Survey & information in nepal and land pooling practices

Survey & Information in
Nepal and Land Pooling
Practices
PRESENTED BY:
Pusp Raj Bhatt
Raman Kapali
Rija Joshi
Sunibha Kayastha
Suraj Maharjan
DEPARTMENT OF URBAN PLANNING, PULCHOWK CAMPUS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
TU, NEPAL
Pusp Raj Bhatt
pusprajbhatt.wordpress.com

Survey and Information
DEFINING SURVEY & INFORMATION
A process of…
Data Acquisition
Data Integration
Data Analysis
Information
Types of Survey:
Spatial Survey
- Topographical
- Aerial Photographs
- Satellite Images
Non- Spatial Survey
- Socio-economic Data
- Statistical Data
- Attribute Data

SPATIAL SURVEY & NON-SPATIAL
BOTH of the SURVEY
SEEKS DATA !
of,
NON-PHYSICAL ASPECTS !
PHYSICAL / NATURE ASPECTS !

METHODOLOGY
ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIAL DATA !
ANALYSIS OF ENGINEERING SURVEY

TOOLS IN SURVEY & INFORMATION
Traditional Types of Spatial Surveying Method
• Chain / Tape Survey
• Compass Survey
• Plane Table Survey
• Traversing Survey
• Leveling
• Theodolite Survey etc.

METHODOLOGY (ON SITE)

METHODOLOGY (Off SITE hence REMOTE
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

SCALE, MAP and PHOTOGRAMETRY

ABOUT HISTORY ???

GEODESY

PROJECTIONNepal West Nepal EastNepal Central

• Survey in Mapping
• Telecom and Network services
• Urban Planning
• Transportation Planning
• Environmental Impact Analysis
• Agricultural Applications
• Disaster Management and Mitigation
• Landslide Hazard Zonation
• Determine land use/land cover changes
• Navigation (routing and scheduling)
• Natural Resources Management
Survey and Information in Global context
Application of survey
Disaster management map
Urban Planning map

• Soil Mapping
• Digital Taxation
• Land Information System
• Detection of Mine
• Survey for Planning and Community
Development
• Tourism Information System
• Volcanic Hazard Identification
• Space Utilization
• Development of Public Infrastructure
Facilities
• Location Identification
• Knowledge Based System for Defense
Purpose
Transportation map

• Pipeline Route Selection
• River Crossing Site Selection for Bridges
• Economic Development
• Regional Planning
• Survey for Land Administration
• Survey for Wildlife Management
Survey for Wildlife Management
Satellite Image of Houston, TexasLand Use Plan

Land Development in Global context
Overview of land Pooling
1) Land pooling in Washington DC in
1791:
 Land pooling was conceived in 1791
when George Washington and his
associates used it to finance and build
new capital in Washington, DC
 Federal government paid landowners
for sites of public buildings
 Half of remaining lots were returned to
original owners.
Land pooling: assembly process used for developing and redeveloping real estate
Plan of the city of Washington, March 1792

First major urban uses of land pooling:
After the 1923 great Kanto
earthquake (Tokyo), land
pooling allowed the city to
address a mediaeval street
pattern and rebuild with
minimum use of public fund
Before earthquake Land pooling after earthquake

Land pooling in Japan
• Location: 25-40 km sowthwest from
central Tokyo
• Area: 3000 ha
• started in 1969
Tama New Town Development
Tama new town development
Methods of Urban Development :
1) Control type method: Prohibit
unsuitable development through
zoning system ma building code
2) Project-type method: implement
projects such as roads and parks
3) Land Readjustment
Tama new town development

Public Participation in Urban Planning
Workshop with children
Town Meeting
Development Permit”
• Development area larger than
1000 sqm is subjected to an
insurance of a development permit
• Cost sharing between public sector
and developer

Land Pooling in Bhutan: Case of Lungtenphu
• Location: eastern side of wang chhu river
and extends to the slope of Simtokha.
• Area: 243.5 ha
• Total plots:420 and 271 landowners
• landowner would retain their original land
parcel but with proper access to amenities
and services
• . Plots of single ownership that were
smaller than 400 square meters were
amalgamated to form a buildable plot
• landowners retained more than 71.1
percent of their original plot area
Conceptual plan of luntenphu
cadastral map

Ownership
Area
(square meter) Percent of Total
Government ownership 126,954.1 5.2
Private ownership (7.18 Ha. of land already been developed) 566,670.0 23.3
Right of way 47,608.7 1.9
Water bodies 2,044.7 0.1
Others (Public land–mostly steep and barren) 1,691,999.4 69.5
Total LAP Area 2,435,276.9 100.00
Land Ownership Pattern prior to planning intervention
Source: Cadastral Map provided by the Survey of Bhutan (2001).

