The document discusses the evolution of Ethernet technologies over time, from the original 10 Mbps Ethernet standard to faster standards such as Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet. It describes the key characteristics of each technology, including the types of media used (e.g. coaxial cable, fiber optic cable), encoding methods employed, and typical maximum transmission distances. The document suggests that while copper and wireless technologies may soon reach their speed limitations, fiber optic connections still have enormous potential bandwidth and will continue enabling faster Ethernet standards in the future.

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Module 7
Ethernet Technologies

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Objectives

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Types of Ethernet

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Types of Ethernet
• 1980s---The 10-Mbps Ethernet standard remained
virtually unchanged until 1995 when IEEE announced a
standard for a 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet
• The standards for Gigabit Ethernet emerged in only three
years.
• An even faster Ethernet version, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, is
now widely available and still faster versions are being
developed
• 10BASE5, 10BASE2, and 10BASE-T Ethernet are now
considered Legacy Ethernet

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Parameters for 10 Mbps Ethernet Operation

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Ethernet Frame

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Manchester Encoding
• In this technique, the actual binary data to be
transmitted over the cable are not sent as a
sequence of logic 1's and 0's
• Manchester encoding follows the rules shown
below:

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Manchester Encoding Examples

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10BASE5 Architecture Example
Thicknet
• Bus topology
• Coaxial cable
Heavy
Hard to work with
• Half-duplex
• 500m
• 5-4-3-2-1 rule
• Manchester Encoding

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10BASE2 Network Design Limits
Thinnet
• Bus topology
• Coaxial cable
Lighter
Easier to work with
• BNC connectors
• Half-duplex
• 185m
• 5-4-3-2-1 rule
• Manchester
Encoding

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5-4-3 Repeater Rule
• 10-Mbps Ethernet operates within the timing limits offered by
a series of not more than five segments separated by no
more than four repeaters. This is known as the 5-4-3
rule.
• No more than four repeaters may be connected in
series between any two distant stations. There can also
be no more than three populated segments between
any two distant stations
• NOTE: This only applies to the old 10Mbps coax and
does NOT apply to twisted pair

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10BASE-T Repeated Network Design Limits
Star Topology
• UTP cable
Lighter
Easier to work with
Cheaper
Solid or stranded
• RJ-45 connectors
• Half-duplex or full-duplex
• 100m(90 + 10)
• Manchester Encoding
• Linked hubs add to
distance and delay

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10BASE-T Modular Jack Pinouts

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Parameters for 100-Mbps Ethernet Operation
•100-Mbps Ethernet is also known as Fast Ethernet.
•Operates in full duplex and half duplex mode
The two technologies that have become important are
•100BASE-TX, which is a copper UTP medium
•100BASE-FX, which is a multimode optical fiber medium

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Ethernet Frame

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MLT-3 Encoding
If the next data signal is a '1' then the output 'transitions' to the next bit in the
pattern e.g. if the last output bit was a '-1', and the input bit is a '1', then the next
output bit is a '0'. If the next data signal is a '0' then there is no transition which
means that the next output bit is the same as last time, in our case a '0'.
100Base-Tx
Uses MLT-3 rather than
Manchester encoding

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100BASE-TX Modular Jack Pinout

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Example of Architecture Configuration and
Cable Distances

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Types of Ethernet

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1000-Mbps Ethernet ---Gigabit
• The 1000-Mbps Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet standards IEEE
802.3z represent transmission using both fiber and copper
media.
• The 1000BASE-LXand SX standard, IEEE 802.3ab, specifies 1
Gbps full duplex over optical fiber.
• The 1000BASE-X standard, IEEE 802.3ab, specifies 1 Gbps
full duplex over twisted pair cable.
• At the physical layer, the bit patterns from the MAC layer are
converted into symbols.
• Views the link as Point-to-point.

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Parameters for Gigabit Ethernet Operation

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Ethernet Frame

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Outbound (Tx) 1000Base-T Signal

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Actual 1000Base-T Signal Transmission

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Benefits of Gigabit Ethernet on Fiber

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Gigabit Ethernet Layers

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1000BASE-SX and LX

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Gigabit Ethernet Media Comparison

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Gigabit Ethernet Architecture
Maximum 1000BASE-SX Cable Distances
Maximum 1000BASE-LX Cable Distances

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The 10GB Ethernet
• 10-Gbps Ethernet (IEEE 802.3ae) was standardized in
June 2002.
• It is a full-duplex protocol that uses only optic fiber
as a transmission medium.
• The maximum transmission distances depend on the
type of fiber being used.
• When using single-mode fiber as the transmission
medium, the maximum transmission distance is 40
kilometers (25 miles).

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Parameters for 10-Gbps Ethernet Operation

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10GBASE LX-4 Signal Multiplexing

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10-Gigabit Ethernet Implementations

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Framing Format
• Frame format is the same, allowing
interoperability between all varieties of legacy,
fast, gigabit, and 10 Gigabit, with no reframing or
protocol conversions.
• Any repeater that changes between one Ethernet
implementation and another is a Class I repeater

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Future of Ethernet
The future of networking media is three-fold:
• Copper (up to 1000 Mbps, perhaps more)
• Wireless (approaching 100 Mbps, perhaps more)
• Optical fiber (currently at 10,000 Mbps and soon to be more)
Copper and wireless media have certain physical and practical
limitations on the highest frequency signals that can be
transmitted.
This is not a limiting factor for optical fiber in the foreseeable future.
The bandwidth limitations on optical fiber are extremely large and
are not yet being threatened.
In fiber systems, it is the:-
electronics technology (such as emitters and detectors)
fiber manufacturing processes that most limit the speed.

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Summary