Korea ppt-pre-modern korea

1. Bringing Korea into K-12 Classrooms
An Introduction to Pre-Modern
Korean History
National Korean Studies Seminar
Copyright 2014
Mary Connor and Sung Kim

2. The Roots of Koreans
• The Neolithic Age ancestors of the
Koreans migrated into the peninsula
around 4,000 B.C.E. and left many relics.
• Ethnologically, the Korean people belong
to the Mongoloid family, and the language
belongs to the Altaic language family
along with Turkic, Mongolian, Japanese
and Manchu-Tungus.

3. Migration Routes of Ancient
Koreans

4. Dolmen (Island of Kanghwado)
• The early Koreans
lived in hilly areas,
engaging chiefly in
agriculture and even
rice farming. They
built dolmens and
stone-coffin tombs
are widespread.

5. Comb Pattern Pottery
• An example of comb-
pattern ware dating
from 3,000-2,000
B.C.E. This ancient
bowl, excavated from
prehistoric remains in
Seoul, is very similar
to pottery from in
Northern Europe and
Siberia.

6. The Creation Myth and the Origins
of Ancient Choson
• The son of the divine creator came to the human world
to establish a nation on the top of Mt. Paektu. A tiger and
a bear came and begged him to make them human.
They were told to eat mugwort and garlic and to avoid
sunlight for one hundred days. The bear became a
woman, but the tiger failed. The son of the divine creator
felt sorry for the woman as she was all alone, so he
married her. Their son, Dangun, became the first ruler of
Joseon.
• Dangun made the walled city of Pyongyang the capital in
2333 B.C.E., called his country Joseon (Land of the
Morning Calm), and ruled for 1500 years.
• This legend has contributed to the Korean sense of
identity as a distinct and proud race.

7. The summit of Mt. Paektu,
spiritual home of Koreans

8. National Shrine to Dangun
North Korea

9. The Han Dynasty and The Three
Kingdoms Period
• By 108 B.C.E. the Han dynasty had established
four outposts in Korea. At this point Korea was
not a single entity, but a scattering of tribes.
• The Three Kingdoms gradually arose. Goguryeo
(37 B.C.E. – 668 C.E.) in the north, Baekje (18
B.C.E.- 660 C.E.) in the south, and Silla (57
B.C.E. – 935 C.E.) in the southeast. They were
independent of Chinese political control, but
greatly influenced by China’s material culture.

10. The Three Kingdoms
• Each kingdom recognized
that China was superior
in power, and was
essentially left alone.
Tribute was given to
China as a sign of
friendship and respect.
Trade and cultural
exchanges were frequent.
Confucian beliefs existed
within each kingdom.
• But the three kingdoms
engaged in frequent
warfare with each other.

11. The Kingdom of Goguryeo
(37 B.C.E. – 668 C.E.)
• Goguryeo’s proximity to China promoted
continuous influences. In 372 C.E. a monk
introduced Buddhism. Confucianism was
also introduced about the same time.
• The artistic skills of Goguryeo people can
be seen in royal tombs that contain some
of the finest wall paintings of the 4th
and 5th
centuries.

12. Hunting Scene of Goguryeo Warriors
“Tomb of the Dancers” (Manchuria)

13. “The Tomb of the Dancers”
The previous image reflects the horseback
life of the peoples of Goguryeo. Before the
arrival of Buddhist influence, Shamanist
beliefs were that the afterlife was the
same as actual life, thus the hunters in the
tomb can be seen pursuing deer, even
though they fly over mountaintops in a
spiritual context.

14. The Goguryeo Controversy
• Goguryeo was in the headlines by a relatively
recent Beijing-backed study that claims
Goguryeo as an integral part of China.
• South Koreans disagree. Ban Ki-moon, Head of
the United Nations, expressed the following:
"It is an indisputable historical fact that
Goguryeo is the root of the Korean nation and
an inseparable part of our history. We will sternly
and confidently deal with any claims or
arguments harming the legitimacy of our rights."

15. The Kingdom of Baekje
(18 B.C.E. – 660 C.E.)
• Buddhism and Confucianism were
introduced to Baekje shortly after these
beliefs came to Goguryeo.
• Artifacts from Baekje show Chinese
influences, but they also reveal
characteristics that are distinctly Korean.
• The people of this kingdom sailed to
Japan and introduced Chinese characters,
Buddhism, music, and art.

