This document evaluates the performance of the AODV and DSR routing protocols for Variable Bit Rate (VBR) multimedia traffic in mobile ad hoc networks. It conducts simulations in NS-2 to analyze four performance metrics: packet received, throughput, routing overhead, and network load. The results show that AODV outperforms DSR for packet received, throughput, and routing overhead. DSR has higher network load than AODV. Therefore, the document concludes that AODV is better suited than DSR for VBR multimedia transmission in mobile ad hoc networks.
Mobility and Node Density Based Performance Analysis of AODV Protocol for Adh...IDES Editor
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a collection of
mobile nodes, which communicate over radio. These networks
have an important advantage; they do not require any
existing infrastructure or central administration. Therefore,
mobile ad-hoc networks are suitable for temporary
communication links. This flexibility, however, comes at a
price: communication is difficult to organize due to frequent
topology changes. In this paper we propose on-demand
routing algorithm for mobile, multi-hop ad-hoc networks. The
algorithm is based on ant algorithms, which are a class of
swarm intelligence. The main goal in the design of the
algorithm is to reduce the overhead for routing. Furthermore,
in this paper the performance of AODV protocol is analyzed
by varying mobility and node density parameters through
simulation of results ns2 simulator.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Mobility and Node Density Based Performance Analysis of AODV Protocol for Adh...IDES Editor
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a collection of
mobile nodes, which communicate over radio. These networks
have an important advantage; they do not require any
existing infrastructure or central administration. Therefore,
mobile ad-hoc networks are suitable for temporary
communication links. This flexibility, however, comes at a
price: communication is difficult to organize due to frequent
topology changes. In this paper we propose on-demand
routing algorithm for mobile, multi-hop ad-hoc networks. The
algorithm is based on ant algorithms, which are a class of
swarm intelligence. The main goal in the design of the
algorithm is to reduce the overhead for routing. Furthermore,
in this paper the performance of AODV protocol is analyzed
by varying mobility and node density parameters through
simulation of results ns2 simulator.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), multipath routing protocols are more popular due to overcomes the certain limitation of single path routing like lower end-to-end delay, load balancing, energy efficiency and network lifetime. By providing multiple paths between a source-destination pair, multipath routing protocols are avoid such above problems. AOMDV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector) routing protocol is an on-demand multipath routing and which is a relatively maturity and extensive application protocol. It doesn’t consider residual energy and load situation of the node on the time of route discovery process. So AOMDV’s efficiency declines sharply in case of high load and fast moving velocity. To solve the above problems, we propose an improved protocol Energy Efficient- AOMDV (EAOMDV) of AOMDV routing algorithm. EAOMDV is based on a strategy of energy model and load balancing concept. It will consider the residual energy and the load situation of the nodes, when it starts the route discovery phase. After considering the above concept and according to the simulation results, the EAOMDV routing protocol improves the efficiency, the packet delivery ratio and reduces the routing load.
EVALUATION OF PROACTIVE, REACTIVE AND HYBRID AD HOC ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR IEEE...cscpconf
In VANET high speed is the real characteristics which leads to frequent breakdown,
interference etc. Therefore Performance of adhoc routing protocols is helpful to improve the
Quality of Service (QOS). In this paper we studied various adhoc routing protocols, Reactive,
Proactive & Hybrid, taking in to consideration parameters like speed, altitude, mobility etc in
real VANET scenario. The AODV and DYMO (Reactive), OLSR (Proactive) and ZRP (hybrid)
protocols are compared for IEEE 802.11(MAC) and IEEE 802.11(DCF) standard using
Qualnet as a Simulation tool. Since IEEE 802.11, covers both physical and data link layer.
Hence performance of the protocols in these layers helps to make a right selection of Protocol
for high speed mobility. Varying parameters of VANET shows that in the real traffic scenarios
proactive protocol performs more efficiently for IEEE 802.11 (MAC) and IEEE 802.11(DCF)
Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are characterized by open structure, lack of standard infrastructure
and un-accessibility to the trusted servers. The performance of various MANET routing protocols is
significantly affected due to frequently changing network topology, confined network resources and
security of data packets. In this paper, a simulation based performance comparison of one of the most
commonly used on-demand application oriented routing protocols, AODV (Ad hoc on-demand Distance
Vector) and its optimized versions R-AODV (Reverse AODV) and PHR-AODV (Path hopping based
Reverse AODV) has been presented. Basically the paper evaluates these protocols based on a wide set of
performance metrics by varying both the number of nodes and the nodes maximum speed. A NS-2 based
simulation study shows that, as compared to AODV and PHR-AODV, R-AODV enhances the packet
delivery fraction by 15-20% and reduces the latency approximately by 50%. R-AODV requires lesser node
energy for data transmission.
