Performance of VANETs with WiMAX and Realistic Mobility

ISSN: 2312-7694
Prabhakar et al, / International Journal of Computer and Communication System Engineering (IJCCSE), Vol. 2 (5), 2015, 641-653
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© IJCCSE All Rights Reserved Vol. 02 No.05 Oct 2015 www.ijccse.com
Performance Analysis of WiMAX Based Vehicular
Ad hoc Networks with Realistic Mobility Patterns
Prabhakar D. Dorge Sanjay S. Dorle
Research Scholar Professor & Head, ETRX Dept.
G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur, India G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur, India
prabhakar_dorge2007@rediffmail.com s_dorle@yahoo.co.uk
Megha B. Chakole
Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, India
mdorle@gmail.com
Abstract - In the past, many researchers highly depend
on various wireless network protocols for design of
vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) to improve the
quality of service of the network. But the problem
comes to improve the quality due to node density and
different mobility patterns. Recently ever-increasing
interest in vehicular ad hoc networks communication
(VAC) makes it necessary for vehicular movement
performance study through realistic mobility patterns
simulation. In this paper, we present the design of
VANET on Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access (WiMAX) network with multiple inputs and
multiple outputs (MIMO) and adaptive modulation and
coding (AMC) techniques. We designed our VANET
systems on NS2 simulator to create different realistic
scenarios. In this system we provide different mobility
patterns to each vehicle. The MIMO and AMC
techniques give extreme change in the quality of service
parameters like throughput, delay, jitter, packet
delivery ratio and packet loss ratio.
Index Terms - WiMAX, vehicular ad hoc networks,
multiple-inputs-multiple-outputs, adaptive modulation
and coding, routing protocols.
I. INTRODUCTION
In today’s life the vehicles have capability of sensing,
computing and communicating. In VANET important
information like navigation, collision avoidance,
lane-changing, speed limit, obstacle and road
condition warnings plays a significant role for safety
of the passengers. An intelligent Vehicular ad hoc
network uses Wi-Fi and WiMAX for easy and
successful communication between vehicles with
change in mobility. Effective measures like
multimedia communication between vehicles can be
enabled to track vehicles. Providing vehicle to
vehicle and vehicle to base station communication
can improve traffic safety and comfort of driving and
travelling. VANETs support a wide range of
applications like cooperative awareness messages,
traffic information system, etc. In VANET the
vehicles can communicate with other sources such as
vehicle to vehicle communication, vehicle to base
station communication and base station to vehicle
communication as shown in figure 1. WiMAX
provide advantages like high speed, large coverage
area, etc. The performance of the VANET system is
depends on the accurate microscopic mobility, real-
world road topology, and real database traffic
demand modeling [1]. Apart from above parameters
the routing protocol plays an important role for better
quality of the network. There are different types of
routing protocol such as reactive, proactive and
hybrid routing protocol. In reactive routing protocol
the routes are set up on-demand. If any node wants to
communicate with the other node, the reactive
routing protocol will try to establish such a route. In
proactive routing protocol every node maintains one
or more routing tables which represent entire
topology of the network. These tables are going to
update time to time in order to maintain a updated
routing information from each node to all the nodes
present in the network. Hybrid routing protocol
combines the advantages of both reactive and
proactive routing protocols. Ad hoc On-Demand
Distance Vector (AODV) and Ad hoc On-demand
Multipath Distance Vector AOMDV routing
protocols have better packet delivery ratio and
minimal packet loss [2]. AOMDV is the most
efficient routing protocol for ad hoc networks due to

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its multipath rote discovery process which takes into
account maintaining alternate routes whenever
required [3]. The performance of the AODV,
AOMDV, Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector
(DSDV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) routing
protocols can be changed according to different
scenario [4].
Fig. 1. VANET Communication Scenario
The size of the packet transmit also plays an
important role to achieve high throughput and packet
delivery ratio in wireless environment [5]. Because
throughput is number of bits received per second at
the receiver. So if number of packets received is
more then throughput and packet delivery ratio will
be more. In our paper we used multiple inputs and
multiple outputs (MIMO) technique to send and
receive the data in the designed network. Here
MIMO is not associated with multiple antennas. In
our designed system MIMO means multiple radio
channels to send and receive the data. MIMO
communication systems provide the radio channels
multipath propagation behavior [6]. An adaptive
modulation and coding (AMC) technique is the key
technique for wireless communication networks
which provide better results by changing modulation
technique adaptively. In modern communication
system, the use of AMC technique enables the system
to achieve high spectral efficiency [7]. More number
of users can involve in WiMAX based VANET
system simultaneously by using MIMO and AMC
techniques to achieve high quality of service [8] [9]
[10]. The total throughput increases when the number
of total vehicles communicating per lane increases
[11].
The rest of the paper is organized as follows.
Section II discusses the simulation model. In section
III, the methodology about design of our VANET
system is given. The simulation results and the
conclusion are explained in section IV and V
respectively. Section VI focused on future scope.
II. SIMULATION MODEL
We modeled the some typical vehicular environments
like high speed highway environment, variable speed
vehicles environment and city environment networks.
Then we implement MIMO and AMC techniques on
designed WiMAX based VANET environments. And
finally we investigate the routing protocol
performances using the realistic mobility patterns.