Public consultation Office flocked by land owners to
discuss

Lesson learnt
• Involving a larger number of stakeholders
• Land assembly tool not a solution for all urban development challenges
• Land pooling (LP) can be used as an integral part of a large scale, long term
urbanization strategy
• Without LP, redevelopment after a massive disaster such as Hiroshima would not
have been possible.
• It is possible and sometimes beneficial to do LP through a pilot before developing
dedicated legislation as was the case in Bhutan.
• Tenants and squatters need to be properly compensated if they reside in LP
project areas

Survey and Information in Nepal context
Present State
• Nepal: Federal Democratic Republic country, declared in May 28, 2008
• New constitution declared on September 20, 2015
• Federal governance system: 7 provinces with state government, and municipal
and village councils as local governance authority
• Rapid pace of urbanization: declaration of 159 new municipalities, from 58 to
217 municipalities in total
• Urban population: 17% to 34%
• Most new municipalities still in rural state
• Need of city planning: ground works for initiation of planning begins with
survey and generation of reliable and efficient information of the project area
• Informed decision making process

Legal Authority for Survey and Information
• Survey Department established in B.S. 2014, as central mapping agency
• Primary focus: preparation of cadastral maps to assist in collection of land
revenue
• Legislation in B.S. 2019 and revision in B.S. 2021, started preparation of maps
and Land Registers
• Complete mapping of 75 districts in B.S. 2055
• Geodetic Survey Branch established in B.S. 2026
• Established networks of control points for cadastral mapping works
• 37 districts used these control points within National Control Network
• Use of plain table survey and theodolite for digital mapping
• Created digital topographic database form its base maps in 1999-2002
• Currently, use of GIS

Available Maps and Data
• Geodetic Control Data
• Aerial Photographs
• Topographical Base Maps
• Terai and Middle Mountain at the scale of 1:25000
• High hills and Himalayas at the scale of 1:50000
• Land Resources Maps
• Administrative and Physiological Maps
• Maps of VDC/Municipalities, District, Zone & Development region.
• Digital Topographic Data
• Cadastral Plans
• Ortho photo Maps
• Soil Data

• Initiation of National Geographic Information Infrastructure Project (NGIIP)
in 2002, with the concept of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)
• Data available in bits and pieces, jumbled up
• Infrastructure to facilitate the sharing of geographical information within the
country through standard data portal
• National Geographic Information System evolving with the participation of
various agencies to either produce or use the geographical information
• Main benefit of NGII: technological, managerial, organizational, economic and
personnel mechanism to facilitate the sharing, access to and responsible use of
geographical and geo-related data
• Create awareness and the mechanism for data usage within other selected user
organizations

• National Planning Commission: central agency for planning process
• Various government bodies as Ministry of Land Reform and Management,
Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development, Kathmandu Valley
Development Authority
• Local Governance Authorities: Municipalities, VDC, District councils
• Various NGO’s and INGO’s, UNDP: conduct survey within their own domain

Legislation and Planning Acts
• Land related Act 2021, regards to the land use and land development
• Minimum land parcel 80 sq.m. in hill and mountain and 85 sq.m. in Terai
• Minimum frontage of building as 6m
• Land (Survey) Act 2019, Para 11 (C) and Land(Survey) Bye law 2058 Para 24
• Urban Development Act 2045, Para 12 (2)
• Land Pooling Manual 2061, compiled by S.B. Sangachhe and G.P. Gorkhali
• National Land Use Policy, 2012

Survey and Planning methods
• Extensive use of traditional methods in the past
• Use of plain table survey for cadastral map generation
• Topographical maps: use of photogrammetry, cartography: prepared manually
• Use of aerial photographs and satellite images of high resolution
• Use as base information to carry out survey: collection of spatial and non-
spatial data
• Adoption of new technology, use of theodolite for digital cadastral map
preparation
• Use of GIS for data analysis and processing
• Efficient information management and computer based analysis technique

Base Map

Google Base Map

Districts

Control points order 1 location

Control points order 2 location

GPS points

Road networks

Main trail networks

Major rivers networks

Major roads and river networks

Overlay map

Land Development Techniques
• Rapid trend of urbanization, demand of shelter with comfortable urban
infrastructures
• Conservation of conservation of prime agricultural land and environment, land
consolidation, and planned urban growth
• Public- private partnership, local governing authority and people’s investment
• Healthy growth of cities
• Land development tools practiced in Nepal are
 Site and services
 Guided land development
 Land pooling.

