The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and IP addressing. It describes how the Department of Defense developed TCP/IP to allow communication networks to continue functioning during wartime. It also outlines the layers of the TCP/IP model including the transport layer protocols like TCP and UDP, the internet layer protocol IP, and network access protocols. Finally, it covers key topics relating to IP addressing including address classes, private addressing, and network address translation.

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Module 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite and IP
Addressing

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Objectives

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The TCP/IP Model
The Department of Defense (DoD) developed the TCP/IP reference model to
provide a communication network that could continue to function in wartime.

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TCP/IP Applications

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Transport Layer Protocols
• The functions of TCP and UDP
Segment upper-layer application data

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Transport Layer Protocols
TCP is responsible for:
• end-to-end communication
• flow control
• reliability of data delivery
TCP supports a logical connection between the sending and receiving hosts

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Transport Layer Protocols

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Internet Layer ProtocolsThe IP Protocol is responsible for:
• defining packet format and addressing scheme
• routing packets to remote hosts
• transferring data between the internet layer and the network access layer

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Internet Layer Protocols
• IP - connectionless, best-effort delivery routing of
packets.
• ICMP - control and messaging capabilities.
• ARP - determines the data link layer address for known
IP addresses.
• RARP - determines the IP address for a known MAC
address.

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Internet Path Determination

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Question
• Why is IP sometimes referred as an
unreliable protocol?
• Is it really unreliable?

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Answer
• IP is sometimes referred to as an unreliable
protocol.
• This does not mean that IP will not accurately
deliver data across a network.
• Calling IP an unreliable protocol simply means
that IP does not perform error checking and
correction.
• That function is handled by upper layer protocols
from the transport or application layers.

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Network Access Protocols
The Network Access Layer is the host-to-
network layer of the TCP/IP model.
• Encapsulation of IP packets into frames
• Interface to the physical medium

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Comparing TCP/IP with the OSI Model

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Router Connects Two Networks
• A network of networks is called an internet, indicated with the lowercase “i”.
• When referring to the networks that developed from the DoD on which the
Worldwide Web (www) runs, the uppercase “I” is used and is called the Internet.

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Routers Connect Local and Remote Networks

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Users See TCP/IP Cloud

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Physical Details Hidden from Users

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“Scale-Free Networks”
Scientific American
May 2003
The internet somewhere
in the N.E. US

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Forwarding Packets—IP address
• A router forwards packets from the originating
network to the destination network using the
IP protocol.
• The packets must include an identifier for both
the source and destination networks.
• Accordingly, every IP address has two parts
– One part identifies the network where the
system is connected
– A second part identifies that particular
system on the network

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Host Address
192.168.1.0
1. 192.168.1.1
2. 192.168.1.2
3. 192.168.1.3
4. 192.168.1.4
192.168.2.0
1. 192.168.2.1
2. 192.168.2.2
3. 192.168.2.3
4. 192.168.2.4

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IP Addressing Format

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Consecutive Decimal and Binary Values

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Two Byte (Sixteen Bit Number)

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Two Byte (Sixteen Bit Number)

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One Byte (Eight Bit Number)

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Decimal to Binary Conversion

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Two Byte (Sixteen Bit Number)

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Binary to Decimal Conversion

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Network Layer Communication Path
• Routers use IP to make decisions about how to reach
a particular destination

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Network and Host Addressing

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Internet Addresses
• IP address space is hierarchical
• Uses the concept of classes
• Compare this with the flat MAC address space

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Identifying Address Classes
• The pattern of High Order Bits defines the class of the network
address

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IP Address Classes

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Address Class Prefixes

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Network and Host Division

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Class A Address

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Class B Address

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Class C Address

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Class D Address Architecture

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Class E Address Architecture

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IP Address Range

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Network Address
• Host portion all zeros

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Broadcast Address
• Host portion all ones

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Network Address

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Unicast Transmission (to ONE Host only)
• Addressed to a specific host
i.e. 176.10.16.1
• Only that host looks at the contents of the packet

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Broadcast Address (to ALL Hosts)

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Broadcast Transmission
• All hosts listen for broadcast messages
• Only the host with the appropriate service
responds

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Required Unique Address
• A packet can only be sent out onto the Internet if it has a
unique address

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Private IP Addresses
• You can use these addresses on any private LAN.
• You CANNOT use them on the internet.
• Internet routers will block them.

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Using Private Addresses in the WAN
•Connecting a network using private addresses to the Internet requires
translation of the private addresses to public addresses
•This translation process is referred to as Network Address Translation (NAT)

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IPv4 Address Allocation

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Subnet Addresses

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IPv4 and IPv6

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IPv4 and IPv6 Addresses

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Assigning IP Addresses

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TCPIP/IP Configuration for Windows 98

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IP Address

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ARP/RARP Message Structure

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BOOTP Message Structure

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DHCP Message Structure

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ARP Table Entry

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ARP Table Funtions

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The ARP Process

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ARP Request

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Proxy ARP Request

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Which host has this IP address?
• ARP

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Default Gateway

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Summary

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Quick Reference Subnetting Chart