This document summarizes research on analyzing the steady-state performance of a self-excited induction generator using three optimization techniques: genetic algorithms, pattern search, and quasi-Newton methods. It provides background on induction generators and how they can operate as self-excited generators by connecting capacitors to the stator terminals. The document presents the standard steady-state equivalent circuit model and derives nonlinear equations that are solved using the three optimization techniques to determine unknown parameters. The performance of the self-excited induction generator is then evaluated based on the determined parameters.
Wolf Search Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problemijeei-iaes
This paper presents a new bio-inspired heuristic optimization algorithm called the Wolf Search Algorithm (WSA) for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. Wolf Search algorithm is a new bio – inspired heuristic algorithm which based on wolf preying behaviour. The way wolves search for food and survive by avoiding their enemies has been imitated to formulate the algorithm for solving the reactive power dispatches. And the speciality of wolf is possessing both individual local searching ability and autonomous flocking movement and this special property has been utilized to formulate the search algorithm .The proposed (WSA) algorithm has been tested on standard IEEE 30 bus test system and simulation results shows clearly about the good performance of the proposed algorithm .
This document proposes a universal algorithm for stage switching in hypercube interconnection networks used in multi-core systems. It analyzes a 4-stage 16x16 hypercube network and derives a switching algorithm where the selection bit sequence changes at each stage in a predefined manner. This algorithm is then generalized for an n-stage hypercube network to establish relationships between the selection bit patterns at different stages. The proposed universal algorithm could be used for linear switching in hypercube networks of any size to efficiently design higher order interconnection blocks for multi-core systems.
The document summarizes research on using a genetic algorithm to optimize the location and parameters of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices in a power system. It first introduces FACTS devices and their ability to control power flow. It then describes using a genetic algorithm to simultaneously determine the optimal type, location, and rating of FACTS devices with the objectives of minimizing generation costs and power losses/voltage deviations. The methodology is tested on the IEEE 30-bus system with different FACTS device types. The results indicate the genetic algorithm approach can effectively determine the configuration of FACTS devices that increase system loadability.
Disease Classification using ECG Signal Based on PCA Feature along with GA & ...IRJET Journal
This document describes a method for classifying ECG signals to detect cardiovascular diseases using principal component analysis (PCA), genetic algorithms, and artificial neural networks. PCA is used to extract features from ECG signals. A genetic algorithm is then used to select optimal features and train an artificial neural network classifier. The method is tested on datasets from Physionet.org to classify ECG signals as normal or indicating conditions like bradycardia or tachycardia with high accuracy. The goal is to develop an automated system for ECG analysis and heart disease diagnosis.
A Solution to Optimal Power Flow Problem using Artificial Bee Colony Algorith...IOSR Journals
This document presents an artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm approach to solve the optimal power flow (OPF) problem incorporating a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device, specifically a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC). The ABC algorithm is tested on the IEEE 14-bus test system both with and without the SSSC. Results show that the ABC algorithm gives a better solution when incorporating the SSSC, improving the system performance in terms of lower total cost, lower power losses, and better voltage profile compared to the case without SSSC.
This paper presents a grid-connected photovoltaic system (PV) used as a shunt active power filter (SAPF) to provide the power factor correction, harmonic elimination, reactive power compensation and to simultaneously supply power from a PV system to the utility. A direct power control (DPC) method is used for controlling the system to feed the photovoltaic energy in synchronization with grid and provide power quality improvement. The PI parameters of DC-link voltage controller are tuned using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm without the need for an exact mathematical model of system. This PI-PSO controller gives better results for robustness, harmonic minimization and reduces the overshoot and undershoots of PI controller. The overall control of system is tested in Matlab/Simulink environment. Then, the simulations results demonstrate the robustness and feasibility of proposed method.
Iaetsd estimation of damping torque for small-signalIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to accurately estimate the damping torque coefficient for assessing small-signal stability in a single machine infinite bus power system. PSO is applied to optimize the damping torque coefficient to maximize damping ratio and improve stability. Time domain simulations were performed under various loading conditions and PSO provided better damping, reducing peak overshoots compared to estimating the coefficient randomly. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of PSO for stability assessment by optimizing the damping torque coefficient.
This article proposes using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) optimized by a genetic algorithm (GA) to track the maximum power point (MPP) of a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system under changing temperature and irradiance conditions. 360 data points of temperature and irradiance were optimized by GA and then used to train the ANFIS controller. Simulation results showed the ANFIS-GA controller could track the MPP with less fluctuation and faster convergence compared to conventional methods. A P/Q controller was also used to regulate both voltage and current for grid connection.
Wolf Search Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problemijeei-iaes
This paper presents a new bio-inspired heuristic optimization algorithm called the Wolf Search Algorithm (WSA) for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. Wolf Search algorithm is a new bio – inspired heuristic algorithm which based on wolf preying behaviour. The way wolves search for food and survive by avoiding their enemies has been imitated to formulate the algorithm for solving the reactive power dispatches. And the speciality of wolf is possessing both individual local searching ability and autonomous flocking movement and this special property has been utilized to formulate the search algorithm .The proposed (WSA) algorithm has been tested on standard IEEE 30 bus test system and simulation results shows clearly about the good performance of the proposed algorithm .
This document proposes a universal algorithm for stage switching in hypercube interconnection networks used in multi-core systems. It analyzes a 4-stage 16x16 hypercube network and derives a switching algorithm where the selection bit sequence changes at each stage in a predefined manner. This algorithm is then generalized for an n-stage hypercube network to establish relationships between the selection bit patterns at different stages. The proposed universal algorithm could be used for linear switching in hypercube networks of any size to efficiently design higher order interconnection blocks for multi-core systems.
The document summarizes research on using a genetic algorithm to optimize the location and parameters of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices in a power system. It first introduces FACTS devices and their ability to control power flow. It then describes using a genetic algorithm to simultaneously determine the optimal type, location, and rating of FACTS devices with the objectives of minimizing generation costs and power losses/voltage deviations. The methodology is tested on the IEEE 30-bus system with different FACTS device types. The results indicate the genetic algorithm approach can effectively determine the configuration of FACTS devices that increase system loadability.
Disease Classification using ECG Signal Based on PCA Feature along with GA & ...IRJET Journal
This document describes a method for classifying ECG signals to detect cardiovascular diseases using principal component analysis (PCA), genetic algorithms, and artificial neural networks. PCA is used to extract features from ECG signals. A genetic algorithm is then used to select optimal features and train an artificial neural network classifier. The method is tested on datasets from Physionet.org to classify ECG signals as normal or indicating conditions like bradycardia or tachycardia with high accuracy. The goal is to develop an automated system for ECG analysis and heart disease diagnosis.
A Solution to Optimal Power Flow Problem using Artificial Bee Colony Algorith...IOSR Journals
This document presents an artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm approach to solve the optimal power flow (OPF) problem incorporating a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device, specifically a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC). The ABC algorithm is tested on the IEEE 14-bus test system both with and without the SSSC. Results show that the ABC algorithm gives a better solution when incorporating the SSSC, improving the system performance in terms of lower total cost, lower power losses, and better voltage profile compared to the case without SSSC.
This paper presents a grid-connected photovoltaic system (PV) used as a shunt active power filter (SAPF) to provide the power factor correction, harmonic elimination, reactive power compensation and to simultaneously supply power from a PV system to the utility. A direct power control (DPC) method is used for controlling the system to feed the photovoltaic energy in synchronization with grid and provide power quality improvement. The PI parameters of DC-link voltage controller are tuned using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm without the need for an exact mathematical model of system. This PI-PSO controller gives better results for robustness, harmonic minimization and reduces the overshoot and undershoots of PI controller. The overall control of system is tested in Matlab/Simulink environment. Then, the simulations results demonstrate the robustness and feasibility of proposed method.
Iaetsd estimation of damping torque for small-signalIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to accurately estimate the damping torque coefficient for assessing small-signal stability in a single machine infinite bus power system. PSO is applied to optimize the damping torque coefficient to maximize damping ratio and improve stability. Time domain simulations were performed under various loading conditions and PSO provided better damping, reducing peak overshoots compared to estimating the coefficient randomly. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of PSO for stability assessment by optimizing the damping torque coefficient.
This article proposes using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) optimized by a genetic algorithm (GA) to track the maximum power point (MPP) of a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system under changing temperature and irradiance conditions. 360 data points of temperature and irradiance were optimized by GA and then used to train the ANFIS controller. Simulation results showed the ANFIS-GA controller could track the MPP with less fluctuation and faster convergence compared to conventional methods. A P/Q controller was also used to regulate both voltage and current for grid connection.