Dynamic routing discovery scheme for high mobility in mobile ad hoc wireless ...IJECEIAES
An innovative technology that is widely used in many applications is the Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). Discovery and maintenance of routes at MANET are important issues. Within MANET, broadcasting is used to discover a path within on-demand routing protocols. Establishing and maintaining a route periodically among the nodes is the challenge that requires the transmitting of control packets across a network. This state leads to the issue of broadcasting storms. Broadcasting control packets increase control packets overhead and decrease network performance. In this paper, we proposed a scheme called AODV-Velocity and Dynamic (AODV-VD) for effective broadcast control packets. The routing protocol for the ad-hoc on-demand distance victor (AODV) is used to implement the proposed AODV-VD scheme. AODV-VD scheme reduces both the excessive route discovery control packets and network overhead. Network simulator version 2.35 (NS2.35) was used to compare the proposed AODV-VD scheme to the AODV routing protocol in terms of end-to-end latency, average throughput, packet transmission ratio and overhead ratio.
Mobile ad hoc networks communicate without any fixed infrastructure or ant centralized domain. All the
nodes are free to move randomly within the network and share information dynamically. To achieve an
efficient routing various protocols have been developed so far which vary in their nature and have their
own salient properties. In this paper, we have discussed one of the latest protocols i.e. Dynamic Manet on
demand (DYMO) routing Protocol, implemented and analysed its performance with other similar protocols
against different parameters. Finally a comparison has been presented between all of them.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AODV, DSDV AND AOMDV USING WIMAX IN NS-2IAEME Publication
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) technology empowers ubiquitous delivery of wireless broadband facility for fixed and mobile users. WiMAX standard describes numerous physical and MAC layer characteristics. Here, an attempt is made to implement some of these physical and MAC layer structures including the mobility extension 802.16e. NS2 (Network Simulator-2) is chosen as the simulator to implement these features as NS2 provides suitable library to simulate network scenario. The performance of the simulated module is analyzed by running AODV, DSDV and AOMDV routing protocols on a wired-cum-wireless WiMAX scenario. The throughput for each routing protocol is calculated for varying number of mobile nodes or subscriber stations.
FPL'2014 - FlexTiles Workshop - 8 - FlexTiles DemoFlexTiles Team
Slides presented at the FlexTiles Workshop at FPL'2014.
Presentation #8: FlexTiles Demo
FlexTiles is a heterogeneous many-core platform reconfigurable at run-time developed within an FP7 project.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), multipath routing protocols are more popular due to overcomes the certain limitation of single path routing like lower end-to-end delay, load balancing, energy efficiency and network lifetime. By providing multiple paths between a source-destination pair, multipath routing protocols are avoid such above problems. AOMDV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector) routing protocol is an on-demand multipath routing and which is a relatively maturity and extensive application protocol. It doesn’t consider residual energy and load situation of the node on the time of route discovery process. So AOMDV’s efficiency declines sharply in case of high load and fast moving velocity. To solve the above problems, we propose an improved protocol Energy Efficient- AOMDV (EAOMDV) of AOMDV routing algorithm. EAOMDV is based on a strategy of energy model and load balancing concept. It will consider the residual energy and the load situation of the nodes, when it starts the route discovery phase. After considering the above concept and according to the simulation results, the EAOMDV routing protocol improves the efficiency, the packet delivery ratio and reduces the routing load.
EVALUATION OF PROACTIVE, REACTIVE AND HYBRID AD HOC ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR IEEE...cscpconf
In VANET high speed is the real characteristics which leads to frequent breakdown,
interference etc. Therefore Performance of adhoc routing protocols is helpful to improve the
Quality of Service (QOS). In this paper we studied various adhoc routing protocols, Reactive,
Proactive & Hybrid, taking in to consideration parameters like speed, altitude, mobility etc in
real VANET scenario. The AODV and DYMO (Reactive), OLSR (Proactive) and ZRP (hybrid)
protocols are compared for IEEE 802.11(MAC) and IEEE 802.11(DCF) standard using
Qualnet as a Simulation tool. Since IEEE 802.11, covers both physical and data link layer.