16. The Silla Kingdom
(57 B.C.E. – 935 C.E.)
• Silla was initially more backward than Goguryeo
or Baekkje and less influenced by China, but it
ultimately became the longest dynasty in Korean
history.
• Although Confucianism came to Silla, its
teaching of inequality between men and women
does not seem to have had an impact. Two
women occupied the throne of Silla. The most
famous was Queen Sondok (r. 632 to 647 C.E.).

17. Queen Sondok’s Reign
• During Queen Sondok’s reign,
as in most of the Three
Kingdom’s period, the Korean
peninsula was a very violent
place.
• In spite of constant warfare,
the queen devoted herself to
the welfare of her people and
created Ch’omsongdae, one of
the oldest astronomical
observatories in the world.
• At the base are 12 stones
symbolizing the months of the
year, and there are 366 stones
in the observatory representing
roughly the days of the year.

18. Queen Sondok’s reign
• The stone pagoda of
the Punhwang
Temple was built
during her reign and
is the only one
surviving from the
pre-unified Silla
period. Originally it
had nine stories but
only three remain.

19. Important Developments in Silla
• By the 6th
century the Chinese title wang (king)
was adopted and Buddhism was accepted as
the state religion.
• Most of the power rested with the aristocrats
who retained power based on hereditary bone
rank or bloodline.
• The aristocracy dominated the military and
followed a strict code of conduct that combined
Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism.

20. Silla Kingdom
• Distinctive elements
of the Silla culture
were found in the
tombs of royalty and
nobility, such as this
gold crown.
• Earthenware
technology was also
transmitted to Japan
during this time.

21. The Silla Kingdom
One of the most famous
royal tombs in the ancient
capital (Kyongju) is now
open to the public. It
contains what is called
“the heavenly horse” (part
of a mudguard) which
reveals the robust spirit
and high level of artistry
of the time. The
suggestion of four extra
legs gives the magic
horse the ability to fly.

22. Shamanism
• “The heavenly horse” tomb painting is another early
example of shamanistic-type painting in Korea.
• Shamans were common in the ancient cultures of
Siberia and northern Asia, and Korean shamanism was
most likely introduced by these people. It is believed that
these tomb relics confirm the link of Silla to the ancient
cultures of Siberia and northern Asia and that
shamanism flourished among the ancestors of the
Korean people before they first learned of Buddhism or
Confucianism.
• Shamanism has survived into the 21st
century and it
continues to play a role in the Korean consciousness.

23. Unified Silla (668-935 C.E.)
• After the Tang allied with Silla and defeated
Goguryeo and Baekje, Silla was able to get
Goguryeo and Baekje to become its allies. After
the success of the alliance, Tang threatened
Silla, but Silla stood its ground and Tang forces
withdrew. Silla then emerged as a unified state.
• The people of Unified Silla were able to lay the
groundwork for a long lasting national culture for
the Korean people.

24. Unified Silla (668-935 C.E.)
• Unified Silla lasted for nearly three
centuries, and for a time, along with Tang
China, was more advanced than any area
of Europe except for the Byzantine
Empire.
• It achieved rapid development in the arts,
religion, education, printing, and
commerce.
• Trade with China and Japan flourished.

25. Achievements of Unified Silla
• Tourists still witness the achievements of
the golden age of Silla.
• The craftsmanship and aesthetics of this
period are thought to surpass all others
throughout the whole of Korean history.
• Present-day Kyongju, the capital of Silla,
became the center of learning and
creativity.

26. Kyongju and the Royal Tombs

27. Bulguksa (“Buddha nation temple”)

28. Bulguksa (built in 528 C.E. and
restored in 1970s )

29. The Sokkuram Grotto
• High in the mountains
in a cave above
Bulguksa is the
famous Buddha of the
Sokkuram Grotto.
• The Buddha is one of
the crowning
achievements of Silla
and conveys a sense
of spirituality even for
the non-Buddhist.

30. Kwaenung Tomb (near Kyongju)

31. The Decline of Silla
• The dynasty declined in the 8th
century.
• After a king was assassinated in 780,
political turmoil reigned for 150 years.
• In 918 General Wang Kon seized control,
moved the capital to Kaesong, and
reunified Korea.
• Kyongju faded into obscurity. Not until the
20th
century were the achievements of Silla
rediscovered.