A chaotic particle swarm optimization (cpso) algorithm for solving optimal re...Alexander Decker
This document presents a chaotic particle swarm optimization (CPSO) algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. The CPSO algorithm aims to avoid premature convergence by fusing ergodic and stochastic chaos. It formulates reactive power dispatch as an optimization problem with two objectives: minimizing real power losses and maximizing static voltage stability margin. The CPSO is tested on the IEEE 30 bus system and is shown to reduce power losses and maximize voltage stability more than other algorithms.
This document proposes a methodology for developing neural network (NN) based composite load models for power system stability analysis. A two-step procedure is used: 1) A simulation test bed is set up using detailed load models to generate training data. 2) The test bed data is used to develop and train a recurrent NN model to map load power from voltage and frequency. The NN model is then retrained using measured data. A case study applying the method to a power inverter controlling an induction motor load shows the NN model can accurately estimate active and reactive load power.
Metric Projections to Identify Critical Points in Electric Power Systemstheijes
The identification of weak nodes and branches involved have been analyzed with different technical of analysis as: sensitivities, modal and of the singular minimum value, applying the Jacobian matrix of load flows. We show up a metric projections application to identify weak nodes and branches with more participation in the electric power system.
This document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques to improve the efficiency of wind-solar hybrid systems. It begins with an introduction to MPPT and its importance for optimizing power output from solar panels. Different MPPT methods are described, including perturb and observe, incremental conductance, and current sweep. The document then focuses on implementing the perturb and observe MPPT algorithm using simulation software PSIM. Graphs of the simulation results are presented and analyzed. Finally, simulation software options for graphical user interfaces like VEE Pro and LabVIEW are discussed.
Diminution of real power loss by hybridization of particleAlexander Decker
This document presents a hybrid particle swarm optimization-extremal optimization (HPSOEO) algorithm to solve the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. The objectives are to minimize real power loss and maximize voltage stability margin. Generator voltages, reactive power outputs, and transformer tap settings are optimization variables. PSO is combined with extremal optimization to overcome PSO's limitation of premature convergence for complex problems. The algorithm is tested on the IEEE 30 bus system and shows better performance than other reported algorithms for the single-objective reactive power dispatch problem.
Line Losses in the 14-Bus Power System Network using UPFCIDES Editor
Controlling power flow in modern power systems
can be made more flexible by the use of recent developments
in power electronic and computing control technology. The
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a Flexible AC
transmission system (FACTS) device that can control all the
three system variables namely line reactance, magnitude and
phase angle difference of voltage across the line. The UPFC
provides a promising means to control power flow in modern
power systems. Essentially the performance depends on proper
control setting achievable through a power flow analysis
program. This paper presents a reliable method to meet the
requirements by developing a Newton-Raphson based load
flow calculation through which control settings of UPFC can
be determined for the pre-specified power flow between the
lines. The proposed method keeps Newton-Raphson Load Flow
(NRLF) algorithm intact and needs (little modification in the
Jacobian matrix). A MATLAB program has been developed to
calculate the control settings of UPFC and the power flow
between the lines after the load flow is converged. Case studies
have been performed on IEEE 5-bus system and 14-bus system
to show that the proposed method is effective. These studies
indicate that the method maintains the basic NRLF properties
such as fast computational speed, high degree of accuracy and
good convergence rate.
Design and Performance Analysis of Genetic based PID-PSS with SVC in a Multi-...IDES Editor
Damping of power system oscillations with the help
of proposed optimal Proportional Integral Derivative Power
System Stabilizer (PID-PSS) and Static Var Compensator
(SVC)-based controllers are thoroughly investigated in this
paper. This study presents robust tuning of PID-PSS and
SVC-based controllers using Genetic Algorithms (GA) in
multi machine power systems by considering detailed model
of the generators (model 1.1). The effectiveness of FACTSbased
controllers in general and SVC-based controller in
particular depends upon their proper location. Modal
controllability and observability are used to locate SVC–based
controller. The performance of the proposed controllers is
compared with conventional lead-lag power system stabilizer
(CPSS) and demonstrated on 10 machines, 39 bus New England
test system. Simulation studies show that the proposed genetic
based PID-PSS with SVC based controller provides better
performance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Artificial Intelligence Technique based Reactive Power Planning Incorporating...IDES Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using artificial intelligence techniques and FACTS controllers for reactive power planning in real-time power transmission systems. The paper formulates the reactive power planning problem and incorporates flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices like static VAR compensators (SVC), thyristor controlled series capacitors (TCSC), and unified power flow controllers (UPFC). Evolutionary algorithms like evolutionary programming (EP) and differential evolution (DE) are applied to find the optimal locations and settings of the FACTS controllers to minimize losses and costs. Simulation results on IEEE 30-bus and 72-bus Indian test systems show that UPFC performs best in reducing losses compared to SVC and TCSC.
Optimized placement of multiple FACTS devices using PSO and CSA algorithms IJECEIAES
This paper is an attempt to develop a multi-facts device placementin deregulated power system using optimization algorithms. The deregulated power system is the recent need in the power distribution as it has many independent sellers and buyers of electricity. The problem of deregulation is the quality of the power distribution as many sellers are involved. The placement of FACTS devices provides the solution for the above problem. There are researches available for multiple FACTS devices. The optimization algorithms like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) are implemented to place the multiple FACTS devices in a power system. MATLAB based implementation is carried out for applying Optimal Power Flow (OPF) with variation in the bus power and the line reactance parameters. The cost function is used as the objective function. The cost reduction of FACTS as well as generation by placement of different compensators like, Static Var Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The cost calculation is done on the 3-seller scenario. The IEEE 14 bus is taken here as 3-seller system.
Power System State Estimation - A ReviewIDES Editor
This document provides a review of power system state estimation techniques. It discusses both static and dynamic state estimation algorithms. For static state estimation, it covers weighted least squares, decoupled, and robust estimation methods. Weighted least squares is commonly used but can have numerical instability issues. Decoupled state estimation approximates the gain matrix for faster computation. Robust estimation uses M-estimators and other techniques to handle outliers and bad data. Dynamic state estimation applies Kalman filtering, leapfrog algorithms, and other methods to continuously monitor system states over time.
1.a fuzzy based pv apf controller for compensating current harmonics (2)EditorJST
The main aim of this paper is to compensate a current harmonics in PV-APF system using Fuzzy Logic Controller. A 3- Ф 3-wire system is proposed in this paper which consists of PV system, a dc/dc converter which is controlled by MPPT, three phase VSC to act as APF and Non-Linear Load. The main theme of this INC MPPT is to efficiency from the PV system. For reliable performance of active power filter and better harmonic compensation this paper propose a concept of instantaneous power theory. Also, a comparison analysis is performed for improving THD by PI/Fuzzy controllers. The proposed system is simulated and verified in MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Oscillatory Stability Prediction Using PSO Based Synchronizing and Damping To...journalBEEI
This paper presents the assessment of stability domains for the angle stability condition of the power system using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. An efficient optimization method using PSO for synchronizing torque coefficients Ksand damping torque coefficients Kd to identify the angle stability condition on multi-machine system. In order to accelerate the determination of angle stability, PSO is proposed to be implemented in this study. The application of the proposed algorithm has been justified as the most accurate with lower computation time as compared to other optimization techniques such as Evolutionary Programming (EP) and Artificial Immune System (AIS). Validation with respect to eigenvalues determination, Least Square (LS) method and minimum damping ratio ξmin confirmed that the proposed technique is feasible to solve the angle stability problems.
Optimal Placement of DG for Loss Reduction and Voltage Sag Mitigation in Radi...IDES Editor
This paper presents the need to operate the power
system economically and with optimum levels of voltages has
further led to an increase in interest in Distributed
Generation. In order to reduce the power losses and to improve
the voltage in the distribution system, distributed generators
(DGs) are connected to load bus. To reduce the total power
losses in the system, the most important process is to identify
the proper location for fixing and sizing of DGs. It presents a
new methodology using a new population based meta heuristic
approach namely Artificial Bee Colony algorithm(ABC) for
the placement of Distributed Generators(DG) in the radial
distribution systems to reduce the real power losses and to
improve the voltage profile, voltage sag mitigation. The power
loss reduction is important factor for utility companies because
it is directly proportional to the company benefits in a
competitive electricity market, while reaching the better power
quality standards is too important as it has vital effect on
customer orientation. In this paper an ABC algorithm is
developed to gain these goals all together. In order to evaluate
sag mitigation capability of the proposed algorithm, voltage
in voltage sensitive buses is investigated. An existing 20KV
network has been chosen as test network and results are
compared with the proposed method in the radial distribution
system.
The quality of data and the accuracy of energy generation forecast by artific...IJECEIAES
The paper presents the issues related to predicting the amount of energy generation, in a particular wind power plant comprising five generators located in south-eastern Poland. Thelocation of wind power plant, the distribution and type of applied generators, and topographical conditions were given and the correlation between selected weather parameters and the volume of energy generation was discussed. The primary objective of the paper was to select learning data and perform forecasts using artificial neural networks. For comparison, conservative forecasts were also presented. Forecasts results obtained shaw that Artificial Neural Networks are more universal than conservative method. However their forecast accuracy of forecasts strongly depends on the selection of explanatory data.