 Site and services
• Provide the target group with developed plots and basic infrastructure of
road, water, electricity, sanitation facilities
• Either buy the allocated land or lease them
• Development of housing schemes
 Guided Land Development
• Uses the provision of infrastructure as a mechanism to guide urban
development
• Guide the direction of land development, as well as, to ensure that land
development is efficient, environmentally sound and equitable
• Partnership with landowners who pay for the cost of servicing their land
through donation of land for public infrastructure

 Land pooling
• Proposal from the people for land pooling
• 51% consent compulsory to begin the process

 Land pooling
• Best readjustment technique for planned provision of urban environmental
infrastructures and supply of urban land without external investment
• Promoting efficient, sustainable and equitable land development in the
urban fringes
• Started in 1975 and practiced since 1990s in Kathmandu valley
• Developed about 200ha of urban areas and another 200ha of land area
being developed in Kathmandu valley alone

 Land pooling
S.No Project Location Duration Area(ropani)
Open
area(ropani)
Road
network(ropani)
Roadlength(km) ManagementHeadedBy
1 Gongabu ktm.Ward.29 1988-96 282 15 50 5.94 Mayor
2 sainbu Lalitpur 1991-97 552 71 126 9 DDCchairman
3 Lubbu Lalitpur 1993-96 269 8 63 3 DDCchairman
4 Libali Bhaktapur 1993-98 670 29 120 3.5 Mayor
5 Dallu Ktmward15 1991-96 396 28 99 10.25 Mayor
6 KamalBinayak Bhaktapur 1991-96 145 7 31 3.2 Mayor
7 Nayabazar Ktm 840 34 185 12.4
8 Chabahil Ktm 201 8 46 4.15
9 Bagmati Ktm 197 6 42 4.2
10 Kritipur Ktm 107 5 25 2.2
11 Sintitar Bhaktapur 525 18 99 9
12 Sinamangal Ktm 901 48 183 12

Land Pooling area identification
• Study of Present Condition
Land with possibility of urbanization
Study of topomaps, aerial photographs, cadastral maps, field books
for feasibility study.
• Consultation- land owners, local government, district development
committee, department of urban planning and other relevant
organizations
• Field survey
• Approval from land owners 51%

Decision of Area
Infrastructure/ Road Planning
Contribution Ratio Planning
Preparation of New land Records
Approval of Land pooling
Field layout of New Parcels
Sale of service plots and Construction
Survey and Mapping
Topographical
Survey
Cadastral Survey Land Records
STEPS IN VOLVED IN LAND POOLING TECHNIQUE

Surveys and Mapping
• Carried our as per the specification of Survey Dept. Nepal
• Instrument Used: Total Station, EDM, maps prepared in auto cad
• Control Points- The control points trig points and benchmarks
established by Geodetic Survey Branch
• Contours: - The topographical survey is planned to produce final
maps at 1:500 and with contour interval of 0.50 m.
• Features: - All the man made and natural features is shown in the
topographical map.
• Boundary: - Boundary of the project area is identified clearly with the
help of the users committee and delineated on the maps. Any minor
controversy regarding the boundary is resolved at the time of survey
in the field itself.
Topographical Survey

Surveys and Mapping
• Existing Cadastral Maps from District Survey Section
• Records of land holding, certificates from district land revenue office.
• Cadastral maps are isle land type, scale 1:1200 and 1:500 to 1:2500.
• Scanned and joined to one sheet electronically.
• Previously, surveys with chains, and plane tables with or without
geodetic control points.
• New Cadastral Survey- scale of 1: 500 digitized and overlaid on the
topographical map.
Cadastral Survey:

Surveys and Mapping
• Field books, plot register, ownership records, and cadastral plans.
• Consist of parcel number of each ward of municipality or VDCs, name
and signature of tenant, name and signature of landowners, adjoining
neighbors, parcel number and land use.
• Area rechecked with the records and re-measuring the areas from
existing and new maps.
Land Records:

Planning of Infrastructure
• Dividing entire area into blocks by roads.
• Plot for open spaces, parks, community facilities
• Industries, hotels, entertainment, tourism, market place, IT parks ..
For job opportunities
• Open spaces- 3- 5%
• Remaining residential, commercial and furture housing reserve area
• Each plot will have access to road, drainage, water supply, electricity,
communication

Infrastructures
• Roads- width and right of way based on norms and standards
• Design speed- 60 km/hr for main road and 40 km/hr for other roads.
• Maximum gradient 1:10
• Roads plan based on land use, road type, number of service plot,
road hierarchy
• Drainage and Sewerage- along roads, culverts in main roads and
highways
• Locating treatment plants

Infrastructures
• Electricity
• Water Supply
• Other Infrastructure Facility
• Health
• Education
• Security
• Telecommunication
• Open spaces
• Community area

