after gaining independence: housing and hygiene issues, economic problems, lack of education standardization, and no defense force. To address these, the government established agencies like HDB to provide public housing, attracted foreign investment, implemented a bilingual education system, and established compulsory national service. These solutions helped provide homes and jobs for citizens, improved living standards, equipped the workforce, and ensured security. Singapore's proactive responses helped transform it into a modern and prosperous nation within decades of independence.
The document discusses Singapore's population policy and the government's approach to population management. It notes that in the 1960s-1980s, Singapore's growing population led to issues like unemployment, housing shortages, and lack of healthcare and education services due to limited resources. Both large and small families were problematic. The government thus implemented population policies to achieve a balanced population size that supports economic growth without overburdening resources.
The document summarizes the British defense of Singapore and the reasons for its fall to the Japanese in 1942. It discusses the British strategy of using Singapore as a naval base protected by coastal guns. However, the British were unprepared for jungle warfare and lacked tanks and aircraft. In contrast, the Japanese were well-trained and equipped for jungle combat. The document also outlines the political, economic, and social impacts of Japanese occupation, including rationing, inflation, and efforts to promote Japanese culture in Singapore.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document provides an overview of deforestation presented by Shivangi Patel. It discusses the causes of deforestation including agriculture, logging, mining, population increase, urbanization, and infrastructure development. The environmental effects include increased carbon emissions, changes to hydrological cycles, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity. Rates of deforestation have accelerated globally since the 1850s. India has seen significant deforestation that threatens its forest cover and ecology. Potential controls discussed include reducing emissions from deforestation, payments for forest conservation, and strengthening land rights.
This study mapped the vegetation types in the Jama Coaque Reserve in Ecuador using GPS waypoints collected along trails. Five vegetation types were identified: primary and secondary tropical moist forest, primary and secondary premontane cloud forest, and agroforestry. Vegetation maps showed general patterns of increasing elevation between forest types. The average starting elevation of cloud forest was 518m, agreeing with prior predictions of 525m, except along northern trails where cloud forest began at lower elevations. Future research could use drones to map forest types between trails at the reserve.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Deforestation involves the removal of forests to make way for other land uses such as agriculture, ranching, or urban development. It occurs for several reasons including harvesting trees for fuel or building materials and clearing land for livestock grazing or crop cultivation. The main causes of deforestation are agricultural expansion, commercial logging, mining, and urbanization. Deforestation has significant environmental impacts such as releasing carbon into the atmosphere, reducing biodiversity, increasing soil erosion, and disrupting the water cycle. While it provides some short-term economic gains, deforestation reduces long-term economic productivity and ecosystem services. Efforts to control deforestation include monitoring with aerial photos or satellite imagery and sustainable forest management practices.
Carbon stock assessment of the undisturbed forest in the heavily mined Island...Open Access Research Paper
Forest serves as a significant carbon sink that helps minimize carbon concentrations in the atmosphere through the process of carbon sequestration. The purpose of this study was to determine the total carbon storage of the forest reserve area in Nonoc Island, Surigao City, as one of the areas in Surigao del Norte facing threats of forest degradation from mining and anthropogenic activities. Non-destructive and destructive sampling methods were used to determine the total aboveground (TAG) and belowground (BG) biomass density (BD) and carbon stock of the natural forest’s various carbon pools. Results revealed a total BD of 606Mg ha-1 composed of 484Mg ha-1 TAG while BG is 122Mg ha-1. The forest has an estimated carbon stock value of 368Mg ha-1. Artocarpus blancoi has the highest carbon stock value of 41Mg ha-1 among the 19 species of trees recorded in the area. This implies that the Nonoc Island Forest reserve stored a significant amount of carbon, similar to the reports of other natural forests in the country that may help reduce carbon concentration. As a result, this study would like to recommend preserving and improving the island’s remaining forest areas, not only for forest resource conservation but also for climate change mitigation measures.
Flood risk in urban centers across the Philippines is increasing due to changes in ecological and hydrological processes. Both global and local drivers are intensifying these changes. Climate change is triggering an increase in hydro-meteorological hazards. Local land cover degradation, urbanization, conversion of floodplains and inappropriate hydro infrastructures have all increased our vulnerability to hydrological hazards.
In order to design appropriate responses the role and function of riparian ecosystems in regulation of flood is required to be understood not only in both spatial and temporal contexts, but also in socio cultural and economic contexts. This paper will look at emerging evidence based approaches from landscape ecology and ecohydrology to develop community driven low cost interventions that can better understand and measure land use degradation and direct land use management actions that can aid sustainable flood risk reduction.