Voltage Regulators Placement in Unbalanced Radial Distribution Systems for Lo...paperpublications3
Abstract: The Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVRs) help to reduce energy loss and improve the power quality of electric utilities. This paper presents selection of optimal location and tap setting for voltage regulators in Unbalanced Radial Distribution Systems (URDS). Power loss index (PLI) is used for the selection of optimal location of voltage regulators which will first found at each branch except source bus and the bus that has the highest power loss index are picked as the best location for the voltage regulators placement. Particle swarm optimization (PSO), is used for selecting the tap position of voltage regulator in an unbalanced radial distribution system. This algorithm makes the initial selection and tap position setting of the voltage regulators to minimize power losses and provide a good voltage profile along the distribution network and then reduce the total cost to obtain the maximum net savings. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated on a test system of IEEE 33 bus unbalanced radial distribution systems.
Keywords:Unbalanced Radial Distribution Systems (URDS), Load Flow, Power loss index(PLI),Particle swarm optimization(PSO), Voltage Regulator placement, Loss minimization, cost saving.
Passivity Based Control for PV Applications by Using a Buck Power Converter
The use of power converters for everyday applications is becoming more and more important. Current technological applications simultaneously demand a high level of precision and performance, so DC-DC converters have a very important role in systems requiring energy level conversion and adaptation. As part of the work of this paper, we are interested in an analysis of modeling and control law synthesis approaches to ensure stability and a certain level of performance in the entire operating domain. The objective of our research work is therefore to propose a control law whose synthesis is based on a formalized (modeling & control) approach with a view to obtaining a control law adapted to the operating point. The principles used are based on the control and observation by the theory of passivity for the synthesis of control law of buck power converter for PV Applications.
This paper propose a new approach to determine a linear mathematical model of a PV moduel based on an accurate nonlinear model . In this study, electrical parameters at only one operating condition are calculated based on an accurate model. Then, first-order Taylor series approximations apply on the nonlinear model to estimate the proposed model at any operating conditionts. The proposed method determines the number of iteration times. This decreases calculation time and the speed of numerical convergence will be increased. And, it is observed that owing to this method, the system converged and the problem of failing to solve the system because of inappropriate initial values is eliminated. The proposed model is requested in order to allow photovoltaic plants simulations using low-cost computer platforms. The effectiveness of the proposed model is demonstrated for different temperature and irradiance values through conducting a comparison between result of the proposed model and experimental results obtained from the module data-sheet information.
This document evaluates the performance of the AODV and DSR routing protocols for Variable Bit Rate (VBR) multimedia traffic in mobile ad hoc networks. It conducts simulations in NS-2 to analyze four performance metrics: packet received, throughput, routing overhead, and network load. The results show that AODV outperforms DSR for packet received, throughput, and routing overhead. DSR has higher network load than AODV. Therefore, the document concludes that AODV is better suited than DSR for VBR multimedia transmission in mobile ad hoc networks.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A chaotic particle swarm optimization (cpso) algorithm for solving optimal re...Alexander Decker
This document presents a chaotic particle swarm optimization (CPSO) algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. The CPSO algorithm aims to avoid premature convergence by fusing ergodic and stochastic chaos. It formulates reactive power dispatch as an optimization problem with two objectives: minimizing real power losses and maximizing static voltage stability margin. The CPSO is tested on the IEEE 30 bus system and is shown to reduce power losses and maximize voltage stability more than other algorithms.
This document proposes a methodology for developing neural network (NN) based composite load models for power system stability analysis. A two-step procedure is used: 1) A simulation test bed is set up using detailed load models to generate training data. 2) The test bed data is used to develop and train a recurrent NN model to map load power from voltage and frequency. The NN model is then retrained using measured data. A case study applying the method to a power inverter controlling an induction motor load shows the NN model can accurately estimate active and reactive load power.
Metric Projections to Identify Critical Points in Electric Power Systemstheijes
The identification of weak nodes and branches involved have been analyzed with different technical of analysis as: sensitivities, modal and of the singular minimum value, applying the Jacobian matrix of load flows. We show up a metric projections application to identify weak nodes and branches with more participation in the electric power system.
This document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques to improve the efficiency of wind-solar hybrid systems. It begins with an introduction to MPPT and its importance for optimizing power output from solar panels. Different MPPT methods are described, including perturb and observe, incremental conductance, and current sweep. The document then focuses on implementing the perturb and observe MPPT algorithm using simulation software PSIM. Graphs of the simulation results are presented and analyzed. Finally, simulation software options for graphical user interfaces like VEE Pro and LabVIEW are discussed.
Diminution of real power loss by hybridization of particleAlexander Decker
This document presents a hybrid particle swarm optimization-extremal optimization (HPSOEO) algorithm to solve the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. The objectives are to minimize real power loss and maximize voltage stability margin. Generator voltages, reactive power outputs, and transformer tap settings are optimization variables. PSO is combined with extremal optimization to overcome PSO's limitation of premature convergence for complex problems. The algorithm is tested on the IEEE 30 bus system and shows better performance than other reported algorithms for the single-objective reactive power dispatch problem.
Line Losses in the 14-Bus Power System Network using UPFCIDES Editor
Controlling power flow in modern power systems
can be made more flexible by the use of recent developments
in power electronic and computing control technology. The
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a Flexible AC
transmission system (FACTS) device that can control all the
three system variables namely line reactance, magnitude and
phase angle difference of voltage across the line. The UPFC
provides a promising means to control power flow in modern
power systems. Essentially the performance depends on proper
control setting achievable through a power flow analysis
program. This paper presents a reliable method to meet the
requirements by developing a Newton-Raphson based load
flow calculation through which control settings of UPFC can
be determined for the pre-specified power flow between the
lines. The proposed method keeps Newton-Raphson Load Flow
(NRLF) algorithm intact and needs (little modification in the
Jacobian matrix). A MATLAB program has been developed to
calculate the control settings of UPFC and the power flow
between the lines after the load flow is converged. Case studies
have been performed on IEEE 5-bus system and 14-bus system
to show that the proposed method is effective. These studies
indicate that the method maintains the basic NRLF properties
such as fast computational speed, high degree of accuracy and
good convergence rate.
Design and Performance Analysis of Genetic based PID-PSS with SVC in a Multi-...IDES Editor
Damping of power system oscillations with the help
of proposed optimal Proportional Integral Derivative Power
System Stabilizer (PID-PSS) and Static Var Compensator
(SVC)-based controllers are thoroughly investigated in this
paper. This study presents robust tuning of PID-PSS and
SVC-based controllers using Genetic Algorithms (GA) in
multi machine power systems by considering detailed model
of the generators (model 1.1). The effectiveness of FACTSbased
controllers in general and SVC-based controller in
particular depends upon their proper location. Modal
controllability and observability are used to locate SVC–based
controller. The performance of the proposed controllers is
compared with conventional lead-lag power system stabilizer
(CPSS) and demonstrated on 10 machines, 39 bus New England
test system. Simulation studies show that the proposed genetic
based PID-PSS with SVC based controller provides better
performance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Artificial Intelligence Technique based Reactive Power Planning Incorporating...IDES Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using artificial intelligence techniques and FACTS controllers for reactive power planning in real-time power transmission systems. The paper formulates the reactive power planning problem and incorporates flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices like static VAR compensators (SVC), thyristor controlled series capacitors (TCSC), and unified power flow controllers (UPFC). Evolutionary algorithms like evolutionary programming (EP) and differential evolution (DE) are applied to find the optimal locations and settings of the FACTS controllers to minimize losses and costs. Simulation results on IEEE 30-bus and 72-bus Indian test systems show that UPFC performs best in reducing losses compared to SVC and TCSC.
Optimized placement of multiple FACTS devices using PSO and CSA algorithms IJECEIAES
This paper is an attempt to develop a multi-facts device placementin deregulated power system using optimization algorithms. The deregulated power system is the recent need in the power distribution as it has many independent sellers and buyers of electricity. The problem of deregulation is the quality of the power distribution as many sellers are involved. The placement of FACTS devices provides the solution for the above problem. There are researches available for multiple FACTS devices. The optimization algorithms like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) are implemented to place the multiple FACTS devices in a power system. MATLAB based implementation is carried out for applying Optimal Power Flow (OPF) with variation in the bus power and the line reactance parameters. The cost function is used as the objective function. The cost reduction of FACTS as well as generation by placement of different compensators like, Static Var Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The cost calculation is done on the 3-seller scenario. The IEEE 14 bus is taken here as 3-seller system.