Block Planning
• A)Project Approach- land consolidation principle
• Block divided on the basis of: plot size, No of houses, pressure of
urbanisation and reserve area.
• Special emphasis
• Access to highway and planned roads
• Junction points
• Existed building and infrastructure
• Natural topography and Slopes
• B) Sub division- access road to each plot, central open spaces,
planned clusterly- social harmony
• C)Block layout: minimum size 80 sq m and front 6m and depth 30 to
50 m

Contribution Ratio
• Share cost of project
• Minimum parcel area- 125 sqm and frontage 8m
• Land retruned to same locality as far as possible
• Contribution based on additional land required for the road, depth
and frontage.
• Developed plot not allowed to subdivide smaller than the fixed
frontage

Remaining Procedure
• Determination Priority of Location of Plots
• Financial Analysis
• Cost Estimates
• Total Project Cost
Preparation of the final Land Records and Map
• Replotting the new Cadastral Map
• Field book prepared
• Demarcation of plot in field

Implementation
• Consensus collection
• Preparation of Readjustment Plans and Demarcation
• Finalization of Infrastructure Plans and Cost
• Construction of Infrastructure:

Nakhu blue print map before land
adjustment

A case study of Naya Bazaar
Background
• approved by HMG of Nepal in April 1995
• according to Town development Act BS 2045 and Land Acquisition Act BS
2034
•Project name: Nayabazar Land Readjustment Project (NLRP)
•Project period: 3 years
•Project area: 42 Hectors
•joint collaboration of HMG, Nepal and Asian Development Bank
•project area proposed by Kathmandu valley town development committee as
per Guided Land Development (GLD) Programme in 1989
• average plots size is about 130 to 150 sq.

Institutions involved

Land pooling process

Before readjustment

After readjustment

Design process
1. the Interaction with community and user’s committees
2. Presentation of analytical studies and field investigations
3. Proposals of readjustment plots
4. Approval of design from WLMC
5. Plotting of roads
6. Plot readjustment in the field,
7. Implementation work on the field (construction work, Transfer of public facilities)
8. New cadastral map preparation
9. Selling of services plots
10. Distribution of temporary land ownership
11. Cadastral map submission to Revenue office
12. Distribution of permanent ownership.

Problems/Hindrances/Bottlenecks
In Nepal
•Difficult topography, thus hard to do field survey
•no basic infrastructures in rural areas such as road and electricity for proper
functioning of the survey and its various tools
•core areas like Bhaktapur and Patan where aerial images may not give sufficient
data
•Use of traditional data in maximum areas
•Lack of human resources
•Financial constraints
•social reasons: people might not give actual data
•weakness of Cadastral Maps and Documents
•Error on cadastral map: some land may be more than that shown in cadastral map

Problems/Hindrances/Bottlenecks
In Land Pooling
•Based on cadastral maps and just the excel sheetsonly
•use of GIS is rare or almost null
• process becomes even more tedious and time consuming
• It may be due to lack of sufficient finance and also human resources, and policies
in some cases.
•Town development Act BS 2045 and Land Acquisition Act BS 2034 emphasize on
requirement of 51% consensus of the population of the area before land pooling
•But only notice is published to claim if any disagreement

Conclusion
•survey and information has its global importance in various sectors
•Planning is impossible without survey and information
•data may be either primary or secondary
•Survey gives maps, size, position, services, typology without which planning
cannot be conducted
•Social survey is equally important, or else the project would be failure: 51%
consensus of the population
•use of GIS can make the planning process very easy starting from the very first
phase of the project that is site selection and suitability analysis

Conclusion
•In land pooling, 70% of total land is given back to the owners and 30% is used for
developing infrastructures and sales plot. So, the areas are replotted and
redistributed by hit and trial method, whereas the application of GIS would have
made it easier for analysis
•For the planned development of remote areas, where there would be difficulty of
field surveys, remote sensing can be a very useful tool to learn about the feasibility
of the site. Thus, survey and information would be important on such fields too.

Recommendation
•modern technologies should be used in surveying especially in a geographically
challenged country like ours
•GIS has various features, so they would be helpful in better planning practices
•cadastral maps and records are paper-based conventional record keeping and
thus vulnerable to manipulation, so detail survey should be done
•Cadastral maps should not be relied on
•improvement in inter-sectoral integration ensuring better inter governmental
working relationships to keep the information updated by various sectors
•Substantial increase in resource mobilization is required in planning activities
• Human resource development is needed in the field of housing and urban
development and planning
• Priority should be given to experts on the specialized fields.

Bibliography
•Oli, P. P. (n.d.). Land Pooling / Readjustment Programmes in Nepal.
•Oli, P. P. (n.d.). Land Pooling: The Public Private Participatory Urban Development
in Nepal.
•Pradhan, T. (n.d.). Land Readjustment in Kathmandu- The Naya Bazar Project.

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