This document provides information about a social studies lesson plan for Class VIII on the topic of geography, land, soil, water, natural vegetation, and wildlife. It includes 4 learning periods that cover different objectives and activities. The objectives focus on understanding land use and distribution of population, causes of landslides and methods of soil conservation, availability and uses of water and methods of water conservation, and natural vegetation, wildlife, and their conservation.
This is the talk I gave at MUSE (the museum of Science) in Trento 21st of March 2016. I talked about interaction between hydrology and forests at various scales. Presentation includes a nice set of review papers (with links to pdfs).
The document describes the local climate conditions and asks a series of questions about temperature, precipitation, snowfall, and factors that affect climate where the reader lives. It asks when the lowest and highest temperatures occur, how often it rains versus snows, and the heaviest snowfall remembered. It also asks the reader to define predation and competition based on their own experiences and give examples of each.
Title: The Deforestation Dilemma: Causes, Consequences, and Sustainable Solutions
Introduction:
Deforestation, the widespread removal of forests to make way for other land uses, stands as one of the most pressing environmental issues of our time. This comprehensive 3000-word exploration delves into the multifaceted aspects of deforestation, addressing its causes, consequences on biodiversity and climate, social impacts, and proposing sustainable solutions for a more harmonious coexistence between humanity and the world's forests.
Section 1: Understanding Deforestation (Approximately 500 words)
1.1 Definition and Scope
Deforestation refers to the deliberate or unintentional clearing of forests, resulting in the conversion of wooded areas into non-forest landscapes. This section provides a clear definition and delves into the scope of the problem, highlighting the global scale at which deforestation is occurring.
1.2 Historical Context
Examining the historical context of deforestation offers insights into how human activities have evolved and intensified over time. From early agricultural practices to the expansion of industrialization, understanding the historical roots of deforestation is crucial for comprehending its current magnitude.
Section 2: Causes of Deforestation (Approximately 800 words)
2.1 Agricultural Expansion
One of the primary drivers of deforestation is the expansion of agriculture. This section explores how the demand for food and cash crops has led to large-scale clearing of forests, often through slash-and-burn methods, contributing significantly to the loss of valuable ecosystems.
2.2 Logging and Timber Trade
Commercial logging, driven by the demand for timber and wood products, is another major cause of deforestation. This section delves into the dynamics of the timber industry, exploring the consequences of unsustainable logging practices and illegal logging activities.
2.3 Infrastructure Development
The need for infrastructure development, such as roads, highways, and dams, often results in the clearing of vast forested areas. Understanding the interconnectedness between human development projects and deforestation is crucial for devising sustainable solutions.
2.4 Mining and Extractive Industries
Mining operations and extractive industries contribute to deforestation as they require large areas of land for resource extraction. This section explores the impact of mining activities on forests, including habitat destruction and soil degradation.
2.5 Climate Change and Fires
Climate change exacerbates deforestation through phenomena like increased temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and the intensification of wildfires. Examining the complex relationship between deforestation and climate change provides a holistic understanding of these interconnected environmental challenges.
Section 3: Consequences of Deforestation (Approximately 800 words)
3.1 Biodiversity Loss
Deforestation is a major driver
The document discusses the history and types of forests on Earth. It describes how forests have evolved over time, with the first forests appearing 400 million years ago consisting of ferns and the modern flowering plant forests emerging around 100 million years ago. The three main forest types discussed are boreal, temperate, and tropical rainforests. Tropical rainforests are described as having the highest biodiversity and acting as the "lungs of the world" through photosynthesis. The document outlines concerns about deforestation, including the loss of biodiversity and its role in global warming. It also examines the important role forests play in the climate system through water cycling and how removal of forests can impact local and regional rainfall patterns.
The document discusses different types of forests and their role in the climate system. It describes the three main forest types: boreal forests, which are cold and slow-growing; temperate forests, which are resilient to disturbance; and tropical rainforests, which have high biodiversity but fragile soils. Tropical rainforests play a key role in the global water cycle by recycling rainfall and fueling more storms. Deforestation is a concern because it reduces biodiversity, increases carbon dioxide emissions, and impacts regional climates by decreasing evapotranspiration and rainfall.
The document discusses biological diversity and endangered species. It covers evolution over billions of years leading to the variety of species today. Evidence of evolution comes from fossils, DNA analysis, and other sources. Evolution occurs through genetic variation, natural selection, and other processes. Climate change and catastrophes have also influenced evolution by wiping out species and creating new evolutionary opportunities. Human impacts have depleted some biodiversity through activities like deforestation.