Power System State Estimation - A ReviewIDES Editor
This document provides a review of power system state estimation techniques. It discusses both static and dynamic state estimation algorithms. For static state estimation, it covers weighted least squares, decoupled, and robust estimation methods. Weighted least squares is commonly used but can have numerical instability issues. Decoupled state estimation approximates the gain matrix for faster computation. Robust estimation uses M-estimators and other techniques to handle outliers and bad data. Dynamic state estimation applies Kalman filtering, leapfrog algorithms, and other methods to continuously monitor system states over time.
1.a fuzzy based pv apf controller for compensating current harmonics (2)EditorJST
The main aim of this paper is to compensate a current harmonics in PV-APF system using Fuzzy Logic Controller. A 3- Ф 3-wire system is proposed in this paper which consists of PV system, a dc/dc converter which is controlled by MPPT, three phase VSC to act as APF and Non-Linear Load. The main theme of this INC MPPT is to efficiency from the PV system. For reliable performance of active power filter and better harmonic compensation this paper propose a concept of instantaneous power theory. Also, a comparison analysis is performed for improving THD by PI/Fuzzy controllers. The proposed system is simulated and verified in MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Oscillatory Stability Prediction Using PSO Based Synchronizing and Damping To...journalBEEI
This paper presents the assessment of stability domains for the angle stability condition of the power system using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. An efficient optimization method using PSO for synchronizing torque coefficients Ksand damping torque coefficients Kd to identify the angle stability condition on multi-machine system. In order to accelerate the determination of angle stability, PSO is proposed to be implemented in this study. The application of the proposed algorithm has been justified as the most accurate with lower computation time as compared to other optimization techniques such as Evolutionary Programming (EP) and Artificial Immune System (AIS). Validation with respect to eigenvalues determination, Least Square (LS) method and minimum damping ratio ξmin confirmed that the proposed technique is feasible to solve the angle stability problems.
Optimal Placement of DG for Loss Reduction and Voltage Sag Mitigation in Radi...IDES Editor
This paper presents the need to operate the power
system economically and with optimum levels of voltages has
further led to an increase in interest in Distributed
Generation. In order to reduce the power losses and to improve
the voltage in the distribution system, distributed generators
(DGs) are connected to load bus. To reduce the total power
losses in the system, the most important process is to identify
the proper location for fixing and sizing of DGs. It presents a
new methodology using a new population based meta heuristic
approach namely Artificial Bee Colony algorithm(ABC) for
the placement of Distributed Generators(DG) in the radial
distribution systems to reduce the real power losses and to
improve the voltage profile, voltage sag mitigation. The power
loss reduction is important factor for utility companies because
it is directly proportional to the company benefits in a
competitive electricity market, while reaching the better power
quality standards is too important as it has vital effect on
customer orientation. In this paper an ABC algorithm is
developed to gain these goals all together. In order to evaluate
sag mitigation capability of the proposed algorithm, voltage
in voltage sensitive buses is investigated. An existing 20KV
network has been chosen as test network and results are
compared with the proposed method in the radial distribution
system.
The quality of data and the accuracy of energy generation forecast by artific...IJECEIAES
The paper presents the issues related to predicting the amount of energy generation, in a particular wind power plant comprising five generators located in south-eastern Poland. Thelocation of wind power plant, the distribution and type of applied generators, and topographical conditions were given and the correlation between selected weather parameters and the volume of energy generation was discussed. The primary objective of the paper was to select learning data and perform forecasts using artificial neural networks. For comparison, conservative forecasts were also presented. Forecasts results obtained shaw that Artificial Neural Networks are more universal than conservative method. However their forecast accuracy of forecasts strongly depends on the selection of explanatory data.
Voltage Regulators Placement in Unbalanced Radial Distribution Systems for Lo...paperpublications3
Abstract: The Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVRs) help to reduce energy loss and improve the power quality of electric utilities. This paper presents selection of optimal location and tap setting for voltage regulators in Unbalanced Radial Distribution Systems (URDS). Power loss index (PLI) is used for the selection of optimal location of voltage regulators which will first found at each branch except source bus and the bus that has the highest power loss index are picked as the best location for the voltage regulators placement. Particle swarm optimization (PSO), is used for selecting the tap position of voltage regulator in an unbalanced radial distribution system. This algorithm makes the initial selection and tap position setting of the voltage regulators to minimize power losses and provide a good voltage profile along the distribution network and then reduce the total cost to obtain the maximum net savings. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated on a test system of IEEE 33 bus unbalanced radial distribution systems.
Keywords:Unbalanced Radial Distribution Systems (URDS), Load Flow, Power loss index(PLI),Particle swarm optimization(PSO), Voltage Regulator placement, Loss minimization, cost saving.
Passivity Based Control for PV Applications by Using a Buck Power Converter
The use of power converters for everyday applications is becoming more and more important. Current technological applications simultaneously demand a high level of precision and performance, so DC-DC converters have a very important role in systems requiring energy level conversion and adaptation. As part of the work of this paper, we are interested in an analysis of modeling and control law synthesis approaches to ensure stability and a certain level of performance in the entire operating domain. The objective of our research work is therefore to propose a control law whose synthesis is based on a formalized (modeling & control) approach with a view to obtaining a control law adapted to the operating point. The principles used are based on the control and observation by the theory of passivity for the synthesis of control law of buck power converter for PV Applications.
This paper propose a new approach to determine a linear mathematical model of a PV moduel based on an accurate nonlinear model . In this study, electrical parameters at only one operating condition are calculated based on an accurate model. Then, first-order Taylor series approximations apply on the nonlinear model to estimate the proposed model at any operating conditionts. The proposed method determines the number of iteration times. This decreases calculation time and the speed of numerical convergence will be increased. And, it is observed that owing to this method, the system converged and the problem of failing to solve the system because of inappropriate initial values is eliminated. The proposed model is requested in order to allow photovoltaic plants simulations using low-cost computer platforms. The effectiveness of the proposed model is demonstrated for different temperature and irradiance values through conducting a comparison between result of the proposed model and experimental results obtained from the module data-sheet information.
This document evaluates the performance of the AODV and DSR routing protocols for Variable Bit Rate (VBR) multimedia traffic in mobile ad hoc networks. It conducts simulations in NS-2 to analyze four performance metrics: packet received, throughput, routing overhead, and network load. The results show that AODV outperforms DSR for packet received, throughput, and routing overhead. DSR has higher network load than AODV. Therefore, the document concludes that AODV is better suited than DSR for VBR multimedia transmission in mobile ad hoc networks.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses sensorless vector control of induction motors. It presents the dynamic modeling of induction motors using a reference frame transformation. It then describes the principles of vector control using an inverse transformation to control stator currents. A model reference adaptive system is proposed for sensorless speed estimation, where an adaptive model estimates the rotor speed by comparing its output to a reference model. Simulation results show the sensorless control approach can accurately estimate speed with good tracking performance.
This document summarizes a paper that proposes a new approach to feature-based 3D modeling of turned components in AutoCAD. The approach develops algorithms to model features like cylinders, tapers, holes, and grooves based on user-entered dimensions. It then stores feature information and uses it to assess similarity between components. The modeling system supports both feature-based design and recognition without needing separate feature extraction. The paper presents the algorithms for modeling different features and assessing similarity based on common features like cylinders, holes, or grooves.
This document presents a geometric programming model to optimize the production rate of a turning process. It develops a mathematical model to express the production time as a function of cutting parameters like cutting speed and feed rate. The objective is to minimize production time by determining the optimal cutting conditions. Experimental validation of the model shows it provides an efficient way to maximize production rate within operating constraints like maximum speed, feed rate, power requirements and surface roughness. The geometric programming technique offers advantages over other optimization methods for this application.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study on wall pressure distribution in a suddenly expanded flow for an area ratio of 2.56. Experiments were conducted by attaching an enlarged duct to the exit of an axisymmetric convergent-divergent nozzle. Wall pressure was measured for nozzle pressure ratios of 3-11 and Mach numbers of 1.87, 2.2, and 2.58. Microjets were used as an active control method to study their effect on wall pressure distribution. Results showed that microjets did not adversely affect the oscillatory wall pressure field for most conditions tested. At Mach 2.58 and NPR of 9, microjets significantly increased the reattachment length in the duct. In general, microjets were found
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study analyzing the integrated land and watershed development of Dhobai Watershed in Dumka District, Jharkhand, India using GIS and geonomic analysis. The study aims to generate updated thematic information on natural resources to facilitate sustainable land and water management. Methodology included visual and digital interpretation of satellite imagery and topographical maps. Themes mapped included geomorphology, drainage, climate, soils, and land use/land cover. Geomorphological units identified include valleys, hills, and uplands. Drainage is dominated by the Dhobai River. Soils include Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols. Land use is primarily single
The document discusses the performance analysis of the MUSIC algorithm for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation using different antenna array configurations. It explores the MUSIC algorithm using a uniform linear array (ULA) and uniform circular array (UCA). Computer simulations were developed to evaluate the DOA performance of MUSIC based on ULA and UCA geometries. The performance obtained with both array configurations is analyzed through simulation results. A new proposed array geometry based on ULA is also presented and its performance is compared with ULA through simulation.