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High Speed Highway Environment
In typical high speed highway environment
network the scenario of real highway is generated
which consist of many vehicles having realistic
mobility patterns. The bunches of some vehicles are
going in one direction and other vehicles are
travelling in opposite direction. Each vehicle has
different mobility pattern from 50 kmph to 150
kmph. We implement all vehicular environments on
NS2 simulator. The adopted mobility pattern is tested
and verified with NAM that comes with NS2
simulator. In this simulation we examine the effect of
different routing protocols like AODV, AOMDV,
DSDV and DSR on designed network.
Variable Speed Vehicles Environment
In variable speed vehicles environment network
the vehicles have different speed in the range of 40
kmph to 100 kmph but the difference in between high
speed highway environment and variable speed
vehicles environment is in variable speed vehicles
environment network the vehicles will vary their
speed time to time. In this network also the adopted
mobility pattern is tested and verified with NAM that
comes with NS2 simulator.
City Environment
In city environment, we designed the scenario
of real city road with more number of vehicles than
above two mentioned environments because in city
the density of the vehicles is more than that of above
two environments. Just like real city, in our network
the vehicles have less speed as compare to other
environments, here we keep the range of speed of the
vehicles from 0 to 50 kmph. The mobility of the
vehicles are tested and verified with NAM which
comes with NS2 simulator.
III. METHODOLOGY
Here we used two categories of routing protocols i.e.
reactive routing protocol and proactive routing
protocol. AODV, AOMDV and DSR are the reactive
routing protocols and DSDV is the proactive routing
protocol. The simulator parameters for different
environment scenarios are given in Table I.
The MIMO technique is used here to send and
receive the data from multiple radio channels. The
capacity of the MIMO channel under an average
transmitter power constraint is given by
C = log2 [det (𝐼 𝑀+
ρ
𝑁
H𝐻∗
)] (1)
Here H the M X N channel matrix, IM represents the
identity matrix of size M, and ρ is the average Signal
to Noise Ratio (SNR) at each receiver. The AMC
technique gives reduction in bandwidth costs for
customers and improves network performance.
To design VANET system we used WiMAX protocol
as a wireless network. The Omni directional antenna
is used here because it radiates electromagnetic
waves in all directions equally. The design of our
system in flow chart form is given in figure 2. To
design the network we create the base station at the
centre of the network. The base station and vehicular
nodes present in the network got unique IP address.
Then we attached UDP/CBR agent to the transmitters
and NULL agent to the receivers. After generation of
the WiMAX based VANET network, we implement
MIMO and AMC techniques on that to obtain the
better quality of service with different routing
protocols.

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TABLE I. SIMULATION PARAMETERS
Fig. 2. Flow chart of the system
Parameters
High Speed Highway Environment
Network
Variable Speed Vehicles
Environment Network
City Environment Network
Routing protocols AODV, AOMDV, DSDV, DSR AODV, AOMDV, DSDV, DSR AODV, AOMDV, DSDV, DSR
Type of antenna Omni directional Omni directional Omni directional
Algorithms MIMO, AMC MIMO, AMC MIMO, AMC
Speed
(kmph)
High Speed
(50-150)
Variable Speed
(40 to 100)
Low Speed
(0 to 50)
Packet size (Bytes) 1000 1000 1000
Traffic type UDP/CBR UDP/CBR UDP/CBR
Mac 802.16e 802.16e 802.16e