The document discusses biological diversity and endangered species. It covers evolution and how it has led to the variety of species found today. It also discusses factors such as natural selection, genetic drift, climate change and catastrophes that have impacted evolution over time. Additionally, it covers the current extinction crisis caused by human activities and some solutions to help protect biodiversity such as establishing nature reserves and protecting habitats in national parks.
Forests cover a third of our planet's land.
They provide raw materials, maintain biodiversity, protect land and water resources, and play a role in climate change mitigation.
Forests are heavily exploited, but important efforts are being made to use and manage them more sustainably.
What is the current state of the world's forests?
Resources and its classification, Natural Resources and associated problems, forest resources, water resources, mineral resources, energy resources, soil resources, ecosystem.
A presentation on the benefits of wetland watering in the Murray-Darling Basin given by Dr Peter Bacon to a joint meeting of the Riverina and NSW branches of Soil Science Australia at Wagga Wagga on 2 May 2019
Similar to Krss prelim 2010 4_e5n_geo elect_ans scheme (20)
SS Sec 4 chapter 2 strategies to sustain singapore economy - 2016earlgreytea
Singapore addresses challenges from globalization through diversifying its economy, nurturing small and medium enterprises, venturing abroad, expanding its market reach through economic cooperation, and efficiently managing its resources. Strategies for managing resources include developing skills in its workforce, attracting foreign talent, and carefully planning land use to preserve the environment.
The document discusses how globalization impacts economies and societies. It defines globalization as the increasing interconnectedness between countries through advances in transportation, communication, and multinational corporations. While globalization can raise living standards through more trade and investment, it can also widen income gaps and threaten local cultures. It also examines Singapore's strategies for remaining competitive in a globalized world, such as economic diversification, supporting small businesses, and expanding abroad.
Singapore takes a two-pronged approach to managing conflict and ensuring national security: deterrence and diplomacy. For deterrence, Singapore builds a strong military through measures like national service, developing advanced defense technologies, and cooperating with other militaries. For diplomacy, Singapore builds bilateral relations with other countries, actively participates in regional organizations like ASEAN, and works to peacefully resolve conflicts and pursue mutual interests. This comprehensive approach aims to deter threats while promoting cooperation and stability in the region.
This document provides revision notes on chapter 2 of a secondary 3 social studies textbook regarding principles of governance and strategies to promote population growth in Singapore. It discusses 4 key principles of governance: leadership is key, anticipate change and stay relevant, reward for work and work for reward, and a stake for everyone with opportunities for all. It also outlines reasons why the government wanted to promote population growth in the 1980s such as declining birth rate, an unattractive population size for businesses, risk of an aging population, and defense needs. Finally, it discusses strategies used to promote population growth including the graduate mothers scheme, encouraging 3 or more children if affordable, and other pro-family measures and attracting foreign talent.
Sec 2 History SBQ Skill: Compare and Contrast earlgreytea
The document provides information about comparing sources, including the different types of criteria that can be used, questions types, and steps to follow when answering comparison questions. It discusses correct and incorrect ways of comparing sources using criteria, the four types of criteria that can be used, what comparison questions require in the answer, and provides a template to use when answering comparison questions by first discussing similarities and then differences between sources.
The document discusses Singapore's challenges in managing a multi-ethnic, multi-religious society and maintaining social cohesion. It describes two historical incidents of racial/religious conflict - the 1964 racial riots and 1950 Maria Hertogh riots. It also discusses the threat of transnational terrorism from groups like Jemaah Islamiyah and how Singapore works to promote racial and religious harmony through policies of meritocracy, secularism, and emphasizing a shared national identity.
Sec 3 Social Studies Chapter 3 (Singapore) earlgreytea
Healthcare in Singapore is managed through a system that aims to balance providing basic, quality care affordably while encouraging individual responsibility. The government provides subsidies to hospitals and medical facilities. Individuals use compulsory savings from their Medisave accounts to pay medical bills, and can get additional coverage through MediShield. For those unable to afford care, there is the Medifund safety net. Debates continue around policies like means-testing to ensure the system's sustainability and fairness.
Sec 3 Social Studies SBQ Skill: Reliability pptearlgreytea
The document provides guidance on how to evaluate the reliability of sources by checking the provenance, content, purpose, typicality, and consistency with other sources. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Check the provenance or author to determine potential bias. 2) Examine if the source includes facts or opinions and multiple perspectives. 3) Consider if the information is typical. 4) Cross-reference with other sources. 5) Evaluate the source and determine if it is reliable or unreliable based on the checks. Examples are given to demonstrate how to apply the steps to evaluate source reliability.