This document summarizes a study on the formation and microanalysis of struvite urinary calculi (kidney stones). The researchers grew struvite crystals using a single diffusion gel growth technique. They studied the effect of various herbal drugs commonly used to treat diabetes on the crystallization of struvite. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and thermal analysis were used to analyze the elemental composition, microstructure, and properties of the grown crystals. The addition of certain herbal drugs was found to significantly change the formation of struvite crystals.
This document contains a resume for Mahdi Darbandi, a 24-year-old single man from Iran who recently graduated with a Bachelor's degree in power electrical engineering. His work experience includes internships in electrical engineering and installation. He is currently seeking a full-time position and is willing to work anywhere in Iran or outside of Iran.
Detection of Broken Bars in Three Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor using F...Dr.NAGARAJAN. S
Finite element method is more precise than the winding function approach, as it is based on the actual geometry of the machine and the machine model can easily be modified in order to study the effect of faults on the machine’s performance. Accurate models of the machine under healthy and faulty conditions are developed. This paper presents simulations of broken bars detection in a three phase squirrel cage induction motor under no load, half load and full load conditions for two and eight broken bars. The analysis is done using MagNet.
Comparative Study of the Success of PI and PI-Fuzzy Controller for Induction ...inventionjournals
Asynchronous motors have a wide range of applications in the industry.Therefore, speed control of asynchronous motors is of great importance.Speed control of asynchronous motors based on vector control techniques to achieve high performance.The vector control technique, motor flux and moment variables can be controlled independently of each other.Because of the nonlinear and complex model of asynchronous motors, the speed control applications of these motors are not provided with great efficiency by classical control methods.Fuzzy logic controllers (FLC), which were successful in many areas, present great performance in speed control of an asynchronous motor.In this study, a simulation study regarding speed control of a threephase squirrel cage asynchronous motor was carried out with a PI-Fuzzy type FLC and a conventional PI type controller.The data obtained by simulation are evaluated and the performances of the control methods are compared.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Enhancement of Power System Static and Dynamic Stability Using UPFC by GA and...Garima Bharti
The document discusses using genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques to optimize unified power flow controller (UPFC) parameters in electric power transmission systems. It describes how UPFC works and the control objectives of minimizing losses and improving voltage stability. Both GA and PSO are population-based optimization methods inspired by natural evolution/biology. The document compares their application in optimizing UPFC placement and settings, finding that PSO provides faster results while GA may achieve better optimal solutions given more iterations. Test results on sample transmission systems demonstrate that both techniques successfully enhance system performance when UPFC is incorporated.
Optimization algorithms for steady state analysis of self excited induction g...IJECEIAES
The current publication is directed to evaluate the steady state performance of three-phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG) utilizing particle swarm optimization (PSO), grey wolf optimization (GWO), wale optimization algorithm (WOA), genetic algorithm (GA), and three MATLAB optimization functions (fminimax, fmincon, fminunc). The behavior of the output voltage and frequency under a vast range of variation in the load, rotational speed and excitation capacitance is examined for each optimizer. A comparison made shows that the most accurate results are obtained with GA followed by GWO. Consequently, GA optimizer can be categorized as the best choice to analyze the generator under various conditions.
This paper compares the reduction of harmonics in various level cascaded H-bridge inverters. The switching angles for the cascaded H-bridge inverter were calculated by evolutionary optimization technique. Fourier analysis is used to determine the switching angles for the desired electrical parameters.
Lower order harmonics such as third, fifth, seventh, ninth and eleventh order harmonics were taken into consideration to reduce the total harmonic distortion. Simulation was done for thirteen, fifteen and seventeen level cascaded H-bridge inverters using Matlab. Total harmonic distortion of voltage and current for R, RL and Motor load were analyzed.
Robust Evolutionary Approach to Mitigate Low Frequency Oscillation in a Multi...IDES Editor
This paper proposes a new optimization algorithm
known as Modified Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (MSFLA)
for optimal designing of PSSs controller. The design problem
of the proposed controller is formulated as an optimization
problem and MSFLA is employed to search for optimal
controller parameters. An eigenvalue based objective function
reflecting the combination of damping factor and damping
ratio is optimized for different operating conditions. The
proposed approach is applied to optimal design of multimachine
power system stabilizers. Three different power
systems, A Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB), four-machine
of Kundur and ten-machine New England systems are
considered. The obtained results are evaluated and compared
with other results obtained by Genetic Algorithm (GA).
Eigenvalue analysis and nonlinear system simulations assure
the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed controller in
providing good damping characteristic to system oscillations
and enhancing the system dynamic stability under different
operating conditions and disturbances.
SENSORLESS VECTOR CONTROL OF BLDC USING EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER sipij
This Paper mainly deals with the implementation of vector control technique using the brushless DC motor
(BLDC). Generally tachogenerators, resolvers or incremental encoders are used to detect the speed. These
sensors require careful mounting and alignment, and special attention is required with electrical noises. A
speed sensor need additional space for mounting and maintenance and hence increases the cost and size of
the drive system. These problems are eliminated by speed sensor less vector control by using Extended
Kalman Filter and Back EMF method for position sensing. By using the EKF method and Back EMFmethod, the sensor less vector control of BLDC is implemented and its simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK and hardware kit is implemented.
This document proposes a new method for analyzing asymmetric three-phase induction motors by representing each phase winding with its own equivalent circuit to account for uneven transformer interactions between phases. The method can also be applied to analyze single- and two-phase induction machines. Test results on motors confirm the accuracy of the proposed revolving field theory for asymmetric machines.
This document describes using particle swarm optimization to optimally place flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices in a power system to maximize loadability while satisfying constraints. It summarizes the FACTS devices considered - thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) and static var compensator (SVC). The particle swarm optimization technique is applied to determine the optimal location and parameters of FACTS devices in the IEEE 30-bus test system to maximize branch loading and voltage stability while minimizing losses.
Power system transient stability margin estimation using artificial neural ne...elelijjournal
This paper presents a methodology for estimating the normalized transient stability margin by using the multilayered perceptron (MLP) neural network. The complex relationship between the input variables and output variables is established by using the neural networks. The nonlinear mapping relation between the normalized transient stability margin and the operating conditions of the power system is established by using the MLP neural network. To obtain the training set of the neural network the potential energy boundary surface (PEBS) method along with time domain simulation method is used. The proposed method is applied on IEEE 9 bus system and the results shows that the proposed method provides fast and accurate tool to assess online transient stability.
ESTIMATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF SOLAR CELLS FROM CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERIST...ijscai
1. The document presents a method for calculating key solar cell parameters (light generated current, series resistance, shunt resistance, reverse saturation currents) from current-voltage characteristics using a genetic algorithm.
2. The genetic algorithm was able to accurately estimate parameters when applied to simulated solar cell data and experimental data from different space-quality solar cells.
3. Estimated parameters matched well before and after radiation exposure and between illuminated and dark cell measurements, demonstrating the method's effectiveness.
Estimation Of The Parameters Of Solar Cells From Current-Voltage Characterist...IJSCAI Journal
This paper presents a method for calculating the light generated current, the series resistance, shun
resistance and the two components of the reverse saturation current usually encountered in the double
diode representation of
the solar cell from the experimental values of the current
-
voltage characteristics
of the cell using genetic algorithm. The theory is able to regenerate the above mentioned parameters to
very good accuracy when applied to cell data that was generated from
pre
-
defined parameters. The
method is applied to various types of space quality solar cells and sub cells. All parameters except the
light generated current are seen to be nearly the same in the case of a cell whose characteristics under
illumination and i
n dark were analyzed. The light generated current is nearly equal to the short
-
circuit
current in all cases. The parameters obtained by this method and another method are nearly equal
wherever applicable. The parameters are also shown to represent the cur
rent
-
voltage characteristics
well
ESTIMATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF SOLAR CELLS FROM CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERIST...ijscai
This paper presents a method for calculating the light generated current, the series resistance, shun
resistance and the two components of the reverse saturation current usually encountered in the double
diode representation of the solar cell from the experimental values of the current-voltage characteristics
of the cell using genetic algorithm. The theory is able to regenerate the above mentioned parameters to
very good accuracy when applied to cell data that was generated from pre-defined parameters. The
method is applied to various types of space quality solar cells and sub cells. All parameters except the
light generated current are seen to be nearly the same in the case of a cell whose characteristics under
illumination and in dark were analyzed. The light generated current is nearly equal to the short- circuit
current in all cases. The parameters obtained by this method and another method are nearly equal
wherever applicable. The parameters are also shown to represent the current-voltage characteristics
well.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Mathematical Modelling of an 3 Phase Induction Motor Using MATLAB/Simulink IJMER
Mechanical energy is needed in the daily life use as well as in the industry. Induction motors
play a very important role in both worlds, because of low cost, reliable operation, robust operation and low
maintenance. To derive the mathematical model of a 3 phase Induction motor, the theory of reference
frames has been effectively used as an efficient approach. Dynamic models (mathematical models) are
employed in to better understand the behaviour of induction motor in both transient and steady state. The
dynamic modelling sets all the mechanical equations for the inertia, torque and speed versus time. It also
models all the differential voltage, currents and flux linkages between the stationary stator as well as the
moving rotor. This paper presents a step by step Matlab/Simulink implementation of an induction machine
using dq0 axis transformations of the stator and rotor variables in the arbitrary reference frame [1].
