Stages of moral development by lawrence kohlberg (1971)sami pearl
Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development includes three levels: (1) a preconvention level, where judgments are based on self-interest. (2) A conventional level, where judgments are based on traditional family values and social expectations and (3) a post conventional level, where judgments are based on more abstract and personal ethical principles.
This powerpoint is about one of the theories of development a future educator should know -- the theory of Moral Development by Lawrence Kohlberg. The theory has six levels and each of which were given examples. Hope you like it! :)
Stages of moral development by lawrence kohlberg (1971)sami pearl
Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development includes three levels: (1) a preconvention level, where judgments are based on self-interest. (2) A conventional level, where judgments are based on traditional family values and social expectations and (3) a post conventional level, where judgments are based on more abstract and personal ethical principles.
This powerpoint is about one of the theories of development a future educator should know -- the theory of Moral Development by Lawrence Kohlberg. The theory has six levels and each of which were given examples. Hope you like it! :)
Moral development is a process through which a child develops proper attitudes or behaviors towards the other people in the society, based on various things such social and cultural norms, laws and rules. Moral development is every parent's concern because parents have the responsibility to teach a child to distinguish between what is right and wrong and then behave accordingly.
Psychological explanations of gender development: Cognitive development theory, inc. Kohlberg and Gender schema theory.
Biological influences on gender, including hormones, evolutionary, and biosocial approach to gender dysphoria
Social influences on gender, including parents, peers, and cultural influences on gender role
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Valuation
Valuation Methods
Valuation Approach
Valuation Approach
Last updated: June 24, 2016
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What Does Valuation Approach Mean?
A valuation approach is the methodology used to determine the fair market value of a business.
The most common valuation approaches are:
The Income Approach - quantifies the net present value of future benefits associated with ownership of the equity interest or asset. The estimated future benefits that accrue to the owner are discounted or capitalized at a rate appropriate for the risks associated with those future benefits. Common methods within the income approach include the capitalization of earnings (or cash flow) methodology and the discounted cash flow methodology.
The Market Approach - determines fair market value by reviewing actual transactions of comparable companies and assets. Both M&A activity and stock market activity are considered in deriving various value measures to apply to the subject entity.
The Asset-based Approach - uses the current value of a company’s tangible net assets as the key determinant of fair market value. This approach is typically used where a business is not a going concern, or where a business is a going concern but its value is tied directly to the liquidation value of its underlying tangible assets and investments. The asset-based approach also provides a useful reasonableness check when reviewing the value conclusions derived under the income or market approaches.
Menu Toggler
Divestopedia Logo
Search Icon
Dictionary
Valuation
Valuation Methods
Valuation Approach
Valuation Approach
Last updated: June 24, 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS
What Does Valuation Approach Mean?
A valuation approach is the methodology used to determine the fair market value of a business.
The most common valuation approaches are:
The Income Approach - quantifies the net present value of future benefits associated with ownership of the equity interest or asset. The estimated future benefits that accrue to the owner are discounted or capitalized at a rate appropriate for the risks associated with those future benefits. Common methods within the income approach include the capitalization of earnings (or cash flow) methodology and the discounted cash flow methodology.
The Market Approach - determines fair market value by reviewing actual transactions of comparable companies and assets. Both M&A activity and stock market activity are considered in deriving various value measures to apply to the subject entity.
The Asset-based Approach - uses the current value of a company’s tangible net assets as the key determinant of fair market value. This approach is typically used where a business is not a going concern, or where a business is a going concern but its value is tied directly to the liquidation value of its underlying tangible assets and investments. The asset-based approach also provides a useful reasonableness check when reviewing the
Lawrence Kohlberg (1958) agreed with Piaget's (1932) theory of moral development in principle and developed his ideas further. He used Piaget’s storytelling technique to tell people stories involving moral dilemmas. In each case he presented a choice to be considered.
He identified three distinct levels of moral reasoning each with two sub stages. People can only pass through these levels in the order listed. Each new stage replaces the reasoning typical of the earlier stage. Not everyone achieves all the stages.
Caroll Gilligan is a social psychologist. She was a research assistant for Laurence Kohlberg. For Gilligan, Kohlberg’s theory was biased towards males. Her criticism is found in the book in a different voice. For her, women have different moral and psychological tendencies than men.