Singapore initially merged with the Federation of Malaya in 1963 to form Malaysia in hopes of gaining independence. However, political and economic differences between Singapore and the ruling Alliance Party of Malaya led to tensions. Racial riots in 1964 further strained relations. Ultimately, disagreements could not be resolved, and Singapore separated from Malaysia in 1965, achieving full independence as a sovereign republic.
1. Marshall's government faced the Hock Lee Bus Riots in 1955 when bus workers went on strike but were fired, leading to riots. Marshall attempted to mediate but failed. His first Merdeka talks with Britain also failed to gain self-government for Singapore.
2. Lim's government saw the 1956 Students' Riots after he cracked down on communist students. The second Merdeka talks also failed.
3. The 1959 elections saw the People's Action Party win a majority, marking Singapore's transition to internal self-rule under a new democratic political structure.
The document discusses Singapore's history from before 1819 up until independence in 1965. It describes how Sir Stamford Raffles established Singapore as a British trading post in 1819. It then discusses the roles of different immigrant communities and Britain's colonial government. Major world events like the Industrial Revolution, opening of the Suez Canal, World Wars, and Great Depression impacted Singapore economically and socially. Both developments and conflicts abroad positively influenced Singapore's growth as a global trading hub but also brought challenges.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
1. KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2010
COMBINED HUMANITIES (GEOGRAPHY) 2192/02
PAPER 2 Answer Scheme
SEC 4 EXPRESS/5 NORMAL (ACADEMIC)
Monday 30 August 2010 1 hour 30 minutes
KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL KENT RIDG
KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL KENT RIDG
KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL KENT RIDG
KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL KENT RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL KENT RIDG
Name: ___________________________( ) Class: Sec __________
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your name, class and index number clearly in the spaces at the top of this page provided.
Do not open this question paper until you are told to do so.
Answer ONE question in Section A and ONE question in Section B.
Write your answers in the space provided on the question paper
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part of question.
The total mark for this paper is 50.
_________________________________________________________________________________
This Answer Scheme consists of printed pages, including this page.
Setter: Mrs Melanie Tee [Turn over
Section A
2. Answer one question from this section.
1a Fig. 1 shows information on the climate in two countries.
Country A Country B
Latitudinal location 22° N of Equator 64° N of Equator
Precipitation Heavy rainfall during the months of Low precipitation of an average of
June to September and average 65mm to 110mm per annum.
precipitation of 2100 mm per annum.
Temperature Temperature range of 7°C and average Wide temperature range of 23°C with
temperature of 27°C per annum. highest average temperature of 14°C
per annum.
Fig. 1
(i) Identify the climate type and the natural vegetation that can exist in Country A and Country B
respectively.
[4]
Country A
Climate - Tropical Monsoon Climate Vegetation type – Tropical Monsoon
forest
Country B
Climate – Cool temperate continental climate Vegetation type – Coniferous forest
[Award one mark for each factor]
(ii) Compare the structure and the density of the natural vegetation found in Countries A and B. [4]
Structure
- Tropical Monsoon forest has three vertical layers while the coniferous has no distinct
layers. [1]
- The average height of the tropical monsoon forest is shorter of about 15 metres as
compared to coniferous forest with a uniform height of 20 metres to 30 metres.
[Award 1 mark for indication of specific height]
Density
- It is denser in a tropical monsoon forest as compared to a coniferous forest. [1]
(iii) Explain how the natural vegetation in Country B adapts to its physical environment.
[5]
Leaves
- Needle-like leaves with small surface area that helps to reduce water loss to
transpiration.
- Evergreen leaves that do not shed their leaves during autumn so that photosynthesis
can take place even in low temperatures.
Flowers and Fruits
- Cones of flowers and fruits protect the seeds from the cold.
Bark and branches
- Thick bark to protect the trees from extreme cold temperatures.
Secondary 4 Express/5 Normal (Academic) 2 2192/2 Combined Humanities (Geography)
Kent Ridge Secondary School Preliminary Examination 2010
3. - Flexible and downward sloping branches to enable snow to prevent accumulation of
snow on branches.
- Conical shaped trees that help them to withstand strong winds so that they sway with
the wind.
Roots
- Shallow and spreading roots that allow for the absorption of water from the soil
surface.
[Award one mark for each factor]
b Fig. 2 shows the movement of soil water in a forested area and an urban area.
Fig. 2
Explain why there is a difference in the quality of water in the forested area and urban area. [4]
- The quality of water is better from the forested area. [1] This is due to more infiltration
of rainwater into soil and more interception from vegetation cover as compared to the
urbanized area [1] and results in lesser surface runoff.[1] With lesser surface runoff,
sediments are not washed into the river which does not deteriorate the quality of
water. [1]
c Describe the negative impacts of deforestation and assess how effective the measures are in
promoting sustainability of the forests. [8]
Negative impacts of deforestation
One of the impacts of deforestation is the loss in biomass that limits the ability for Earth
to support life. For example, the loss of biomass has greatly affected the food chain and
the ability for the Kalimantan rainforest to support plant and animal life.