“INVESTIGATIONS ON LCL-T FILTER BASED TWO STAGE SINGLE PHASE GRID CONNECTED M...Dr.Raja R
Motivation to Research
Objectives of Research
Introduction
Literature Survey
Proposed System
Simulation Model of the Proposed System
Simulation Results and Discussion
Experimental Model of the Proposed System
Experimental Model Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Future Work
References
Optimal Location of FACTS Device for Power System Security Improvement using ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes using a hybrid genetic algorithm-ant colony optimization (GA-ACO) approach to determine the optimal location and capacity of a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) to improve power system security and voltage stability. The GA-ACO is applied to a 30-bus test system to identify the optimal placement of STATCOM devices. The results show that installing STATCOMs at buses 26 and 29 enhances system voltages and security compared to the base case without STATCOMs. Simulations under varying load conditions from 60% to 90% demonstrate that the identified optimal STATCOM locations and capacities change to continue improving voltages. The hybrid GA-ACO approach effectively determines STATCOM settings to enhance power system performance and security.
Optimal Location of FACTS Device for Power System Security Improvement using ...
Ie2514631473
1. SahilGupta / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:
2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1463-1473
1463 | P a g e
Steady State Analysis of Self-Excited Induction Generator using
THREE Optimization Techniques
SahilGupta*
Student,Microelectronics
Bhai Maha Singh College of Engineering and Technology
ABSTARCT
It is well known that a three-phase
induction machine can be made to work as a self-
excited induction generator. In an isolated
application a three-phase induction generator
operates in the self-excited mode by connecting
three AC capacitors to the stator terminals. In a
grid connected induction generator the magnetic
field is produced by excitation current drawn
from the grid. In this dissertation the steady state
performance of an isolated induction generator
excited by three AC capacitor is analyzed with
the different optimization techniques. The effects
of various system parameters on the steady state
performance have been studied.
Keywords:- Artificial Neural Network, Induction
Generator, Genetic Algorithm
1.1 INTRODUCTION
An induction generator is a type of
electrical generator that is mechanically and
electrically similar to a poly-phase induction motor.
Induction generators produce electrical power when
their shaft is rotated faster than the synchronous
frequency of the equivalent induction motor.
Induction generators are often used in wind turbines
and some micro hydro installations due to their
ability to produce useful power at varying rotor
speeds.
Induction generators are not self-exciting,
meaning they require an external supply to produce
a rotating magnetic flux. The external supply can be
supplied from the electrical grid or from the
generator itself, once it starts producing power. The
rotating magnetic flux from the stator induces
currents in the rotor, which also produces a
magnetic field. If the rotor turns slower than the rate
of the rotating flux, the machine acts like an
induction motor. If the rotor is turned faster, it acts
like a generator, producing power at the
synchronous frequency. In induction generators the
magnetising flux is established by a capacitor bank
connected to the machine in case of stand alone
system and in case of grid connection it draws
magnetising current from the grid. It is mostly
suitable for wind generating stations as in this case
speed is always a variable factor.
A self-excited induction generator systems
are shown in figure 1.1 consists of an induction
machine driven by a prime mover. A three-phase
capacitor bank provides for self-excitation and load
VARs requirements. As the load varies randomly
the capacitor has to be varied to obtain the desire
voltage.
Figure 1.1 Self-excited induction
generator systems
ANALYSIS OF SELF-EXCITED
INDUCTION GENERATOR
In the present dissertation, the standard
steady state equivalent circuit of a self-excited
induction generator with the usual assumptions,
considering the variation of magnetizing reactance
with saturation as the basis for calculation. The
equivalent circuit is nomalised to the base frequency
by dividing all the parameters by the p.u. frequency
as shown in figure 1.2.
For the purpose of obtaining required lagging
reactive power to maintain desired voltage at
machine terminals, XC and F are only unknown
parameters for a given speed and load.
Where
Z
Z
Z
ZS 3
2
1
(2)
F
X
F
R
R
X
Z
C
L
L
C
j
j
2
1
(3)
X
F
R
Z S
S
j
2
(4)
X
X
F
j
R
X
F
j
R
jX
Z
R
M
R
R
R
M
3
(5)
2. SahilGupta / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:
2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1463-1473
1464 | P a g e
Since under steady state operation of SEIG IS can
not be equal to zero, therefore:
0
ZS
(6)
This equation after separation into real and
imaginary parts, can be rearranged into two
nonlinear equations which are solved using different
optimization techniques to obtain value of XC and F
after substituting XS= XR= XL.
0
5
4
3
2
2
3
1
,
X
A
F
A
X
A
F
A
F
A
F
X
f C
C
C
(7)
0
5
4
3
2
2
1
,
X
B
F
B
X
B
F
B
X
B
F
X
g C
C
C
C
(8)
Where the constants are defined as,
R
X
R
X
X
A L
L
L
M
L
2
1 2
A
A 1
2
R
R
R
X
X
A R
S
L
L
M
3
R
R
R
A R
L
S
4
R
R
X
X
A S
L
L
M
5
X
X
X
B L
M
L
2
1 2
X
X
R
R
R
B M
L
R
S
L
2
B
B 1
3
X
X
R
R
B L
M
L
S
4
R
R
R
B S
L
R
5
Objective function
2
2
2
g
f
Z (9)
The relation between XM and Vg/F are given by:
K
V
K
X
F
g
M
2
1
(10)
Where K1 and K2 are depends on the design of the
machine.
Z
Z
Z
V
V T
g
1
2
1
(11)
Thus for a given value of RL and VT, the
value of Vg can be determined. With the known
values of Vg, F, XC, , RL and the generator’s
equivalent circuit parameters, the following
relations can be used for the computation of the
machine performance.
Z
Z
F
V
I
g
S
2
1
(12)
jX
F
R
F
V
I
R
R
g
R
(13)
jX
F
R
I
jX
I
C
L
S
C
L
(14)
R
I
V L
L
T
(15)
X
F
V
VAR C
T
2
(16)
F
F
R
I
P
R
R
in
2
(17)
R
I
P L
L
out
2
(18)
To obtain the performance of self-excited
induction generator for the given value of
capacitance and speed, the unknown parameters are
the XM and F. The two non-linear equations after
substitution XS= XR= XL is given by:
0
8
7
6
5
2
4
3
3
2
1
,
C
X
C
F
C
X
C
F
C
X
C
F
C
X
C
F
X
f
M
M
M
M
M
(19)
0
5
4
3
2
2
1
,
D
F
D
D
D
F
D
X
D
F
X
g M
M
M
(20)
Where
R
X
C L
L
2
1
R
X
C L
L
2
2
C
C 1
3
C
C 2
4
R
R
R
X
C R
S
L
C
5
R
R
R
R
R
R
X
X
C R
L
S
R
L
S
L
C
6
R
R
X
C L
S
C
7
R
R
X
X
C L
S
C
L
8
R
R
R
X
X
D R
S
L
C
L
2
1
3. SahilGupta / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:
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X
X
R
R
X
R
D C
L
R
S
L
L
2
2
X
X
R
R
D L
C
L
S 2
3
X
X
R
R
X
D L
C
L
S
L
2
4
R
R
R
X
D S
L
R
C
5
Objective function
2
2
2
g
f
Z
(21)
By Finding these unknown parameters
using different optimization techniques and after
that performance of SEIG has been evaluated.
3.0 DIFFERENTOPTIMIZATION
TECHNIQUES FOR STEADY STATE
ANALYSIS OF SEIG GENETIC ALGORITHM
The genetic algorithm is a method for
solving optimization problems that is based on
natural selection, the process that drives biological
evolution. The genetic algorithm repeatedly
modifies a population of individual solutions. At
each step, the genetic algorithm selects individuals
at random from the current population to be parents
and uses them produce the children for the next
generation. Over successive generations, the
population evolves toward an optimal solution. The
GA has several advantages over other optimization
methods. It is robust, able to find global minimum
and does not require accurate initial estimates.
The genetic algorithm uses three main types of rules
at each step to create the next generation from the
current population:
Selection rules select the individuals, called parents
that contribute to the population at the next
generation.
Crossover rules combine two parents to form
children for the next generation.