Hence performance of the protocols in these layers helps to make a right selection of Protocol
for high speed mobility. Varying parameters of VANET shows that in the real traffic scenarios
proactive protocol performs more efficiently for IEEE 802.11 (MAC) and IEEE 802.11(DCF)
Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are characterized by open structure, lack of standard infrastructure
and un-accessibility to the trusted servers. The performance of various MANET routing protocols is
significantly affected due to frequently changing network topology, confined network resources and
security of data packets. In this paper, a simulation based performance comparison of one of the most
commonly used on-demand application oriented routing protocols, AODV (Ad hoc on-demand Distance
Vector) and its optimized versions R-AODV (Reverse AODV) and PHR-AODV (Path hopping based
Reverse AODV) has been presented. Basically the paper evaluates these protocols based on a wide set of
performance metrics by varying both the number of nodes and the nodes maximum speed. A NS-2 based
simulation study shows that, as compared to AODV and PHR-AODV, R-AODV enhances the packet
delivery fraction by 15-20% and reduces the latency approximately by 50%. R-AODV requires lesser node
energy for data transmission.
Dynamic routing discovery scheme for high mobility in mobile ad hoc wireless ...IJECEIAES
An innovative technology that is widely used in many applications is the Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). Discovery and maintenance of routes at MANET are important issues. Within MANET, broadcasting is used to discover a path within on-demand routing protocols. Establishing and maintaining a route periodically among the nodes is the challenge that requires the transmitting of control packets across a network. This state leads to the issue of broadcasting storms. Broadcasting control packets increase control packets overhead and decrease network performance. In this paper, we proposed a scheme called AODV-Velocity and Dynamic (AODV-VD) for effective broadcast control packets. The routing protocol for the ad-hoc on-demand distance victor (AODV) is used to implement the proposed AODV-VD scheme. AODV-VD scheme reduces both the excessive route discovery control packets and network overhead. Network simulator version 2.35 (NS2.35) was used to compare the proposed AODV-VD scheme to the AODV routing protocol in terms of end-to-end latency, average throughput, packet transmission ratio and overhead ratio.
Mobile ad hoc networks communicate without any fixed infrastructure or ant centralized domain. All the
nodes are free to move randomly within the network and share information dynamically. To achieve an
efficient routing various protocols have been developed so far which vary in their nature and have their
own salient properties. In this paper, we have discussed one of the latest protocols i.e. Dynamic Manet on
demand (DYMO) routing Protocol, implemented and analysed its performance with other similar protocols
against different parameters. Finally a comparison has been presented between all of them.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AODV, DSDV AND AOMDV USING WIMAX IN NS-2IAEME Publication
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) technology empowers ubiquitous delivery of wireless broadband facility for fixed and mobile users. WiMAX standard describes numerous physical and MAC layer characteristics. Here, an attempt is made to implement some of these physical and MAC layer structures including the mobility extension 802.16e. NS2 (Network Simulator-2) is chosen as the simulator to implement these features as NS2 provides suitable library to simulate network scenario. The performance of the simulated module is analyzed by running AODV, DSDV and AOMDV routing protocols on a wired-cum-wireless WiMAX scenario. The throughput for each routing protocol is calculated for varying number of mobile nodes or subscriber stations.
FPL'2014 - FlexTiles Workshop - 8 - FlexTiles DemoFlexTiles Team
Slides presented at the FlexTiles Workshop at FPL'2014.
Presentation #8: FlexTiles Demo
FlexTiles is a heterogeneous many-core platform reconfigurable at run-time developed within an FP7 project.
ATLAS OF MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE ESCAPE REGION VOLUME 12 GEOLOGY AND MINERAL...MYO AUNG Myanmar
Atlas of Mineral Resources of the ESCAP Region:
Geology and Mineral Resources of Myanmar
This series shows the distribution of mineral deposits and occurrences in the countries of the Asia and Pacific region irrespective of their economic significance and provides information on their contained commodities, reserves, geographic locations, their relation to the geological environment and other characteristics.