A loss of biodiversity in Kalimantan could lead to extinction and endangerment of some
animal and plant species. For example, the Proboscis monkey. This could limit the
opportunity for education for the younger generation.
Changes in nutrient cycle which resulted in infertility of soil. This is due to the lack of
vegetation that could promote an increase in surface runoff; that affects the fertility of the
soil. Hence, very little of the original vegetation could be replaced back and the soil is
unable to cultivate the crops.
Other impacts
- Lesser quantity of water due to lesser transpiration and cloud formation and rainfall.
- Floods have occurred in Kalimantan due to higher rate of soil erosion.
Secondary 4 Express/5 Normal (Academic) 3 2192/2 Combined Humanities (Geography)
Kent Ridge Secondary School Preliminary Examination 2010
4. - Higher chances of floods due to the absence of roots that lead to soil erosion. Soil
sediments that are deposited into the river results in a shallower river bed, hence
reduces the ability to contain water and deteriorates the quality of water.
- Air pollution and haze in Central Kalimantan. Resulted in closure of schools and
impacts on the tourism industry.
Effectiveness of measures
Ministry of Forestry was set up to be responsible for ensuring that forest resources are
protected and sustained even in the generation of income. It is also responsible for the
legislation of illegal logging. Community involvement such as the local government which
can decided on how the forest is being used and enforce laws to make sure that there is
no misuse of the forest. Some measures implemented are Afforestation, which refers to
the planting of trees on areas not covered by forests and Reforestation which refers to the
replanting of trees in abandoned agriculture land. The planting of teak trees has allowed
the restoration of the forest as it is fast-growing. However, the rate of restoration is not as
fast as the rate of clearing. This is because there is not enough incentive for the local
people to participate in such a project. As only teak trees are planted, there is a lack of
support for the flora and fauna of the forest.
MOF has introduced laws to ensure that forests are carefully logged and severe penalties
are enforced for irresponsible and illegal timber logging. For example, selective cutting is
implemented to ensure that valuable trees are left undisturbed. These measures have
allowed more time for the regeneration of trees. However, it is difficult to monitor logging
and detect illegal logging activities, due to the lack of manpower and remoteness of
forested areas. Selective logging can also affect the neighbouring trees as the survival of
different plant species is dependent on one another.
Conservation ensures that resources are used carefully with the setting up of nature
reserves like Betung Kerihun Reserve in Kalimantan. However, detection of illegal logging
is difficult due to lack of manpower.
Controlling forest fires by the Indonesian government through Integrated Forest Fires
Protection System and National Fire Management. It educates Indonesians on the impacts
of forest fires. However, plantation companies continue to burn forest as it is the cheapest
way to clear land and they are reluctant to change this agriculture method.
* Any one of the three measures above.
A full answer does not need to include all the above points, a maximum of 3 impacts of deforestation
and evaluation of 3 strategies.
Candidates at each level will show the following characteristics:
Level 1 (0-3 marks)
- One or two suggestions of management, but no detail.
- No place reference or very general, e.g. in Asia
- No supported effectiveness, or simple statements made, e.g. it was better.
Level 2 (4-6 marks)
- Suggestions of management, may be no more than good naming of measure, e.g. controlled
logging, or very brief description.
- Place reference given, but little detail.
- Brief statements of effectiveness, . e,g “illegal logging has been reduced”.
Level 3 (6-8 marks)
- More than two measures named with some details.
- Place reference(s) fairly specific
- Clear statements of effectiveness. e.g “it has stopped the loss of trees, but it has reduced
biodiversity.”
Secondary 4 Express/5 Normal (Academic) 4 2192/2 Combined Humanities (Geography)
Kent Ridge Secondary School Preliminary Examination 2010
5. 2a Fig. 3 shows the river velocity of a section of a river channel.
Fig. 3
(i) Describe and explain the differences in river velocity of this section of a river channel.
[4]
- River velocity at the riverbed tends to be lower at about 71 cm/sec as compared to the
surface of the river where velocity is over 100cm/sec.
- Towards the right of Fig. 3, river velocity ranges from 71 cm/sec to over 100cm/sec.
However, on the left of the riverbank, velocity is lower with a range of 71cm/sec to under
40cm/sec.