Mutation rules apply random changes to individual
parents to form children.
3.2 PATTERN SEARCH
Pattern search is a subclass of direct search
algorithms, which involve the direct comparison of
objective function values and do not require the use
of explicit or approximate derivatives. Direct search
is a method for solving optimization problems that
does not require any information about the gradient
of the objective function. As opposed to more
traditional optimization methods that use
information about the gradient or higher derivative
to search for an optimal point, a direct search
algorithm searches a set of points around the current
point, looking for one where the value of the
objective function is lower than the value at the
current point. Direct search can be used to solve
problems for which the objective function is not
differential, or even continuous.
Pattern search over continuous variables is
defined via a finite set of directions used at each
search iteration. The direction set and a step length
parameter define a conceptual mesh centered about
the current iterate. Trial points are selected from the
mesh, evaluated, and compared to the current
iteration in order to select the next iterate. If an
improvement is found among the trial points, the
iteration is declared successful and the mesh is
retained; otherwise, the mesh is refined and a new
set of trial points is constructed. The key to
generating the mesh is the definition of the direction
set. This set must be sufficiently rich to ensure that
at least one of the directions is one of descent.
3.3 QUASI-NEWTON
Quasi-Newton methods, which are
currently the most robust and effective algorithms
for unconstrained optimization, are based on the
following set of ideas.
If Bk (definite matrix) is positive definite, the
direction –Bk-1 ∇f (xk) is always a descent direction
at xk, and we can perhaps get global convergence
(i.e. convergence starting anywhere) by searching in
those directions.
As long as Bk approximates the second
derivative matrix at least asymptotically, the method
is likely to work well locally (i.e. fast convergence).
For a quadratic function, a set of conjugate
directions, when searched sequentially, gives the
optimum solution in at most n iterations.
In terms of numerical computations for the inverse
of a matrix, the following formula is used for a low
rank update to a matrix
[A + uvT]-1 = A-1+(1/1+k) A-1 uvT A-1,
where k = vTA-1u Note that if A-1 is known, this is
much faster than computing [A + uvT]-1 directly.
This is a rank one update (uvT is a rank one matrix)
of the original matrix A. In particular, A + uuT is a
symmetric rank one update.
If Bk is updated by a small rank correction
to get Bk+1 then Bk+1-1 can be computed easily by
the above argument.
Quasi-Newton methods put all these ideas
together to construct approximations Bk to the
Hessian matrix at each stage. Note that some
updates work on Bk and update Bk and then find its
inverse, whereas some work directly on the inverse
of the second derivative approximation (Hk).
3.31 General Quasi-Newton Algorithm for
Minimizing a Function f
Start with x0 and H0 = I (approximation to the
inverse of the Hessian)
At step k,
dk = -Hk ∇f(xk)
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Find αk so as to (exactly or approximately)
minimize f(xk + αk dk)
xk+1 = xk + αk dk
Update Hk+1
Continue until a termination condition is satisfied.
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS SYSTEM
PARAMETERS BY PATTERN SEARCH
The performance characteristics of capacitor
excited, 3.7 KW, cage generator (detailed data given
in Appendix A) has been verified [4], [7] using
pattern search.
4.1Effects of Terminal Voltage on VAR
Requirements
The computed results for the given machine are
presented in figures 4.1 - 4.8. From these results, the
following salient features are observed.
Figure 4.1 shows the variations of frequency,
efficiency and stator current with output power at
constant terminal voltage and rated speed.
Figure 4.1
At constant terminal voltage the frequency
variation is negligible. The efficiency is good
throughout the power range and the stator current
increases with output power.
Figure 4.2 shows the variations of reactive power in
terms of reactive VAR and capacitance in terms of
susceptance with output power for various constant
terminal voltages and rated speed.
Figure 4.2
For constant terminal voltage, the
susceptance and VARs increases with output power.
With increase or decrease in the terminal voltage,
the VARs requirements increase or decrease
accordingly.
Figure 4.3 shows the variations of stator
and rotor currents with output power for various
constant terminal voltages and rated speed.
The magnitude of the rotor current is always less
than the stator current. This is because the rotor
current is approximately in quadrature with the
magnetizing current in both the motoring and
generating modes.
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.4 shows the variations of Cmin and
frequency with load resistance at constant terminal
voltage and rated speed.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Performancecharacteristics at Constant Terminal Voltage
Stator
Current,
Efficiency,
Frequency
(p.u.)
Output power(p.u.)
StatorCurrent
Efficiency
Frequency
VT= 1p.u.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
Variation of Reactive VAR and Susceptance for different Terminal Voltages at rated Speed
Reactive
VAR
and
Susceptance
(p.u.)
Output power (p.u.)
VARS
Susceptance
VT= 1.2 p.u.
VT= 1 p.u.
VT= 0.8 p.u.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
Variation of Stator and Rotor Current with Output Power
Stator
and
Rotor
Currents
(p.u.)
Output power (p.u.)
Stator Current
Rotor Current
VT= 0.8 p.u.
VT= 1 p.u.
VT= 1.2 p.u.
5. SahilGupta / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:
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Figure 4.4
As shown in figure the exciting capacitance
decreases as load resistance increases, whereas the
frequency increases.
Figure 4.5 and 4.6 shows the variations of
VARs with output power for different values of
stator and rotor resistance at constant terminal
voltage and rated speed.
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6
It is seen from figures that a marginal reduction in
VAR requirement when stator and rotor resistance
are decrease.
Figure 4.7 shows the variation of VAR with output
power for different value of leakage reactance at
constant terminal voltage and rated sp
Figure 4.7
From figure the effect of leakage reactance on VAR
requirement at lower and higher loads are reverse,
the crossover taking place around the full load.
Figure 4.8 shows the variations of VAR with output
power for different values of K1 at constant voltage
and rated speed.
As shown in figure a small reduction in K1 there is
significant increase in VAR requirements.
Figure 4.8
4.1.1Effects of Capacitance on Terminal Voltage
The computed results for the given machine are
presented in figures 4.9 - 4.16. From these results,
the following salient features are observed.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
16
18
20
22
24
26
Variation of Cmin and Frequency with RL, at v = VT = 1 (p.u.)
Minimum
Capacitance
(micro
farad)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
Frequency
(p.u.)
Load Resistance (p.u.)
Frequency (p.u.)
Minimum Capacitance (micro farad)
VT = 1 p.u.
Speed = 1 p.u.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
Effect ofStator Resistance on VAR requirement
Reactive
VAR
(p.u.)
Output power (p.u.)
Rs* 0.8
Rs* 1
Rs* 1.2
VT= 1 p.u.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
Effect ofRotor Resistance on VAR requirement
Reactive
VAR
(p.u.)
Output power (p.u.)
Rr* 0.8
Rr* 1
Rr* 1.2
VT= 1 p.u.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
Effect of leakage Reactance on VAR requirement
Reactive
VAR
(p.u.)
Output power (p.u.)
XL* 0.8
XL* 1
XL* 1.2
VT = 1 p.u.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Effect ofMagnetising Reactance on VARrequirement
Reactive
VAR
(p.u.)
Output power (p.u.)
k1* 0.8
k1* 1
k1* 1.2
VT= 1 p.u.
6. SahilGupta / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:
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Figure 4.9 shows the variation of terminal voltage,
frequency and efficiency with output power at fixed
capacitance and constant speed.
Figure 4.9
It can be noted that the terminal voltage
and frequency decreases with output power, and
generator efficiency improves with load.
Figure 4.10 shows the variation of terminal voltage
and frequency with output power for different
values of capacitance and constant speed.
It can be seen that the terminal voltage are almost
parallel, indicating the proportional increase of VT
with capacitance. The frequency drop with output
power was not very much affected by the
capacitance.
Figure 4.10
Figure 4.11 and 4.12 shows the variations
of terminal voltage with output power for different
values of stator and rotor resistance at fixed
capacitance and constant speed.
Figure 4.11
Figure 4.12
From figure it can be shown that at
increased value of stator and rotor resistance causes
more drooping the characteristics and decrease the
maximum output power.
Figure 4.13 shows the variation of terminal
voltage with output power for different values of
leakage reactance at fixed capacitance and constant
speed.
Figure 4.13
From figure it can be seen that for a given
value of capacitance and speed there is one value of
output power for which VT is independent of
leakage reactance. While lower value of
leaka
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Performance Characteristics at given Capacitance and Speed
Terminal
Voltage,
Efficiency,
Frequency
(p.u.)
Output power(p.u.)
Terminal Voltage
Frequency
Efficiency
C= 25 micro farad
Speed = 1 p.u.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Variation of Terminal Voltage and Frequency with Output Power at different C
Terminal
voltage
and
Frequency
(p.u.)
Output power (p.u.)
Terminal Voltage
Frequency
C = 30 mf
C = 25 mf
C = 20 mf
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Effect of Stator Resistance on Terminal voltage
Terminal
Voltage
(p.u.)