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IV. RESULTS
We examine the results of designed networks on
different routing protocols for overall system as well
as for single transmitter and receiver vehicular nodes.
In high speed highway environment network the one
vehicular node transmits the data to another node.
The throughput of sending and receiving bits for
AOMDV routing protocol are given in figure 3 and 4
respectively. Now in this we can see that some
amount of bits is loss due to channel congestion and
queuing of packets. Figure 5 and 6 shows the
throughput of sending and receiving bits from one
node to another in high speed highway environment
network with AODV routing protocol. The
throughput of sending and receiving bits for other
networks with AOMDV and AODV routing
protocols are given in figure 7 to 14.
Fig. 3. Throughput of sending bits for high speed highway environment network with AOMDV routing protocol

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Fig. 4. Throughput of receiving bits for high speed highway environment network with AOMDV routing protocol
Fig. 5. Throughput of sending bits for high speed highway environment network with AODV routing protocol

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Fig. 6. Throughput of receiving bits for high speed highway environment network with AODV routing protocol
Fig.7. Throughput of sending bits for variable speed vehicles environment network with AOMDV routing protocol

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Fig. 8. Throughput of receiving bits for variable speed vehicles environment network with AOMDV routing protocol
Fig. 9. Throughput of sending bits for variable speed vehicles environment network with AODV routing protocol

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Fig. 10. Throughput of receiving bits for variable speed vehicles environment network with AODV routing protocol
Fig. 11. Throughput of sending bits for city environment network with AOMDV routing protocol

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Fig. 12. Throughput of receiving bits for city environment network with AOMDV routing protocol
Fig. 13. Throughput of sending bits for city environment network with AODV routing protocol

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Fig. 14. Throughput of receiving bits for city environment network with AODV routing protocol
TABLE II. OVERALL PERFORMANCE OF THE HIGH SPEED HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENT NETWORK
The overall performance of the high speed highway
environment network, variable speed vehicles
environment network and city environment network
are shown in table II, III and IV respectively. The
quality of service for the AOMDV routing protocol is
better than that of the other three routing protocols in
terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio and packet
loss ratio in all environment networks. So we can
QoS Parameters AODV AOMDV DSDV DSR
Throughput (kbps) 3574.40 3825.55 1751.69 2214.32
Maximum Delay (msec) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Maximum Jitter (sec) 0.25 0.25 0.045 0.30
Packet Delivery Ratio (%) 82.51 87.54 25.00 62.75
Packet Loss Ratio (%) 17.49 12.45 75.00 37.25

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conclude that for any network the AOMDV routing
protocol works better than other routing protocols
with MIMO and AMC techniques.
TABLE III. OVERALL PERFORMANCE OF THE VARIABLE SPEED VEHICLES ENVIRONMENT NETWORK
TABLE IV. OVERALL PERFORMANCE OF THE CITY ENVIRONMENT NETWORK
Throughput (kbps) 2064.38 7337.80 1198.47 120.00
V. CONCLUSION
The all three designed environments are different
from each other with respect to its mobility, node
density and scenario. So from above results we can
conclude that the AOMDV routing protocol gives
better results than AODV, DSDV and DSR routing
protocols in the form of its quality of service.
AOMDV routing protocol provides maximum
throughput and packet delivery ratio for all three
environments than other routing protocols. Overall
our results proved that AOMDV routing protocol is
better for WiMAX based VANET system in all types
of environments.
Throughput (kbps) 3654.22 4010.17 1781.17 2326.24

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VI. FUTURE SCOPE
In future the researchers can do research on hybrid
routing protocols for VANET system. Also the
different security algorithms can be developed for
VANET technology. In future the number of vehicles
is going to increase, so the effect of maximum
vehicular nodes on the VANET system can attract the
attention of researchers. One can work on the
different types of antennas used in the VANET
system. The different power reduction techniques can
also be developed for WiMAX based VANET
system.
REFERENCES
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Ozkasap, “Vehicle Mobility and Communication Channel
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[2] Surmukh Singh, Poonam Kumari and Sunil Agrawal,
“Comparative Analysis of Various Routing Protocols in
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Advanced Computing & Communication Technologies,
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[3] Rabab Mohsin and John Woods, “Performance
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[4] Bijan Paul, Kaysar Ahmed Bhuiyan, Kaniz Fatema and
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[5] Zahian Ismail and Rosilah Hassan, “Effects of Packet
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[8] Prabhakar D. Dorge, Sanjay S. Dorle, Megha B.
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[9] Chih-Yung Chang, Chao-Tsun Chang, Tzu-Chia Wang,
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[10] Caishi Huang, Chin-Tau Lea, and Albert Kai-Sun
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[11] Wai Foo Chan, Moh Lim Sim, and Sze Wei Lee’
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