Skeletal system. anatomy and physiology of skeletal system. appendicular skel...mamtabisht10
SKELETAL SYSTEM
bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong, flexible framework called skeletal system
anatomy and physiology of axial and appendicular skeletal system
Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
Skeletal system. anatomy and physiology of skeletal system. appendicular skel...mamtabisht10
SKELETAL SYSTEM
bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong, flexible framework called skeletal system
anatomy and physiology of axial and appendicular skeletal system
Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
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Bones of the Foot: Tarsals, Metatarsals and Phalanges · The Femur · The Patella · The Tibia · The Fibula.
The femur is the only bone in the thigh and the longest bone in the body.
It acts as the site of origin and attachment of many muscles and ligaments, and can be divided into three parts; proximal, shaft and distal.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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2. The Knee
• Bones
o Femur
o Patella
• Largest Sesamoid bone in human body
o Tibia
o Fibula
• Non-weight bearing bone
• Articulations
o Four Articulations
• Femur and Tibia
• Femur and Patella
• Femur and Fibula
• Tibia and Fibula
3. • Meniscus
o Two oval fibrocartilages that sit in the tibia
• Semi-lunar (half moon shape)
o Stabilize the knee
• Especially the medial, when the knee is flexed at 90 degrees
o Medial
• C-shaped
• Attach to the tibia, joint capsule by the coronary ligament,
and the semimenbranous muscle (hamstring)
o Lateral
• O-shaped
• Attached to the tibia, loosely to capsule, and popliteal
tendon, and ligament of Wristberg
o Blood Supply
• Divided into 3 circumferential zones
o Red –Red
o Red-White
o White-White
• Avascular
5. • Stabilizing Ligaments
o Account for a considerable amount of knee stability
o Two ligamentous bands that cross one another within the joint
capsule of the knee
• Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
o 3 twisted bands
o Prevents the femur from moving posteriorly weight
bearing and anteriorly non-weight bearing.
o Stabilizes the tibia from excessive internal rotation (IR)
• Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
o Resists IR of the tibia
o Prevents hyperextension of the knee
8. Common Cause of PCL
Tear
Situations in which the PCL can tear
include -
excessive hyperflexion (forced
bending), eg falling onto the shin with
a bent knee and foot pointed
dashboard injury in a car - where the
knee is bent to a right angle and a
sudden force drives the tibia
backwards
9. • Medial Collateral Ligament
o Superficial ligament(MCL) is separate from the deeper capsular
ligament.
o Attaches above the join line on the medial epicondyle of the
femur and below on the tibia – Just beneath the attachment of
the pes anserinus (hamstring tendons)
o Deep medial capsular ligaments
• Primary purpose are to attach the medial meniscus to the
femur and to allow the tibia to move on the meniscus
inferiorly
• Lateral Collateral Ligament
o Size of a pencil
o Attached to lateral epicondyle of the femur and to the head of
the fibula.
o Taut during knee extension but relaxed during flexion
10.
11. More Structures of the
Knee
• Joint Capsule
o Knee joint is surrounded by the LARGEST joint capsule in the
body.
o Contains: infrapatellar pouch, fat,pad, and bursae, MCL, and
other ligaments.
o Divided into Four regions – are reinforced by other anatomical
structures
• Posterolateral & medial
• Anterolater al & medial
12. • Knee Musculature
o 13+ Muscles
o Movements of the Knee
• Knee Flexion & Extension
• External & Internal Rotation
• Bursae
o Reduce friction
o 2 dozen have been identified in the knee
• Fat Pads
o Several pads located around the knee
o Infrapatellar fat pad is the largest
• Nerve & Blood Supply
13.
14. Specific Injuries
• Medial & Lateral Collateral Sprain
o Hit from opposite side of leg
• ACL & PCL Sprain
o ACL= lower leg is rotated while the foot is fixed (jumping)
o PCL=fall with full weight on the anterior aspect of the bent knee with
the foot in plantar flexion (sliding)
• Meniscal Lesions
o Most common= weight bearing combined with a rotary force while
running
• Patellar Conditions
o Patellar orientation predisposes you to have certain types of injuries
• Acute patellar subluxation or dislocation
• Chondromalacia
o Softening and deterioration of the articular cartilage on the
back of the patella
o Three stages
• Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome
o Some lateral deviation of the patella as it tracks in the
femoral groove
18. Patellar Examination
• The Q-Angle
o Quadriceps angle
o Normal is 10’ Males / 15’ Females
o 20’ (+) predisposed to
• patellar subluxation/dislocation
19. • Extensor Injuries
o Osgood-Schlatter Disease
• Pain at the attachment of the patellar tendon to the tibial
tubercle
• Can lead to avulsion fracture
o Larsen-Johansson Disease
• Occurs at the inferior pole of the patella
• Excessive repeated strain on the patellar tendon
o Patellar Tendinitis (Jumper’s/Kicker’s Knee)
• Repetitive trauma
• Extreme tension on the knee extensor muscle complex
• Painful at patellar or quadriceps tendon
• Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome (runner’s
knee)
o General expression for many repetitive and overuse conditions
o Malalignment and structural assymetries of the foot and lower
leg.
21. Patellar tendonitis can be classified by the following
techniques:
Stage 0 - No Pain
Stage 1 - Pain only after intense sports activity; no undue
functional impairment
Stage 2 - Pain at the beginning and after sports activity;
still able to perform at a satisfactory level
Stage 3 - Pain during sports activity; increasing difficulty in
performing at a satisfactory level
Stage 4 - Pain during sports activity; unable to participate
in sport at a satisfactory level
Stage 5 - Pain during daily activity; unable to participate in
sport at any level
22. Knee Joint Rehabilitation
• General Body Conditioning
• Weight Bearing
• Knee-Joint Mobilization
• Flexibility
• Muscular Strength
• Neuromuscular Control
• Bracing / Taping
• Functional Progression
• Return to Activity