Kohlberg's theory proposes 3 levels of moral reasoning development:
1) Preconventional - reasoning based on rewards/punishment
2) Conventional - reasoning focuses on obeying rules and pleasing others
3) Postconventional - reasoning considers universal ethical principles over laws.
Each level contains 2 stages that represent increasing sophistication. Kohlberg assessed moral reasoning using hypothetical dilemmas like whether a man should steal a drug to save his dying wife. His theory was influential but faced some criticism for being too focused on Western justice perspectives rather than ethics of care.
This is my first shared presentation ever! It is my way of showing gratitude to the "slideshare community" for all the help they have given me. So, Thanks everybody! Hope you like it! :) ;)
This is my first shared presentation ever! It is my way of showing gratitude to the "slideshare community" for all the help they have given me. So, Thanks everybody! Hope you like it! :) ;)
The Theory of Moral Development is a very interesting subject that stemmed from Jean Piaget's theory of moral reasoning. Developed by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, this theory made us understand that morality starts from the early childhood years and can be affected by several factors. (Explorable.com)
This powerpoint is about one of the theories of development a future educator should know -- the theory of Moral Development by Lawrence Kohlberg. The theory has six levels and each of which were given examples. Hope you like it! :)
An overview of the process of how morality developed throughout the life and it's gender controversies via discussing different theories of moral development
The Theory of Moral Development is a very interesting subject that stemmed from Jean Piaget's theory of moral reasoning. Developed by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, this theory made us understand that morality starts from the early childhood years and can be affected by several factors. (Explorable.com)
This powerpoint is about one of the theories of development a future educator should know -- the theory of Moral Development by Lawrence Kohlberg. The theory has six levels and each of which were given examples. Hope you like it! :)
An overview of the process of how morality developed throughout the life and it's gender controversies via discussing different theories of moral development
Moral development is a process through which a child develops proper attitudes or behaviors towards the other people in the society, based on various things such social and cultural norms, laws and rules. Moral development is every parent's concern because parents have the responsibility to teach a child to distinguish between what is right and wrong and then behave accordingly.
The ecological model of Bronfenbremnner and the Kolb liner theory are considered in this paper.
These models are learning styles’ examples. They have been adopted widely in different systems
of education (Martin & Fabes, 2009). Learning styles refer to consistent ways of enabling
students to respond to any stimuli during the learning process. They are the basis of cognitive,
physiological as well as effective factors which indicate the way learners perceive, interact and
respond to any form of learning. The discussion of this paper focuses on external forces that
differentiate Brofenbrenner’s model from the Kolb’s linear model. The paper also outlines the
crucial Kolb’s model analysis with consideration of Bronfenbrenner’s model. The paper will also
critique Kolb’s model.
The ecological model of Bronfenbremnner and the Kolb liner theory are considered in this paper.
These models are learning styles’ examples. They have been adopted widely in different systems
of education (Martin & Fabes, 2009). Learning styles refer to consistent ways of enabling
students to respond to any stimuli during the learning process. They are the basis of cognitive,
physiological as well as effective factors which indicate the way learners perceive, interact and
respond to any form of learning. The discussion of this paper focuses on external forces that
differentiate Brofenbrenner’s model from the Kolb’s linear model. The paper also outlines the
crucial Kolb’s model analysis with consideration of Bronfenbrenner’s model. The paper will also
critique Kolb’s model.
Stages of moral development by lawrence kohlberg (1971)sami pearl
Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development includes three levels: (1) a preconvention level, where judgments are based on self-interest. (2) A conventional level, where judgments are based on traditional family values and social expectations and (3) a post conventional level, where judgments are based on more abstract and personal ethical principles.
Menu Toggler
Divestopedia Logo
Search Icon
Dictionary
Valuation
Valuation Methods
Valuation Approach
Valuation Approach
Last updated: June 24, 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS
What Does Valuation Approach Mean?
A valuation approach is the methodology used to determine the fair market value of a business.
The most common valuation approaches are:
The Income Approach - quantifies the net present value of future benefits associated with ownership of the equity interest or asset. The estimated future benefits that accrue to the owner are discounted or capitalized at a rate appropriate for the risks associated with those future benefits. Common methods within the income approach include the capitalization of earnings (or cash flow) methodology and the discounted cash flow methodology.
The Market Approach - determines fair market value by reviewing actual transactions of comparable companies and assets. Both M&A activity and stock market activity are considered in deriving various value measures to apply to the subject entity.
The Asset-based Approach - uses the current value of a company’s tangible net assets as the key determinant of fair market value. This approach is typically used where a business is not a going concern, or where a business is a going concern but its value is tied directly to the liquidation value of its underlying tangible assets and investments. The asset-based approach also provides a useful reasonableness check when reviewing the value conclusions derived under the income or market approaches.
Menu Toggler
Divestopedia Logo
Search Icon
Dictionary
Valuation
Valuation Methods
Valuation Approach
Valuation Approach
Last updated: June 24, 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS
What Does Valuation Approach Mean?
A valuation approach is the methodology used to determine the fair market value of a business.