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way.pptxCelso Napoleon
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Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
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Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
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The Good News, newsletter for June 2024 is hereNoHo FUMC
Our monthly newsletter is available to read online. We hope you will join us each Sunday in person for our worship service. Make sure to subscribe and follow us on YouTube and social media.
In Jude 17-23 Jude shifts from piling up examples of false teachers from the Old Testament to a series of practical exhortations that flow from apostolic instruction. He preserves for us what may well have been part of the apostolic catechism for the first generation of Christ-followers. In these instructions Jude exhorts the believer to deal with 3 different groups of people: scoffers who are "devoid of the Spirit", believers who have come under the influence of scoffers and believers who are so entrenched in false teaching that they need rescue and pose some real spiritual risk for the rescuer. In all of this Jude emphasizes Jesus' call to rescue straying sheep, leaving the 99 safely behind and pursuing the 1.
The Chakra System in our body - A Portal to Interdimensional Consciousness.pptxBharat Technology
each chakra is studied in greater detail, several steps have been included to
strengthen your personal intention to open each chakra more fully. These are designed
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Exploring the Mindfulness Understanding Its Benefits.pptxMartaLoveguard
Slide 1: Title: Exploring the Mindfulness: Understanding Its Benefits
Slide 2: Introduction to Mindfulness
Mindfulness, defined as the conscious, non-judgmental observation of the present moment, has deep roots in Buddhist meditation practice but has gained significant popularity in the Western world in recent years. In today's society, filled with distractions and constant stimuli, mindfulness offers a valuable tool for regaining inner peace and reconnecting with our true selves. By cultivating mindfulness, we can develop a heightened awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and surroundings, leading to a greater sense of clarity and presence in our daily lives.
Slide 3: Benefits of Mindfulness for Mental Well-being
Practicing mindfulness can help reduce stress and anxiety levels, improving overall quality of life.
Mindfulness increases awareness of our emotions and teaches us to manage them better, leading to improved mood.
Regular mindfulness practice can improve our ability to concentrate and focus our attention on the present moment.
Slide 4: Benefits of Mindfulness for Physical Health
Research has shown that practicing mindfulness can contribute to lowering blood pressure, which is beneficial for heart health.
Regular meditation and mindfulness practice can strengthen the immune system, aiding the body in fighting infections.
Mindfulness may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity by reducing stress and improving overall lifestyle habits.
Slide 5: Impact of Mindfulness on Relationships
Mindfulness can help us better understand others and improve communication, leading to healthier relationships.
By focusing on the present moment and being fully attentive, mindfulness helps build stronger and more authentic connections with others.
Mindfulness teaches us how to be present for others in difficult times, leading to increased compassion and understanding.
Slide 6: Mindfulness Techniques and Practices
Focusing on the breath and mindful breathing can be a simple way to enter a state of mindfulness.
Body scan meditation involves focusing on different parts of the body, paying attention to any sensations and feelings.
Practicing mindful walking and eating involves consciously focusing on each step or bite, with full attention to sensory experiences.
Slide 7: Incorporating Mindfulness into Daily Life
You can practice mindfulness in everyday activities such as washing dishes or taking a walk in the park.
Adding mindfulness practice to daily routines can help increase awareness and presence.
Mindfulness helps us become more aware of our needs and better manage our time, leading to balance and harmony in life.
Slide 8: Summary: Embracing Mindfulness for Full Living
Mindfulness can bring numerous benefits for physical and mental health.
Regular mindfulness practice can help achieve a fuller and more satisfying life.
Mindfulness has the power to change our perspective and way of perceiving the world, leading to deeper se
The PBHP DYC ~ Reflections on The Dhamma (English).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma Reflections for the PBHP DYC for the years 1993 – 2012. To motivate and inspire DYC members to keep on practicing the Dhamma and to do the meritorious deed of Dhammaduta work.
The texts are in English.
For the Video with audio narration, comments and texts in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF2g_43NEa0
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The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile.
1. Lawrence Kohlberg – Moral Development
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development:
• Theory inspired by Jean Piaget
• Method - moral dilemmas (Heinz) to
investigate children’s reasoning.
• Six stages - concerned with justice.
• Not what should be done but reasoning used
to justify the response.
Lawrence Kohlberg
(1927-1987)
3. Lawrence Kohlberg – Moral Development
The Heinz dilemma:
A woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one
drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium
that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was
expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug
cost him to produce. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000
for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to
everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together
about $1,000 which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his
wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But
the druggist said: "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make
money from it." So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's store
to steal the drug for his wife.