- This could be due to the difference in gradient of the river channel
- As it can be seen on the left of Fig. 3, gradient is less steep as compared to the right the
river channel in Fig. 3. Hence, resulting in lower velocity.
[Award one mark for each factor. No marks for answers without reference made to Fig. 3]
(ii) Besides the factor mentioned in (i), what other factors affect the speed of the river? Explain your
answer.
[4]
- Roughness of the river channel [1]. If there are more obstacles, such as boulders and
rocks on the riverbed, speed of the river decreases. [1]
- Wetted perimeter [1] If wetted perimeter is large, water as more contact with the length
and breath of the river channel. Hence more friction is generated, reducing the speed of
the river. [1]
b The presence of vegetation allows for greater interception of rain. How does that presence affect
the fertility of the soil and help in the prevention of floods? [5]
- With greater inception of rain, the fertility of soil improves and there is greater prevention
of floods.
- The presence of vegetation reduces the impact of rainwater falling onto the ground
- and gives more lag time for infiltration to take place.
- Hence, the fertility of soil improves because there is decreased incidence of surface runoff
and soil erosion.
Secondary 4 Express/5 Normal (Academic) 5 2192/2 Combined Humanities (Geography)
Kent Ridge Secondary School Preliminary Examination 2010
6. - With reduced occurrence of soil erosion and surface runoff, sediments are not washed
into the riverbed, which in turn helps to prevent floods.
[Award one mark for each factor]
c Fig. 4 shows headlands and bays formed at a coast.
Fig. 4
Using Fig. 4, explain how wave fraction leads to deposition along the coastline. [4]
- As waves move in a parallel manner, their energy is concentrated on the headlands as the
waves bend as they approach the headlands.
- The bending of waves results in the slowing down of water due to shallower waters in
front of the headland.
- The difference in wave speeds is called wave fraction.
- This causes wave energy to be concentrated on the headland and wave energy is
weakened along the wider stretches of the bay, which results in deposition along the
coastline.
[Award one mark for each factor]
d With reference to one or more named examples, assess the effectiveness of flood prevention
measures.
[8]
- One of the measures in flood prevention is re-alignment involves the straightening of the
river channel to remove meanders and reduces the length of the river channel, which
would increase the speed of the river. When speed of the river increases, sediments
accumulated along the river banks can be washed away quickly, reducing the occurrence
of floods. There is also the disappearance of wetlands from re-alignment of the river as
the river flows over a smaller area.
Re-sectioning is the widening and deepening of the river channel to increase the ability to
hold water. With re-sectioning, more surface runoff can enter the river without causing
floods. The river bed and river bank can be smoothened out with cement, which reduces
the friction caused, hence increasing the speed of water and allowing water to flow away
more quickly. For example, the Singapore River.
However, the increase in speed of the river after channelisation may result in flooding
downstream. This is because the volume of water is increased and the river channel
downstream may not be able to contain the increased in flow of water. An accumulation of
sediments downstream may also result. This causes less sunlight to reach the seabed,
thus affecting the marine life. Loss of marine life and wetlands due to the concretisation of
river banks from re-sectioning of the river.
Secondary 4 Express/5 Normal (Academic) 6 2192/2 Combined Humanities (Geography)
Kent Ridge Secondary School Preliminary Examination 2010
7. Bank protection prevents soil erosion along the river banks by building dykes or artificial
levees. These structures increase the capacity for water retention in the river.
For example, gabions and revetments can also be built to divert the flow of water from the
river banks to the centre of the river. This reduces the impact of the water on the river
bank and reducing soil erosion and lessening the occurrence of flooding. Sediments may
also be accumulated behind structures like dykes and gabions. This causes the riverbed
to be shallower and increase the chances of flooding.
Planting of vegetation allows the soil to be held together by the roots of the trees and
plants. Vegetation will slow down the rate of surface runoff and reduces the amount of
eroded sediments being transported into the river.
A full answer does not need to include all the above points, a maximum of 3 strategies with
evaluation of such strategies.
Candidates at each level will show the following characteristics:
Level 1 (0-3 marks)
- One or two suggestions of management, but no detail.
- No place reference or very general, e.g. in Asia
- No supported effectiveness, or simple statements made, e.g. it was better.
Level 2 (4-6 marks)
- Suggestions of methods, may be no more than good naming of measure, e.g. re-alignment and
re-sectioning. Brief description of methods.
- Place reference given, but little detail.
- Brief statements of effectiveness, . e,g “occurrence of flooding has been reduced”.
Level 3 (6-8 marks)
- More than two measures named with some details.
- Place reference(s) fairly specific
- Clear statements of effectiveness. e.g “it has reduced the occurrence of flooding, but it biodiversity
of wetlands have been reduced due to reduction of wetlands”.