Book Ordering Information:
Sales Number: E.95.II.F.17 ISBN: 92111968250 Vol.12 Pages: 208pp.
How do you navigate those "ouch" moments - those that offend or hurt, even though they may be unintended? Learn some of the obstacles of authentic conversations, as well as practical strategies for what to do or say when you are the target of ouch moments, witness to ouch moments, and agents of ouch moments.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Performance Evaluation AODV, DYMO, OLSR and ZRPAD Hoc Routing Protocol for IE...pijans
In VANET high speed is the real characteristics which leads to frequent breakdown, interference etc.
Therefore Performance of adhoc routing protocols is helpful to improve the Quality of Service (QOS). In
this paper we studied various adhoc routing protocols, Reactive, Proactive & Hybrid, taking in to
consideration parameters like speed, altitude, mobility etc in real VANET scenario. The AODV and DYMO
(Reactive), OLSR (Proactive) and ZRP (hybrid) protocols are compared for IEEE 802.11(MAC) and IEEE
802.11(DCF) standard using Qualnet as a Simulation tool. Since IEEE 802.11, covers both physical and
data link layer. Hence performance of the protocols in these layers helps to make a right selection of
Protocol for high speed mobility. Varying parameters of VANET shows that in the real traffic scenarios
proactive protocol performs more efficiently for IEEE 802.11 (MAC) and IEEE 802.11(DCF).
Performance Analysis of Ad-hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) and D...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Network Lifetime Analysis of Routing Protocols of Short Network in QualnetIOSR Journals
Abstract: A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that communicates with each other without using any existing infrastructure, access point or centralized administration. Mobile ad-hoc network have the attributes such as wireless connection, continuously changing topology, distributed operation and ease of deployment. In this paper we have compared the energy consumption of reactive, proactive & hybrid routing protocol AODV,DSR,RIP & ZRP by using different mobility model. We have analyzed the Network lifetime of protocols by varying pay load, mobility, pause time and type of traffic (CBR). A detailed simulation has been carried out in qualnet. The metrics used for performance analysis are energy consumed & battery consumption. It has been observed that RIP has better network lifetime than other.
Network Lifetime Analysis of Routing Protocols of Short Network in QualnetIOSR Journals
A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that communicates with
each other without using any existing infrastructure, access point or centralized administration. Mobile ad-hoc
network have the attributes such as wireless connection, continuously changing topology, distributed operation
and ease of deployment. In this paper we have compared the energy consumption of reactive, proactive &
hybrid routing protocol AODV,DSR,RIP & ZRP by using different mobility model. We have analyzed the
Network lifetime of protocols by varying pay load, mobility, pause time and type of traffic (CBR). A detailed
simulation has been carried out in qualnet. The metrics used for performance analysis are energy consumed &
battery consumption. It has been observed that RIP has better network lifetime than other
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON ROUTING PROTOCOLS OF MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKijcseit
In this modern era, Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is widely used for its mobility and self-configuring
features. Hence, a better security approach is needed for maintaining high level network performance in
mobile ad hoc network. This paper presents the comparative analysis of quality of service (QoS) of MANET
protocols. In this regard, three types of most widely used protocols, named, Ad hoc On-demand Distance
Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) have
been used to analyze. Therefore, AODV is selected in distributed ad hoc setting for the path discovery.
Also, AODV is a reactive improvement of Dynamic Destination Sequence Vector (DSDV) protocol. On the
other hand, the number of route broadcast is decreased by source routes on demand in AODV, which is
opposite of DSDV algorithm. In this research, the quality of service parameters of network paths are also
included to develop trust in the links to defend from various attacks. Moreover, a comparative analysis of
delay, congestion, packet losses, transit time between source and destination is illustrated on AODV and
DSR. In simulation time, packet drop-outs and link failures for probe packets are examined and analyzed
under network attack.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON ROUTING PROTOCOLS OF MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKijcseit
In this modern era, Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is widely used for its mobility and self-configuring
features. Hence, a better security approach is needed for maintaining high level network performance in
mobile ad hoc network. This paper presents the comparative analysis of quality of service (QoS) of MANET
protocols. In this regard, three types of most widely used protocols, named, Ad hoc On-demand Distance
Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) have
been used to analyze. Therefore, AODV is selected in distributed ad hoc setting for the path discovery.