32. The Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392):
Early Goryeo
• Wang Kon founded a new unified dynasty
that lasted for nearly five centuries.
• He named it Goryeo, an abbreviation of
Goguryeo, the origin of the name Korea.
• Wang Kon implemented a policy of
northern expansion, abolished the bone
rank system, and put into place a Chinese
form of centralized government.

33. Influence of Buddhism
• Buddhism was at its height in the 10th
and 11th
century in Goryeo, played a major role in social
life, and acted as a principal force in cultural
achievements.
• Hundreds of temples were built throughout
Korea.
• One of the most famous temples is Haeinsa
which had its origins in the 9th
century. It is
considered one of Korea’s most beautiful
temples.

34. Haeinsa

35. Haeinsa

36. Early Goryeo Achievements
• One of the great achievements was the
publication of the entire Buddhist
scriptures on woodblocks in 1087.
They were later destroyed by the Mongols;
however, 81,000 blocks were completed in
1251 and are stored at Haeinsa. They can
print 320,000 pages of text.

37. The Tripitaka (Buddhist Scriptures)
at Haeinsa
• It is possible to see
the second set of
woodblocks when
touring Haeinsa.
• These woodblocks
are the finest
examples of some
twenty Tripitaka
carvings created in
East Asia.

38. The Invention of Movable Type
• By 1234, if not earlier, Goryeo had also invented
movable metal type, two centuries before
Gutenberg. Goryeo’s use of this printing method
is the earliest in the history of the world.
• The oldest existing book printed with metal type
was printed in a Korean temple in 1377 and is
now preserved in the Bibliotheque Nationale in
Paris.

39. Goryeo Celadon
• Celadon with delicate
colors (especially jade
green) is considered the
crowning glory of
Goryeo’s artistic
achievements.
• Celadon wares are
remarkable for their
beautiful color, balanced
forms, and beautiful
patterns with
extraordinary inlay
techniques.

40. Later Goryeo and the Mongols
• In the early 13th
century Genghis Khan united the
Mongolian tribes, captured Peking and northern
China.
• In 1231, the Mongols invaded the Korean
peninsula, seized the capital of Kaesong and
demanded a large tribute.
• The Koreans resisted, over 200,000 were taken
captive, and many cultural treasures were
destroyed, including the first Tripitaka Koreana.

41. Mongol Rule
• By 1271 the military leadership surrendered and was
forced to accept Yuan domination.
• The Korean people suffered severely from the burden of
enormous tribute requirements, which included gold,
silver, ginseng, and medicinal herbs.
• The Mongols also demanded Korean women and
artisans. It became the fashion for the Mongol
aristocracy to take a Korean woman as one of their
wives.
• Goryeo men were also forced to build warships and
invade Japan; however, the Japanese were saved by
typhoons (the kamikaze or “divine wind”).

42. Mongol Rule
• Because of the vastness of the Mongolian
Empire, Korea was now more open to
technological influences.
• The cotton plant was introduced, along
with a calendar, gunpowder, and
astronomical and mathematical
knowledge.

43. The End of Goryeo
• With the death of the Khubilai Khan in 1294, the Yuan
empire was weakened and it began to loosen its grip
over the kingdom of Goryeo. The Ming dynasty (1368-
1644) began to emerge.
• Goryeo was vulnerable during this time as Japanese
marauders invaded the peninsula and devastated vast
areas. Northern nomads (Red Turbans) also invaded
Korea twice.
• The Goryeo court sent General Yi Songgye to the Yalu
region to cooperate with the Mongols against the Ming
and the Red Turbans, but he brought his troops back to
Kaesong and carried out a coup against the Goryeo
king. The last king of Goryeo was exiled in 1392. This
marked the end of the 475 year old Goryeo dynasty.

44. Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910):
Early period to the 17th
century)
• Yi Songgye (Taejo r. 1392-1398) founded
Korea’s longest dynasty which lasted until the
early 20th
century.
• He moved the capital to Seoul, which became
the political, economic and cultural center of
Korea and has remained so ever since.
• To protect Seoul, he ordered the construction of
massive walls and gates, parts of which remain
today.

45. Namdaemun Gate, Seoul
• Namdaemun is
considered Korea’s
National Treasure
Number One. It was first
built in 1398 and rebuilt
during the reign of King
Sejong. In 2008, the
wooden pagoda atop the
gate was severely
damaged by an arson,but
restored by 2013.