The most common valuation approaches are:
The Income Approach - quantifies the net present value of future benefits associated with ownership of the equity interest or asset. The estimated future benefits that accrue to the owner are discounted or capitalized at a rate appropriate for the risks associated with those future benefits. Common methods within the income approach include the capitalization of earnings (or cash flow) methodology and the discounted cash flow methodology.
The Market Approach - determines fair market value by reviewing actual transactions of comparable companies and assets. Both M&A activity and stock market activity are considered in deriving various value measures to apply to the subject entity.
The Asset-based Approach - uses the current value of a company’s tangible net assets as the key determinant of fair market value. This approach is typically used where a business is not a going concern, or where a business is a going concern but its value is tied directly to the liquidation value of its underlying tangible assets and investments. The asset-based approach also provides a useful reasonableness check when reviewing the
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Lawrence Kohlberg
• Author of a three-stage theory on how moral
reasoning develops
• Moral reasoning is the aspect of cognitive
development that has to do with the way an
individual reasons about moral decisions
3. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral
Development
• Assessed moral reasoning by posing hypothetical
moral dilemmas and examining the reasoning
behind people’s answers
• Proposed three distinct levels of moral
reasoning: preconventional, conventional, and
postconventional
• Each level is based on the degree to which a
person conforms to conventional standards of
society
• Each level has two stages that represent different
degrees of sophistication in moral reasoning.
4. Kohlberg’s Moral Dilemma
• In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer.
There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a
form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently
discovered. the drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was
charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $400 for
the radium and charged $4,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick
woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the
money and tried every legal means, but he could only get together
about $2,000, which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that
his wife was dying, and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay
later. But the druggist said, "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going
to make money from it." So, having tried every legal means, Heinz
gets desperate and considers breaking into the man's store to steal the
drug for his wife.
• Should Heinz steal the drug? Why or why not?
5. Levels of Moral Reasoning
• Preconventional—moral reasoning is
based on external rewards and
punishments
• Conventional—laws and rules are upheld
simply because they are laws and rules
• Postconventional—reasoning based on
personal moral standards
6. 1. Preconventional Moral
Reasoning
• Characterized by the desire to avoid
punishment or gain reward
• Typically children under the age of 10
7. 2. Conventional Moral Reasoning
• Primary concern is to fit in and play
the role of a good citizen
• People have a strong desire to follow
the rules and laws.
• Typical of most adults
8. 3. Postconventional Moral
Reasoning
• Characterized by references to
universal ethical principles that
represent protecting the rights or of
all people
• Most adults do not reach this level.
10. Stage 1: Punishment & Obedience
• A focus on direct consequences
• Negative actions will result in
punishments
• EXAMPLE: Heinz shouldn’t steal
the drug because he’d go to jail if he
got caught.
11. Stage 2: Mutual Benefit
• Getting what one wants often requires
giving something up in return
• “Right” is a fair exchange.
• Morals guided by what is “fair”
• EXAMPLE: Heinz should steal the
drug because the durggist is being
greedy by charging so much.
13. Stage 3: Interpersonal Expectations
• An attempt to live up to the expectations of
important others
• Follow rules or do what others would want so
that you win their approval
• Negative actions will harm those relationships
• EXAMPLE: Heinz should try to steal
the drug because that’s what a devoted
husband would do.
14. Stage 4: Law-and-Order
• To maintain social order, people must
resist personal pressures and follow the
laws of the larger society
• Respect the laws & authority
• EXAMPLE: Heinz should not steal the
drug because that would be against the
law and he has duty to uphold the law.
16. Stage 5: Legal Principles
• Must protect the basic rights of all people by
upholding the legal principles of fairness,
justice, equality & democracy.
• Laws that fail to promote general welfare or
that violate ethical principles can be changed,
reinterpreted, or abandoned
• EXAMPLE: Heinz should steal the drug
because his obligation to save his wife’s
life must take precedence over his
obligation to respect the druggist’s
property rights.
17. Stage 6: Universal Moral Principles
• Self-chosen ethical principles
• Profound respect for sanctity of human life, nonviolence,
equality & human dignity
• Moral principles take precedence over laws that might
conflict with them,
• Conscientious objectors – refuses to be drafted because
they are morally opposed to war.
• EXAMPLE: Heinz should steal the drug
even if the person was a stranger and not his
wife. He must follow his conscience and not
let the druggist’s desire for money outweigh
the value of a human life.
18.
19. Criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory
• Research has not supported Kohlberg’s belief
that the development of abstract thinking in
adolescence invariably leads people to the formation of
idealistic moral principles
• Some cross-cultural psychologists argue that
Kohlberg’s stories and scoring system reflect a
Western emphasis on individual rights,
harm, and justice that is not shared in many
cultures.
• Kohlberg’s early research was conducted
entirely with male subjects, yet it became the
basis for a theory applied to both males and females.
20. Carol Gilligan’s Model
• Feels Kohlberg’s model is based on an ethic of
individual rights and justice ,
which is a more common perspective for males
• Gilligan’s model of women’s moral development
is based on an ethic of care and
responsibility.
• However, when subjects are carefully matched,
there do not seem to be systematic gender
differences in moral reasoning