Also, AODV is a reactive improvement of Dynamic Destination Sequence Vector (DSDV) protocol. On the
other hand, the number of route broadcast is decreased by source routes on demand in AODV, which is
opposite of DSDV algorithm. In this research, the quality of service parameters of network paths are also
included to develop trust in the links to defend from various attacks. Moreover, a comparative analysis of
delay, congestion, packet losses, transit time between source and destination is illustrated on AODV and
DSR. In simulation time, packet drop-outs and link failures for probe packets are examined and analyzed
under network attack.
In this modern era, Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is widely used for its mobility and self-configuring
features. Hence, a better security approach is needed for maintaining high level network performance in
mobile ad hoc network. This paper presents the comparative analysis of quality of service (QoS) of MANET
protocols. In this regard, three types of most widely used protocols, named, Ad hoc On-demand Distance
Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) have
been used to analyze. Therefore, AODV is selected in distributed ad hoc setting for the path discovery.
Also, AODV is a reactive improvement of Dynamic Destination Sequence Vector (DSDV) protocol. On the
other hand, the number of route broadcast is decreased by source routes on demand in AODV, which is
opposite of DSDV algorithm. In this research, the quality of service parameters of network paths are also
included to develop trust in the links to defend from various attacks. Moreover, a comparative analysis of
delay, congestion, packet losses, transit time between source and destination is illustrated on AODV and
DSR. In simulation time, packet drop-outs and link failures for probe packets are examined and analyzed
under network attack.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
To improve the QoS in MANETs through analysis between reactive and proactive ...CSEIJJournal
A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET), is a self-configuring infra structure less network of mobile devices
connected by wireless links. ad hoc is Latin and means "for this purpose". Each device in a MANET is free
to move independently in any direction, and will therefore change its links to other devices frequently. Each
must forward traffic unrelated to its own use, and therefore be a router. The primary challenge in building
a MANET is equipping each device to continuously maintain the information required to properly route
traffic. QOS is defined as a set of service requirements to be met by the network while transporting a
packet stream from source to destination. Intrinsic to the notion of QOS is an agreement or a guarantee by
the network to provide a set of measurable pre-specified service attributes to the user in terms of delay,
jitter, available bandwidth, packet loss, and so on. The analysis is mainly between proactive or table-driven
protocols like OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) viz DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) &
CGSR (Cluster Head Gateway Switch Routing) and reactive or source initiated routing protocols viz
AODV (Ad hoc on Demand distance Vector) & DSR (Dynamic Source Routing). The QoS analysis of the
above said protocols is simulated on NS2 and results are shown thereby.
To improve the QoS in MANETs through analysis between reactive and proactive ...
Jb2516071610
1. Gurpreet Singh, Atinderpal Singh, Anantdeep Kaur / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1607-1610
Performance Evaluation of Aodv and Dsr Routing Protocols for
VBR Traffic in Mobile Adhoc Networks
Gurpreet Singh #1, Atinderpal Singh#, Anantdeep Kaur*
#
Department of CSE & IT, BBSBEC, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
*Assistant Professor (Management & IT), SBSSTC, Ferozepur, Punjab, India
Abstract
Mobile Ad hoc network (MANETs) is evaluated for multimedia data in a multihop mobile
rapidly growing as an important area of wireless network by taking different performance metrics. In
communication with the revolutionary inventions this paper, we will evaluate the performance of two
in the mobile devices. Efficient routing protocols reactive protocols AODV and DSR by taking the
make MANETs reliable. Despite the considerable VBR multimedia transmission in a multihop mobile
simulation works, still more investigation is network. The mobility scenario simulates the
required in the performance evaluation of environment of a modern city, where mobile nodes
routing protocols for multimedia traffic are connected to each other and communicates.
especially Variable Bit Rate(VBR).In this paper, This paper is organized as follows: The next
we will conduct a number of simulations for the section presents the main Ad hoc routing protocols
performance evaluation of two popular routing AODV and DSR that are used in the performance
protocols of MANET, namely AODV and DSR, evaluation process. Section III presents the
for VBR multimedia traffic using Real Time simulation set up and the performance evaluation
Protocol(RTP).We will investigate the metrics. In section IV, we present the simulation
performance using four metrics-packet received, results and performance comparison. And finally,
throughput, routing overhead and network load. we conclude the paper and present the plans for the
future work in section V.