46. Relations with China
• King Taejo continued the traditional
relationship with China. The missions
served the purpose of recognizing
Chinese authority and allowed for cultural
borrowing and economic exchange.
• During the next five centuries Korea gave
virtually unquestioned loyalty to Chinese
political institutions and readily accepted
cultural influences.

47. Early Joseon Developments
• In spite of the fact that Taejo was a devout Buddhist, he
directed the dynasty to adopt neo-Confucianism.
• The establishment of Confucian schools became a high
priority and in time Korea became a model Confucian
society.
• For 150 years Joseon experienced peace and
prosperity. Taejo and enlightened successors
strengthened the bureaucracy, national defense, and
promoted the economy and the culture of the kingdom.
• National boundaries were extended to the Yalu and
Tumen rivers.

48. King Sejong (1418-1450): A Golden
Age for Korea
• King Sejong became Korea’s greatest monarch by
bringing stability and prosperity to his nation.
• He mastered Confucian learning, communicated
successfully with the yangban (office-holding aristocrats)
scholars.
• His rule was known for good government based on the
Confucian classics, the creation of hangul (the Korean
writing system), economic development, scientific
discovery, and technological innovation.
• Sejong considered the creation of hangul to be his
greatest accomplishment. He wanted to find ways to
make his people more literate and developed a simple
and effective system that was scientific and easy to
learn.

49. King Sejong’s reign
• He showed great concern for the peasants,
providing tax reform and relief in hard times. His
scholars published a book that became the
classic book on agriculture.
• He helped to create an 85 volume medical
encyclopedia to cure nearly one thousand
diseases.
• He loved science and encouraged the charting
of constellations. A rain gauge was invented in
1442, and accurate records of precipitation were
maintained 200 years before Europe began
such practices.

50. Joseon and Neo-Confucianism
• While the Goryeo dynasty is remembered for the
dominance of Buddhism, Joseon is known for
Confucian beliefs which emphasized the
importance of education, social stability, filial
piety, and good government based on a
hierarchical social order of the elite selected
through competitive civil service examinations.
• Korea was to become the most Confucian nation
in East Asia.
• Women were to understand that they were
inferior and that they should be submissive to
men at all times.

51. Neo-Confucianism
• Prior to this time Buddhism and Confucianism
had coexisted, but now there were restrictions
against the practice of Buddhism and limits on
the number of monasteries.
• The yangban, the hereditary elite, continued to
dominate in government.
• At this time Korea adopted the idea that rulers
had to practice ethical conduct to maintain rule.
This notion predated John Locke’s theory of the
right of revolution by hundreds of years.

52. The Impact of Confucianism
on Society
• Confucianism contributed to the stability of
society and perpetuated for centuries the
continuation of a very rigid class structure.
• Ten percent of the population was the yangban
class, the upper-class landowners whose goal
was education in the Confucian classics and
government or military service.
• Fifty percent were yangmin (farmers, merchants,
fishermen, and craftsmen. The next class was
the chonmin (the lowborn) who were in
disdained hereditary professions, such as
butchers, shamans, entertainers, or slaves.

53. Impact of Confucianism
on Government
• Confucianism also influenced the growth of the
Chinese examination system that had been used
in the Goreyo dynasty, but now it was the
principal means of gaining high government
office.
• This system produced officials based on
academic achievement as opposed to social
status. It initially produced an effective
bureaucracy; however, it deteriorated and finally
ended with the overthrow of the Joseon by the
Japanese in 1910.

54. The Influence of Confucianism
on Economic Development
• Confucian beliefs helped to perpetuate a
static agrarian society and promoted
contempt for the development of
commerce, an activity seen as self-serving
and socially divisive.
• A road system was maintained, but trade
within the country and with the outside
world (except for China and Japan)
remained limited.

55. The Influence of Confucianism
on the Arts
• The influence of Confucianism may also be seen
in the arts.
• Chinese-style landscapes, shrines and Chinese
music were characteristic of Joseon.
• Enormous palaces, such as the Changdokkung
in Seoul, were constructed to reflect the ambition
of kings.
• Green celadon gave way to white porcelain, and
brown appeared in the 16th
century.

56. Changdokkung Palace
• This palace was built in
1405 by the third ruler of
the Joseon dynasty as a
royal villa.
• After 1405, kings
continued to enlarge the
palace.
• The palace was
destroyed by the
Japanese in 1592, but
was reconstructed in the
17th
century.

