The document discusses various techniques for encoding analog signals into digital pulses for transmission, including:
1. Pulse code modulation (PCM) which samples and quantizes an analog signal then assigns a codeword to each quantization level.
2. Common encoding schemes for the digital pulses including unipolar, polar, and bipolar encodings as well as return-to-zero (RZ) and non-return-to-zero (NRZ).
3. Specific encoding methods like alternate mark inversion (AMI) used in telephone systems, and bipolar with eight-zero substitution (B8ZS) used to prevent long runs of zeros in transmission.
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing (modulating) the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave). The modulation is impressed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a precise time. It is widely used for wireless LANs, RFID and Bluetooth communication
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier signal.[1] The technology is used for communication systems such as amateur radio, caller ID and emergency broadcasts
Base band transmission
*Wave form representation of binary digits
*PCM, DPCM, DM, ADM systems
*Detection of signals in Gaussian noise
*Matched filter - Application of matched filter
*Error probability performance of binary signaling
*Multilevel base band transmission
*Inter symbol interference
*Eye pattern
*Companding
*A law and μ law
*Correlation receiver
Introduction to digital communication, base band system, formatting of textual data, MESSAGES, CHARACTERS, AND SYMBOLS, Example of Messages, Characters, and Symbols, Baseband Modulation, Intersymbol Interference
UNIT III BASEBAND TRANSMISSION
Properties of Line codes- Power Spectral Density of Unipolar / Polar RZ & NRZ – Bipolar NRZ - Manchester- ISI – Nyquist criterion for distortionless transmission – Pulse shaping – Correlative coding - Mary schemes – Eye pattern – Equalization
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing (modulating) the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave). The modulation is impressed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a precise time. It is widely used for wireless LANs, RFID and Bluetooth communication
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier signal.[1] The technology is used for communication systems such as amateur radio, caller ID and emergency broadcasts
Base band transmission
*Wave form representation of binary digits
*PCM, DPCM, DM, ADM systems
*Detection of signals in Gaussian noise
*Matched filter - Application of matched filter
*Error probability performance of binary signaling
*Multilevel base band transmission
*Inter symbol interference
*Eye pattern
*Companding
*A law and μ law
*Correlation receiver
Introduction to digital communication, base band system, formatting of textual data, MESSAGES, CHARACTERS, AND SYMBOLS, Example of Messages, Characters, and Symbols, Baseband Modulation, Intersymbol Interference
UNIT III BASEBAND TRANSMISSION
Properties of Line codes- Power Spectral Density of Unipolar / Polar RZ & NRZ – Bipolar NRZ - Manchester- ISI – Nyquist criterion for distortionless transmission – Pulse shaping – Correlative coding - Mary schemes – Eye pattern – Equalization
Analog-to-digital conversion is an electronic process in which a continuously variable (analog) signal is changed, without altering its essential content, into a multi-level (digital) signal.
The input to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) consists of a voltage that varies among a theoretically infinite number of values. Examples are sine waves, the waveforms representing human speech, and the signals from a conventional television camera. The output of the ADC, in contrast, has defined levels or states. The number of states is almost always a power of two -- that is, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. The simplest digital signals have only two states, and are called binary. All whole numbers can be represented in binary form as strings of ones and zeros.
In digital modulation, minimum-shift keying(MSK) is a type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying that was developed in the late 1950s and 1960s.
Similar to OQPSK(Offset quadrature phase-shift keying),
A complete ppt for network connectors and interface standards. Modems with types and version are also added in it. utility of cable modem alongwith null modem are described in it. a useful presentation for persons looking for networking devices at physical layer.
Analog-to-digital conversion is an electronic process in which a continuously variable (analog) signal is changed, without altering its essential content, into a multi-level (digital) signal.
The input to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) consists of a voltage that varies among a theoretically infinite number of values. Examples are sine waves, the waveforms representing human speech, and the signals from a conventional television camera. The output of the ADC, in contrast, has defined levels or states. The number of states is almost always a power of two -- that is, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. The simplest digital signals have only two states, and are called binary. All whole numbers can be represented in binary form as strings of ones and zeros.
In digital modulation, minimum-shift keying(MSK) is a type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying that was developed in the late 1950s and 1960s.
Similar to OQPSK(Offset quadrature phase-shift keying),
A complete ppt for network connectors and interface standards. Modems with types and version are also added in it. utility of cable modem alongwith null modem are described in it. a useful presentation for persons looking for networking devices at physical layer.
Digital Data, Digital Signal | Scrambling TechniquesBiplap Bhattarai
Digital signal is a sequence of discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses.
Each pulse is a signal element.
Binary data are transmitted by encoding the bit stream into signal elements.
In the simplest case, one bit is represented by one signal element.
- E.g., 1 is represented by a lower voltage level, and 0 is represented by a higher voltage level
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Unsubscribed: Combat Subscription Fatigue With a Membership Mentality by Head...
Koding
1. EEE358S Fundamentals of Communications Engineering Pulse Code Modulation Emmanuel O Bejide [email_address] http://www.uct.ac.za/depts/staff/rebejide/ Department of Electrical Engineering University of Cape Town
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5. Analogue to Digital time Analogue waveform voltage 0000 0011 0101 0111 1001 1011 1101 1111 0010 0100 0110 1000 1010 1100 1110 0 1 1110 1000 0100 0010 0000 0011 0101 1011 Bit stream Sign bit PCM Codeword 3. Digitize into real integers 1. Sample analogue waveform at discrete times 2. Quantize into discrete levels Updated 9/2004 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -7 -4 -2 -1 0 1 2 5 4. To binary 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
6. Types of Encoding (to PCM Waveforms) Unipolar RZ NRZ Bipolar AMI Biphase Polar M L S Updated 9/2004 Polar Bipolar Unipolar
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8. NRZ – Unipolar/Polar – L/M/S Coding Unipolar RZ NRZ Bipolar AMI Biphase Polar M L S Updated 9/2004 Polar Bipolar Uniolar
9. NRZ coding may be unipolar or polar 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 Unipolar NRZ-L Polar NRZ-L
![EEE358S Fundamentals of Communications Engineering Pulse Code Modulation Emmanuel O Bejide [email_address] http://www.uct.ac.za/depts/staff/rebejide/ Department of Electrical Engineering University of Cape Town](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/koding-111106230550-phpapp02/85/Koding-1-320.jpg)
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