Keywords: MANETs; AODV; DSR; VBR; RTP.
II. MOBILE ADHOC ROUTING
I. INTRODUCTION PROTOCOLS
A Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) [1] There are many different ways to classify the
[2] is an autonomous collection of mobile routers or routing protocols of MANETs depending upon their
nodes communicating over radio links. MANET is a network structure, communication model, routing
temporary network without infrastructure. The strategy and state information [6]. Depending upon
wireless routers or nodes moves randomly and the routing strategy, there are two types of routing
organize themselves arbitrarily. The nodes directly protocols: Table Driven and Source Initiated (On
communicate via wireless links within each other’s Demand).
radio range, while that are distant apart use other The first type is a proactive approach i.e.
nodes as relay in a multihop routing function. As the table driven. Routing information in the network
nodes are mobile, the structure of the network maintained up to date. Table driven protocols have
changes dynamically and unpredictably over lower latency but have high routing overhead. The
time.Adhoc networks are self-configuring and self- routing overhead is high due to periodic updations
organizing, so to maintain communication between of routing tables. Some of main proactive protocols
nodes in the network, each node behaves as a of MANET are DSDV, FSR and OLSR.
transmitter, a host and a router. The second type is source initiated. It is also
Due to growing usage of the portable devices and known as On Demand or Reactive. Route id created
progress in the wireless communication, Mobile Ad only when demanded by the source node. When a
hoc networks are gaining importance due to its wide node wants to communicate in the network, it
range of applications [3].Mobile Ad hoc networks initiates a route discovery process within the
are used in military communication and operations, network. So, there is no need of periodic updates.
home appliances, emergency services, educational Hence, the routing overhead is low but the latency is
applications and entertainment. high. Some of main reactive protocols of MANET
MANET has few challenges and are AODV, DSR and TORA. The mobile Ad hoc
limitations that have to be addressed [4].Limited routing protocols considered in this study are
radio transmission range, routing overhead, battery described below.
constraints, security, etc. are some of inefficiencies
in a MANET environment. A. DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING (DSR)
In [5], the performance of three popular DSR [7] [8] is an On Demand routing
routing protocols AODV, DSR and OLSR is protocol. DSR is based on the theory of source
1607 | P a g e
2. Gurpreet Singh, Atinderpal Singh, Anantdeep Kaur / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1607-1610
based routing and is a very simple and efficient Mobility Random Mobility
routing protocol. DSR is designed for use in Model Direction
multihop wireless Ad hoc networks of mobile Routing DSR, AODV Path-finding
nodes. The DSR protocol works into two main Protocols
mechanisms called Route Discovery and Route MAC protocol 802.11g Wireless
Maintenance. Route Discovery is the mechanism in Traffic VBR
which a source node tending to send a packet to a Traffic rate 25 pkt/sec
destination obtains a source route to destination. It is Packet Send 256kb
initiated only when a source node wants to send rate
packet to a destination and doesn’t already know the Packet Size 1 kb
route to it. And, then it maintains that route in the Pause Time 100 sec
cache of the nodes. Route Maintenance is the
mechanism in which source node is able to detect Performance Metrics
the link failures to the destination. It then repairs the Packet received [14]: It is the number of packets
route or finds an alternate route. It is used only when received by the application layer of destination
source is sending packets to a destination. nodes.
Throughput [14]: It is the average at which data
B. ADHOC ON DEMAND DISTANT VECTOR packet is delivered successfully from one node to
PROTOCOL (AODV) another over a communication network. It is usually
AODV [7] [9] is a reactive distant vector measured in bits per second.
protocol. It mixes the property of DSR and DSDV. Throughput = (no of delivered packets * packet
Routes discovered on demand are maintained as size) / total duration of simulation
long as they are required. AODV routing table Routing Overhead [14]: This is the total number of
maintains routing information of any route that has routing control packets generated by all nodes to the
been used recently within a time interval. The total data packets during the simulation time.
operation of AODV is loop free by use of sequence Network Load [15]: It is the total traffic received
numbers which indicate the freshness of the route. by the network layer from the higher MAC that is
When links break, AODV causes the affected set of accepted and queued for transmission. It is
nodes to be notified to invalidate the route. Route measured as bits per second.