57. White Porcelain
• Modesty and humility
were stressed by
Confucianism.
• It was felt that colors
were associated with
emotion and thus
“impure,” so simple
white porcelain was
highly valued.

58. The Weakening of Joseon
• Despite the influence of the early enlightened
monarchs, problems appeared that ultimately
weakened the dynasty.
• Kings continued to have limited power and were
rarely respected by the yangban.
• To gain the support of the yangban, the
monarchs doled out generous grants of
nontaxable land which led to higher taxes for the
peasants.
• Competition grew for government positions
which led to intense rivalry between groups of
nobility.

59. The Rise of Hideyoshi
• As intense factions were growing in Korea,
Toyotomi Hideyoshi was crushing his rivals and
reunifying Japan.
• In 1592 he launched an invasion against Korea
in what was to be a step toward challenging the
Ming dynasty and creating an empire.
• Since there had been peace for an extended
period of time, Korea was ill prepared for a
major invasion.

60. Admiral Yi Sunsin
• Within a month the Japanese captured Seoul
and nearly the entire peninsula; however,
Admiral Yi Sunsin rescued the nation.
• For a year he had strengthened his naval forces,
building warships and training crews.
• He constructed turtle boats with a protective
covering (probably the first use of iron plate) to
ward off enemy arrows and shells. Spikes and
canons were placed around each ship.

61. Admiral Yi’s Victory
• With the assistance of his warships, Admiral Yi
stopped Japanese advances.
• Meanwhile, yangban, peasant farmers, and
slaves united into guerilla armies, and Ming
forces arrived to support their tributary state.
Attempts at peace failed.
• When the Japanese launched another attack in
1597, Admiral Yi had a spectacular victory.
Before the year was over Hideyoshi died and the
Japanese completely withdrew.

62. The Turtle Boat
• The Korean War Museum
in Seoul houses a replica
of Admiral Sunsin’s
famed turtle boat.
• Koreans are proud of the
fact that their use of iron
on battleships predated
the ironclad ships of the
American Civil War by
over 250 years.

63. Results of the Japanese Invasions
• The invasion has been emphasized in
Korean literature and still contributes to
bitterness against the Japanese.
• The invasions were disastrous because
nearly all provinces suffered pillage and
slaughter. The population decreased and
famine and disease were widespread.
• Buildings, works of art and historical
records were destroyed.

64. Arrival of the Manchus
• Korea had barely recovered from the invasions
when the Manchus invaded from the north,
seized land, and overthrew the Ming dynasty.
• In 1637 Joseon was forced to accept the
suzerainty of the newly formed Qing.
• The Koreans considered the Manchus to be
barbarians, and for China to be ruled by them
seemed like the end of civilization.

65. A Nation in Transition:
The 17th
, 18th
and 19th
Centuries
• The invasions by the Japanese and the
Manchus were a turning point in Korean history.
Devastated by the outside world, monarchs
adopted a policy of isolation.
• Outside forces continued to have a significant
impact. Koreans on tribute missions made
contact with Jesuit scholars and brought back
books on science, maps, telescopes and alarm
clocks.

66. Hendrik Hamel
• In 1653, a Dutch ship was wrecked near
Cheju Island. Though the sailors were
rescued, the Dutchmen were held as
spies for an extended period of time. One
of them, Hendrik Hamel, escaped,
returned to Holland to write a book on
Korea.
• Hamel’s book was the first publication that
introduced Korea to the Western world.

67. Sirhak Movement
(Practical Learning)
• During the 17th
century, as economic and political
problems grew more severe, a group of Confucian
scholars advocated reforms that became the Sirhak
movement.
• They challenged Confucian ideas and recommended
practical solutions to solve Korea’s problems. They
resented the power of the yangban.
• They recommended the radical idea that service in
government should be opened to all and promoted the
rights of man and social equality. Their ideas ultimately
had a major impact on reform movements in the late 19th
century.

68. Sirhak’s Intellectual and
Artistic Influence
• The Sirhak movement influenced the publication
of books on political, economic, health and
educational reform.
• It also influenced the growth of historical writing,
fiction, poetry, and genre painting.
• The greatest change in the field of literature
came with the number of works written in
hangul.
• With these developments, a folk culture grew
rapidly.

69. The Folk Culture
• Greater realism and individualism appeared in
the arts.
• Genre painting of ordinary events of everyday
life became very popular. Folk music, including
songs, dance, and mask plays, was performed.
• Shamanist beliefs were evident in music and
dramatic performances.
• A new form of dramatic narrative music (pansori)
and musical drama developed, enriching the
lives of the Korean people.