Section B
Answer one question from this section.
3a Figs. 5a and 5b show the population pyramids of two countries.
Fig. 5a
Secondary 4 Express/5 Normal (Academic) 7 2192/2 Combined Humanities (Geography)
Kent Ridge Secondary School Preliminary Examination 2010
8. Fig. 5b
(i) Using Figs. 5a and 5b, compare the population structure between the two countries. [3]
- Birthrate and ages 0-4 years old for Nigeria in 2005 is higher with about 23 million young
as compared with Japan, which has only about 6 million young for the year 2005.
- Japan is facing an ageing population as the country has a greater proportion of people in
the age group of 50 years and above.
- More people in Japan live up to the life expectancy age of 80+ years old as compared to
Nigeria. This can be seen that Japan has about 6 million people above the age of 80 while
Nigeria has only about 2 million people.
[Award one mark for each factor]
(ii) Using Figs. 5a and 5b, assess the level of development for the respective countries and give
reasons for your answer.
[6]
- Level of development is higher in Japan as compared to Nigeria in 2005.
- This is because Nigeria has a higher birth rate and lesser proportion of people of being in
the economically active age.
- With higher birth rate, the country may not have enough resources, like the provision of
food, housing and education for the young as compared to Japan who can provide for
their young as they have a low birthrate.
- This affects the level of development as people do not have access to education, which
could affect the productivity and development of the country.
- Japan has more people are in the economically age-range. This allows them to contribute
more to the economy, hence encouraging development of the country.
- Nigeria has a lower proportion of people living till retirement age, this could be due to the
lack of healthcare in the country. With a higher death rate and lower proportion of people
being economically active, the development of the country is negatively affected.
[Award one mark for each factor]
b Fig. 6 shows data on Human Development Index in some countries from 1992 to 2008.
Secondary 4 Express/5 Normal (Academic) 8 2192/2 Combined Humanities (Geography)
Kent Ridge Secondary School Preliminary Examination 2010
9. Fig. 6
(i) Using Fig. 6, compare the level of development between Indonesia and Malaysia and account for
the differences. [5]
- Indonesia has a lower level of development as compared to Malaysia.
- It can be seen that Malaysia has a steady growth in terms of HDI from 0.75 in 1993 to about
0.83 in 2007.
- On the other hand, Indonesia experiences a less steady growth from HDI of 0.64 to about
0.71 in 2007. However, in 2001 to 2002, it experienced a steep growth to HDI 0.7.
- This could be because Indonesia may have difficulty in coping with the financial crisis in
2001, hence development is unstable.
[Award 1 mark for each factor]
(ii) Describe the limitations of Human Development Index as a measurement of development. [3]
- HDI fails to measure human rights and freedom of people.
- There is also a time lag between the time of collecting and publishing data of two years,
hence data may not be accurate.
- There could be discrepancies of data collected in rural areas as the economy depends
heavily on informal trading. Hence, only income of people is used estimation.
[Award one mark for each factor]
c Describe the socio-economic and physical factors that cause uneven development between
developed and less developed countries, and evaluate the effectiveness of the international efforts
to alleviate this problem. [8]
Socio-economic factors
Cumulative causation where the core areas tend to receive more investment as compared to
periphery areas. With more investment in the core areas, demand of goods and services
increases as well, hence this attracts greater investment in the core area, encouraging
development. The labour and resources needed for the new developments in the core areas
come from the periphery areas. This is thus known as cumulative causation.
With higher education, development would be encouraged productivity of the people
increases. Population growth rate is low and sustained that ensures the availability of
resources. Strong leadership encourages development and new investments.
International cooperation
International organizations, like World Bank and Asian Development Bank that provide
loans and aid in the form of technology to help them to develop economically and socially.
For example, in 1998, the World Bank’s Kecamatan Development Programme (KDP)
provided aid to Indonesia. This allowed Sleepy Tirtomoyo to gain access to clean and
reliable supply of water. International agreements, like the UN Millennium Development
Goals helps LDC to alleviate poverty and hunger. For example, in Vietnam, people are
taught necessary skills to look for jobs.
However, the use of international organisations requires the cooperation of many countries
and the decision-making process among countries may be tedious. Countries need to
decide on the allocation of funds and the parties that will receive the aid. Because of the
tedious process, aid may not reach the affected countries in a timely manner. In some
countries, the government of the affected country may be corrupted and thus the people
would not be able to receive aid meant for them.
A full answer does not need to include all the above points, a maximum of 3 strategies with
evaluation of such strategies.