Output power (p.u.)
Rs* 0.8
Rs* 1
Rs* 1.2
C = 25 micro farad
Speed = 1 p.u.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Effect of Leakage Reactance on Terminal Voltage
Terminal
Voltage
(p.u.)
Output power (p.u.)
XL* 0.8
XL* 1
XL* 1.2
C = 25 micro farad
Speed = 1 p.u.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Effect of Magnetising Reactance on Terminal Voltage
Terminal
Voltage
(p.u.)
Output power (p.u.)
k1* 0.8
k1* 1
k1* 1.2
C = 25 micro farad
Speed = 1 p.u.
7. SahilGupta / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:
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1469 | P a g e
ge reactance the terminal voltage improves.
Figure 4.14 shows the variation of terminal voltage
with output power for different values of K1 at fixed
value of capacitance and constant speed.
Figure 4.14
From figure it can be seen that at increase value of
K1 causes increased terminal voltage and maximum
output
power. These changes are quite significant.
Figure 4.15 and 4.16 shows the variation of terminal
voltage and frequency with output power for
different values of speed at fixed capacitance.
Figure 4.15
Figure 4.16
From figure it can be seen that the terminal voltage
and frequency for the same output power increases
with speed. It is shown that both VT and frequency
are almost the same at all speed.
Effects of Various System Parameters by Genetic
Algorithm
The performance characteristics of capacitor
excited, 3.7 KW, cage generator (detailed data given
in Appendix A) has been verified [4], [7] using
genetic algorithm.
Effects of Terminal Voltage on VAR Requirements
The computed results for the given machine are
presented in figures 4.17 - 4.24.
Figure 4.17 shows the variations of frequency,
efficiency and stator current with output power at
constant terminal voltage and rated speed.
Figure 4.17
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Effect ofRotorResistanceonTerminal Voltage
Terminal
Voltage
(p.u.)
Output power(p.u.)
Rr* 0.8
Rr* 1
Rr* 1.2
C= 25microfarad
Speed= 1p.u.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
Effect ofSpeed on Frequency
Frequency
(p.u.)
Output power (p.u.)
v* 0.8
v* 1
v* 1.2
C= 25 micro farad
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Effect ofSpeed on Terminal Voltage
Terminal
voltage
(p.u.)
Output power (p.u.)
v* 0.8
v* 1
v* 1.2
C = 25 micro farad
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Performance characteristics at Constant Terminal Voltage
Stator
Current,
Efficiency
and
Frequency
(p.u.)
Output power (p.u.)
Stator Current
Efficiency
Frequency
VT = 1 p.u.
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Figure 4.19 shows the variations of stator and rotor
currents with output power for various constant
terminal voltages and rated speed.
Figure 4.19
Figure 4.20 shows the variations of Cmin and
frequency with load resistance at constant terminal
voltage and rated speed.
Figure 4.20
Figure 4.21 and 4.22 shows the variations of VARs
with output power for different values of stator and
rotor resistance at constant voltage and rated speed.
Figure 4.21
Figure 4.22
Figure 4.23 shows the variation of VAR with output
power for different values of leakage reactance at
constant terminal voltage and rated speed.
Figure 4.23
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
VariationofStatorandRotorCurrent withOutput Power
Stator
and
Rotor
Currents
(p.u.)
Output power(p.u.)
StatorCurrent
RotorCurrent
VT= 0.8p.u.
VT= 1p.u.
VT= 1.2p.u.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
16
18
20
22
24
26
Variation ofCmin and Frequency with RL, at v= VT= 1 (p.u.)
Minimum
Capacitance
(micro
farad)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
Frequency
(p.u.)
Load Resistance (p.u.)
Frequency (p.u.)
Minimum Capacitance (micro farad)
VT= 1 p.u.
Speed = 1 p.u.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
Effect of Stator Resistance on VAR requirement
Reactive
VAR
(p.u.)
Output power (p.u.)
Rs* 0.8
Rs* 1
Rs* 1.2
VT = 1 p.u.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
Effect of Rotor Resistance on VAR requirement
Reactive
VAR
(p.u.)
Output power (p.u.)
Rr* 0.8
Rr* 1
Rr* 1.2
VT = 1 p.u.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
Effect of leakage Reactance on VAR requirement
Reactive
VAR
(p.u.)
Output power (p.u.)
XL* 0.8
XL* 1
XL* 1.2
VT= 1 p.u.
9. SahilGupta / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:
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1471 | P a g e
Figure 4.24 shows the variations of VAR with
output power for different values of K1 at constant
terminal voltage and rated speed.
Figure 4.24
Observations
There are close relation between the two results. The
genetic algorithm optimization technique gives
almost same results which we getting from the
pattern search optimization technique.
4.2.2 Effects of Capacitance on
Terminal Voltage
The computed results for the given machine are
presented in figures 4.25 - 4.32.
In this case also the values which are obtained from
genetic algorithm optimization technique are much
closed with the values of the pattern search
optimization technique the figures are shown below.
Figure 4.25 shows the variation of terminal voltage,
frequency and efficiency with output power at fixed
capacitance and constant speed.
Figure 4.25
Figure 4.26 shows the variation of terminal voltage
and frequency with output power for different
values of capacitance and constant speed.
Figure 4.26
Figure 4.27 and 4.28 shows the variations of
terminal voltage with output power for different
values of stator and rotor resistance at fixed
capacitance and constant speed.
Figure 4.27
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Effect of Magnetising Reactance on VAR requirement
Reactive
VAR
(p.u.)
Output power (p.u.)
k1* 0.8
k1* 1
k1* 1.2
VT= 1 p.u.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Performance Characteristics at given Capacitance and Speed
Terminal
Voltage,
Efficiency
and
Frequency
(p.u.)
Output power (p.u.)
Terminal Voltage
Frequency
Efficiency
C = 25 micro farad
Speed = 1 p.u.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Variation of Terminal Voltage and Frequency with Output Power at different C
Terminal
voltage
and
Frequency
(p.u.)
Output power (p.u.)
Terminal Voltage
Frequency
C = 30 mf
C = 25 mf
C = 20 mf
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Effect ofStatorResistanceonTerminal voltage
Terminal
Voltage
(p.u.)
Output power(p.u.)
Rs* 0.8
Rs* 1
Rs* 1.2
C= 25microfarad
Speed= 1p.u.
10. SahilGupta / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:
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1472 | P a g e
Figure 4.28
Figure 4.29 shows the variation of terminal voltage
with output power for different values of leakage
reactance at fixed capacitance and constant speed.
Figure 4.29
Figure 4.30 shows the variation of terminal voltage
with output power for different values of K1 at fixed
value of capacitance and constant speed.
Figure 4.30
REFERENCES
[1] S.S. Murthy, O.P. Malik & A.K. Tandon,
“Analysis of self-excited induction
generators”, Proc. IEE, Vol. 129, Pt. C.,
No. 6, pp 260-265, Nov. 1982.
[2] S.S Murthy, B.P. Singh, C. Nagamani &
K.V.V. Satyanarayana, “Studies on the use
of conventional induction motor as self-
excited induction generators”, IEEE Trans.
EC, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp 842-848, Dec. 1988.
[3] A.K. Al Jabri & A.L. Alolah, “Capacitance
requirement for isolated self-excited
induction generator”, IEEE proceedings,
Vol. 137, Pt. B, No. 3, pp 154-159, May
1990.
[4] S.P. Singh, Bhim Singh & M.P. Jain,
“Performance characteristics and optimum
utilization of a cage machine as capacitor
excited induction generator”, IEEE Trans.
EC, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp 679-684, Dec. 1990.
[5] Bhim Singh, S.P. Singh & M.P. Jain,
“Design optimization of a capacitor self-
excited cage induction generator”, Electric
power system research, 22, pp 71-76, 1991.
[6] A.Wright, Genetic algorithms for real
parameters optimization, in J.E. Rawlines
(Ed.), Foundations of genetic algorithms
(San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann,
1991).
[7] L. Shridhar, Bhim Singh & C.S. Jha, “A
step towards improvements in the
characteristics of self excited induction
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Effect ofRotorResistanceonTerminalVoltage
Terminal
Voltage
(p.u.)
Output power(p.u.)
Rr*0.8
Rr*1
Rr*1.2
C= 25microfarad
Speed= 1p.u.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
EffectofLeakageReactanceonTerminalVoltage
Terminal
Voltage
(p.u.)
Outputpower(p.u.)
XL*0.8
XL*1
XL*1.2
C=25microfarad
Speed=1p.u.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Effect ofMagnetisingReactanceonTerminalVoltage
Terminal
Voltage
(p.u.)
Output power(p.u.)
k1*0.8
k1*1
k1*1.2
C= 25microfarad
Speed= 1p.u.
11. SahilGupta / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:
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