70. Genre Painting
(“Women’s Outing”)

71. Mask Drama Plays
• Masked dance
dramas developed as
an entertainment form
expressing the
thoughts of the
general populace and
their resentment of
the oppression they
suffered.

72. Catholicism:
Another Force for Change
• Catholicism (Western Learning) was introduced
by Jesuit missionaries in the early 17th
century,
but had little impact.
• As Sirhak influence grew, so did the growth of
Catholicism because it conveyed a belief in the
equality of the children of God.
• When the government learned that Christianity
disagreed with Confucian beliefs, such as
ancestor worship, persecutions followed.
Nevertheless, missionaries continue to spread
their religion.

73. Tonghak
(Eastern Learning)
• The Tonghak movement began as a response to
Catholicism, government corruption, social
injustice and peasant poverty.
• Alarmed by Tonghak’s growing influence, the
government decapitated its leader; nevertheless
the movement continue to flourish.
• Meanwhile the government resisted reform
because powerful yangban officials feared
change. Their policies were doomed to fail.

74. The Opening of Korea, Attempts at
Reform, and National Peril
• The Korean people encountered
additional problems in the 19th
century as a
result of the industrialization, nationalism,
and imperialism of major world powers.
• Western nations (Great Britain, France,
Russia, and the United States, and a
modernized Japan actively pursued
policies enacted to secure wealth in Asian
markets.

75. “The Hermit Kingdom”
• Koreans continued to reject outsiders as a result
of the tragic results of contact with the Japanese
and the Manchus in the late 16th
and early 17th
centuries.
• They believed that Western ideas threatened
Confucianism, the foundation of their civilization.
• Until the 19th
century, foreign relations consisted
of an annual tribute mission to Peking and
limited contact with Japan; however, in the 19th
century the West and Japan forced Korea to end
its isolation.

76. A Treaty with Japan (1876)
• In 1876 Japanese warships invaded Korea and
demanded commercial and diplomatic relations.
Japan said if Korea refused, there would be war.
• Forced by “gunboat diplomacy,” the Korean
government signed the Kanghwa Treaty, their
first unequal treaty with an imperial power. A
clause stated that Korea was a sovereign nation;
this paved the way for Japanese aggression.

77. A Treaty with the U.S., 1882
• In 1873 King Kojong, decided to deal more effectively
with the outside world by promoting reforms in foreign
trade, arms production, and foreign language education.
He hoped to promote good relations with the United
States in hopes that the it might offer protection against
Japan and Russia.
• In 1882 U.S. Commodore Robert Shufeldt signed a
treaty with Korea. It gave special trading rights favoring
the U.S. and privileges to its citizens.
• King Kojong was led to believe that the U.S. would
protect Korea.

78. Protestant Missionaries
• With the influx of Protestant (Presbyterian
and Methodist) missionaries, Christianity
spread and modern schools were
established.
• They established hospitals and increased
knowledge about agriculture, commerce
and industry.
• Their teachings also fostered concepts of
freedom and equality.

79. Imperialism and War
• Korea in the late 19th
century became
increasingly the center of rivalry among England,
Russia, China and Japan.
• In 1895 Japan defeated China and it was then
forced to accept Korea’s independence.
• In 1895 Japan murdered the Queen Min.
• In 1905 Japan defeated Russia, and Teddy
Roosevelt negotiated the Portsmouth Treaty.

80. The Loss of Sovereignty and the
End of Joseon
• In a 1905 secret agreement with Japan (Taft-
Katsura Agreement), Teddy Roosevelt agreed to
give Japan a free hand in Korea in exchange for
the promise that Japan would not interfere in the
Philippines.
• King Kojong was forced to abdicate, and his
mentally retarded son became the Emperor of
Korea and a puppet of Japan.
• In 1910 the new emperor signed the Treaty of
Annexation. The Joseon dynasty, which had
ruled Korea for 500 years, thus ceased to exist.

81. Bibliography
• The Koreas: A Global Studies Handbook
(2002). Mary Connor (ABC-CLIO)
• Korea Old and New: A History (1990).
Carter Eckert, et al. (Korea Institute,
Harvard)
• Folk Art and Magic: Shamanism in Korea
(1986). Jon and Alan Covell (Hollym)
• Asia in Focus: The Koreas (2009). Mary
Connor