Should Heinz have broken into the store to steal the drug for his
wife? Why or why not?
4. Lawrence Kohlberg – Moral Development
Stage one (punishment & obedience):
Heinz should not steal the drug
• He will be put in prison
• Which means he’s a mean bad person.
Or:
Heinz should steal the drug
• it is only worth $200
• Heinz had even offered to pay & wouldn’t steal
anything else.
5. Lawrence Kohlberg – Moral Development
Stage two (reward & self-interest):
Heinz should not steal the drug
• Prison is awful a jail cell is worse than
his wife's death.
Or:
Heinz should steal the drug
• he will be much happier if he saves
his wife
6. Lawrence Kohlberg – Moral Development
Stage three (conformity – good-boy/nice girl ):
Heinz should not steal the drug
• Stealing is bad & he’s not a criminal
• He tried without breaking the law, you can’t blame him.
Or:
Heinz should steal the drug
• His wife expects it;
• He wants to be a good husband.
7. Lawrence Kohlberg – Moral Development
Stage four (law-and-order):
Heinz should not steal the drug
• the law prohibits stealing it’s illegal.
Or: Heinz should steal the drug
• He should take the punishment for
the crime & pay the druggist
• Actions have their consequences.
8. Lawrence Kohlberg – Moral Development
Stage five (human rights):
Heinz should not steal the drug
• The scientist has a right to fair
compensation.
• His wife’s illness it does not make his
actions right.
Or:
Heinz should steal the drug
• Everyone has a right to choose life,
regardless of the law.
9. Lawrence Kohlberg – Moral Development
Stage six (universal human ethics):
Heinz should not steal the drug
• Others may need the drug just as
badly & their lives are equally
significant.
Or:
Heinz should steal the drug
• Saving a human life is a more
fundamental value than the property
rights of another person.
10. Lawrence Kohlberg – Moral Development
Discussion:
• Cognitive development influences moral reasoning.
• From self-centred to other centred – compliment’s Piaget.
• From social compliance to universal principles demanded by
individual conscience
• Do all achieve this?
• A cultural ideal based in a
western philosophical tradition?
11. Lawrence Kohlberg – Moral Development
Evaluation:
• Colby et al (1983) 20 year longitudinal study of 58 American
males who progressed as predicted through levels 1 – 4.
• 10-16 yrs stages 1 & 2 decreased & stage 3 & 4 increased.
• But only 10% at stage 5
in their 30’s.
• No evidence of stage 6.
12. Lawrence Kohlberg – Moral Development
Snarey (1985) meta-analysis of 44 studies
from 27 cultures.
• Supports Kohlberg prediction through
levels 1 – 4.
• Same order & time.
• Stage 5 more in western cultures than rural
or village cultures.
• Reflection of western individualism.
13. Lawrence Kohlberg – Moral Development
Isawa (1992)
• Cross cultural analysis Japan & USA
• Similar stages of moral reasoning
• But cultural differences
• USA participants favoured Heinz stealing
to preserve his wife’s life.
• Japanese participants thought he should
not to preserve a clean & pure life.
14. Lawrence Kohlberg – Moral Development
Tomlinson-Keasey & Keasey (1974)
investigated links between cognitive & moral
development.
• Girls of 11 – 12 years at Stage 5 scored well
on tests of abstract reasoning – as predicted.
• But some failed to show stage 5 moral
reasoning.
• Abstract reasoning may be a necessary
precondition but is not a sufficient explanation
of Post – Conventional moral reasoning.
15. Lawrence Kohlberg – Moral Development
Carol Gilligan (1982) Kohlberg is sex-biased -
androcentrism (GK. Andro = man / male)
• Kohlberg only interviewed males
• Females - stage 3 (interpersonal feelings)
• Males - stages 4 and 5 (principles)
• Males - rules, rights, & abstract principles - ideal =
formal justice.
• Females - relationships & compassion - ideal =
affiliation not abstract hypothetical dilemmas.
Carol Gilligan (b. 1936)
16. Lawrence Kohlberg – Moral Development
Conclusions:
• Strong evidence for children progressing through Kohlberg’s
stages as predicted – across cultures
• Most people do not go beyond Stage 4.
• Difficult to distinguish between stages 5 & 6.
• Cultural variations not accounted for.
• Gender bias.
• Complex & artificial dilemma story.