Request (RREQs), Route Replies (RREPs), and
Route Errors (RRERs) are three message types
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND
defined by AODV for its working.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON
Performance of AODV and DSR routing
III. SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT
protocols is evaluated under Variable Bit Rate
multimedia traffic.
To evaluate and compare the performance
of these routing protocols in Mobile Ad hoc
1) Packet Received
network, we performed extensive simulations using
In the reactive protocols, AODV and DSR,
NS-2 simulator [10]-[13]. Each simulator is carried
AODV outperforms the DSR in terms of number of
out under the constant mobility.
packets received by all destination nodes.
TABLE 1
DSR AODV
THE SIMULATION PARAMETERS
5373 20415
Experiment Experiment Description
Parameter Value
Simulation 200 S Simulation
Time Duration
Terrain 1000*1000 m X,Y
Dimension Dimension of
Motion
No. of Mobile 50 No. of nodes in
Nodes a network
Node Random Change
Placement waypoint Direction
Randomly
Mobility Speed 0-50 mps Mobility of
Nodes
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3. Gurpreet Singh, Atinderpal Singh, Anantdeep Kaur / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1607-1610
Figure 1: Number of Packet Received of AODV and Figure 3: Routing Overhead for AODV and DSR for
DSR for 50 nodes 50 nodes
From the above figure, we have seen that It is observed from the figure above, in
the number of packets received in AODV protocol which DSR present the worse behavior in terms of
is very high than the number of packets received in routing overhead measurements. Although both
DSR protocol for 50 nodes. AODV and DSR are reactive protocols but in terms
of Routing Overhead for VBR traffic both present a
2) Throughput very different behavior.
Throughput is better for AODV protocol
than DSR protocol. 4) Network Load
Network Load is very high for DSR protocol than
DSR AODV AODV protocol.
DSR AODV
98.67 265.44
8.17 1.003
Figure 2: Throughput of AODV and DSR
for 50 nodes Figure 4: Network Load for AODV and DSR for 50
nodes
From above figure, it is observed that the
AODV protocol outperforms the DSR protocol in As shown in the above figure that DSR has higher
terms of throughput when the number of nodes is Network Load than AODV. It increases as the
50. number of hops increases.
3) Routing Overhead
Routing Overhead is higher in case of DSR than V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
AODV. WORK
This evaluation work is carried out using
DSR AODV network simulator NS-2 to compare the
performance of AODV and DSR protocols under
43903 20438 VBR traffic. The performance is compared in terms
of number of packet received, throughput, routing
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4. Gurpreet Singh, Atinderpal Singh, Anantdeep Kaur / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1607-1610
overhead and network overload when number of mobile Ad hoc networks”,IFIP
nodes is constant. Simulation results show that in WMNC’2011.
case of number of packets received AODV is ahead [6] Mehran Abolhasan, Tadeusz Wysocki, and
of DSR. And for throughput, AODV outperforms Eryk Dutkiewicz, “A review of routing
DSR. This means that AODV has high reliability. protocols for mobile ad hoc networks”,
And high routing overhead and network load of Technical report, Telecommunication and
DSR worsen the performance of DSR as compared Information Research Institute, University
to AODV. This is due to source routing for route of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522;
discovery and hop by hop packet forwarding in Motorola Australia Research Centre, 12
DSR. So, AODV is best suited for delay sensitive Lord St., Botany, NSW 2525,
RTP applications which do not allow latency in the Australia,2003.
network. Thus from above investigations we [7] Georgios Kiou Mourtzis, “Simulation and
conclude that AODV is a better option for VBR Evaluation of Routing Protocols for Mobile
multimedia traffic. Ad hoc Networks”, Master thesis in
In our future work, we will intend to do Computer Science and Engineering, Naval
more simulations to evaluate more multimedia Postgraduate School, Monterey California,
centric metrics for multimedia data transmission. In September, 2005.
addition to it, we plans to investigate the [8] D.B Johnson, D.A Maltz, and Yih-Chun
performance of these protocols for congestion Hu., “The Dynamic Source Routing
control mechanism by varying the number of nodes Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
for VBR traffic. (DSR)”, Internet draft (draft-ietf-manet-
dsr- 10.txt), 19 July 2004.
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