Candidates at each level will show the following characteristics:
Secondary 4 Express/5 Normal (Academic) 9 2192/2 Combined Humanities (Geography)
Kent Ridge Secondary School Preliminary Examination 2010
10. Level 1 (0-3 marks)
- One or two suggestions of management, but no detail.
- No place reference or very general, e.g. in Asia
- No supported effectiveness, or simple statements made, e.g. it was better.
Level 2 (4-6 marks)
- Suggestions of methods, may be no more than good naming of measure, e.g. United Nations
- Place reference given, but little detail.
- Brief statements of effectiveness, e,g “better development”.
Level 3 (6-8 marks)
- More than two measures named with some details.
- Place reference(s) fairly specific
- Clear statements of effectiveness.
4a Fig. 7 shows a cartoon on the food situation in the world.
Fig. 7
(i) Using Fig. 7, describe the situation of food supply in the world. [3]
- There is uneven distribution of food between developed countries and less developed
countries.
- It can be seen that the less developed countries are not getting enough food
- While the more developed countries, like UK, have sufficient amount of food and have
easy access to food.
[Award one mark for each factor]
(ii) What are some impacts due to this situation? [3]
- In less developed countries, the children are suffering from malnutrition and starvation.
- In more developed countries, the children suffer from obesity and other health-related
illnesses linked to obesity, like high-blood pressure.
- These could affect the level of development in the country adversely, especially in less
developed countries where there would be lack of manpower to contribute productively to
the development of the country.
[Award one mark for each factor]
(iii) Explain the reasons for the situation of food supply as seen in Fig. 7. [6]
- Affordability OR purchasing power a person has to obtain food. People in Nigeria may not earn
enough income to purchase food to meet his nutritional needs.
- Nigeria may lack the stability of food supply where the people in the country experiences food
security.
Secondary 4 Express/5 Normal (Academic) 10 2192/2 Combined Humanities (Geography)
Kent Ridge Secondary School Preliminary Examination 2010
11. - The country lacks the income to import food and the favourable conditions to grow their own
food.
- For example, they may suffer from droughts or conflict that may disrupt the supply of food.
- In more rural areas, transportation facilities may be lacking that hinders people in rural villages
from obtaining a steady supply of food.
- The country lacks the income to import food from other countries or even to engage in trading
activities with other countries.
[Award one factor for each factor. Do not accept Globalisation and availability of food
outlets as answer as it would not be in context to Fig. 7.]
b Fig. 8 shows the level of profit earned from the cultivation of crops in India.
Describe the trend of profit earned from the cultivation of the crops in India from 1975 to 1995 and
suggest reasons for it. [5]
- It can be seen that Paddy, wheat and sugar cane experiences a steady growth of profits
earned from 1975 to 1995.
- For example, paddy has grown from $10 billion to $30 billion in profits.
- However, there is a reduction of profits earned for coarse cereals from about $18 billion to
a -$10 billion in 1995.
- This could be because there is a change in food preference of the people in India as the
country develops.
- People may move away from consuming coarse cereals which is staple food to consuming
more paddy and wheat.
[Award one mark for each factor]
c Explain the various strategies used by countries to respond to variations in food consumption and
assess the sustainability of these strategies. [8]
International organizations come together to help LDCs solve the problem of having insufficient
food. For example, emergency famine relief, agriculture research and media campaigning.
Secondary 4 Express/5 Normal (Academic) 11 2192/2 Combined Humanities (Geography)
Kent Ridge Secondary School Preliminary Examination 2010
12. Programmes have been developed to provide food to people who are starving and having
malnutrition. For example, UN World Food Programme (WFP) has helped to develop agriculture
facilities such as roads and irrigation channels. The government could also response to these
needs by providing for food subsidies to help the poor obtain food.
However, this creates a heavy burden on government expenses and it has been widely criticise for
inculcating reliance on the government.
The government can equip people with the right skills, such as farming skills that have a lasting
effect. However, this requires more time and money as investment, thus provision of help is also
not provided for in a timely manner. Stock piling can be done by the government, which is to
purchase a large amount of food for storage. This requires expensive storage facilities and a lot of
income from the government. Hence it may not be feasible by LDCs as they lack the finances to
build storage facilities. Stock piling results in DCs to control food supply. This creates another
problem for the LDCs as they may not have enough food for purchase as they woirld normally
purchase food from DCs. Food producers in LDCs can be encouraged to grow varieties of food
demanded by DCs. This allows them to earn more income and thus would be able to have the
purchasing power to obtain food. For example, coffee plantation.
Secondary 4 Express/5 Normal (Academic) 12 2192/2 Combined Humanities (Geography)
Kent Ridge Secondary School Preliminary Examination 2010