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This document discusses oligopoly market structures and price discrimination. It defines oligopoly as a market with few firms selling close substitutes, leading to interdependent decision making. The document outlines collusive and non-collusive approaches to price and output determination in oligopolies. It also describes three degrees of price discrimination: first degree involves perfect discrimination, second degree sets different unit prices but the same price for a given quantity, and third degree charges different prices across different markets.
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Price discrimination Under Monopoly
In monopoly, there is a single seller of a product called a monopolist. The monopolist controls pricing, demand, and supply decisions to set prices and maximize profits. The monopolist often charges different prices from different consumers for the same product, which is called price discrimination. Price discrimination can occur based on personal characteristics, use, or geography.
Price driscrimination
Price discrimination occurs when identical goods or services are sold at different prices by the same provider. It can be done based on factors like age, sex, quantity purchased, time of purchase, or income. There are three types of price discrimination: first degree involves bargaining with each customer, second degree charges different per-unit prices based on quantities purchased, and third degree charges different prices to groups differentiated by characteristics like location or age. Price discrimination decreases consumer surplus but increases firm profits and output, potentially benefiting social welfare and allowing more consumers to purchase products.
price discrimination
This document outlines the key aspects of price discrimination including the three degrees of price discrimination. It defines price discrimination as a business charging different prices for the same good or service to different customer groups. The three conditions for price discrimination are that the firm must have market power, there must be differences in price elasticity of demand between groups, and no resale between groups. The three degrees of price discrimination are: first degree where each customer pays the maximum they are willing, second degree where bulk discounts are offered, and third degree where different customer segments face different prices. Examples and graphical representations are provided for each degree of price discrimination.
Monopoly
Pure monopoly is the form of market organisation in which there is a sinle seller of a commodity for which there are no close substitutes and there are barriers to entry
Monopoly market
Tnx group 15
For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
MD: AL AMIN
SAIFUL ISLAM
RUKSANA PARVIN RUPA
SHAMIM MIA
LIMA AKTER
Market and market structure
group 11 , Course-110
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Price discrimination (made understandable)
This document discusses different types of price discrimination. It provides examples of first degree price discrimination where individual customers are charged different prices based on their willingness to pay. Second degree discrimination involves offering different packages or versions of products at various price points. Non-linear pricing, versioning, and bundling are examples. Third degree discrimination sets different prices for identifiable customer groups based on characteristics like location, age, or profession. The document aims to explain price discrimination and how it can increase profits for companies.
Price Discrimination Methods
Price discrimination is a pricing strategy where identical goods or services are sold at different prices to different consumers. There are three types of price discrimination: first degree occurs when businesses determine the maximum price each customer is willing to pay; second degree involves pricing products differently for groups of consumers; third degree bases prices on demographic subsets of consumers. Price discrimination aims to increase profits by capturing consumer surplus, though determining individual prices (first degree) can be challenging. Examples include airlines, telecom, cab services, and hotel bookings charging varying rates.
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Price discrimination Under Monopoly
In monopoly, there is a single seller of a product called a monopolist. The monopolist controls pricing, demand, and supply decisions to set prices and maximize profits. The monopolist often charges different prices from different consumers for the same product, which is called price discrimination. Price discrimination can occur based on personal characteristics, use, or geography.
Price driscrimination
Price discrimination occurs when identical goods or services are sold at different prices by the same provider. It can be done based on factors like age, sex, quantity purchased, time of purchase, or income. There are three types of price discrimination: first degree involves bargaining with each customer, second degree charges different per-unit prices based on quantities purchased, and third degree charges different prices to groups differentiated by characteristics like location or age. Price discrimination decreases consumer surplus but increases firm profits and output, potentially benefiting social welfare and allowing more consumers to purchase products.
price discrimination
This document outlines the key aspects of price discrimination including the three degrees of price discrimination. It defines price discrimination as a business charging different prices for the same good or service to different customer groups. The three conditions for price discrimination are that the firm must have market power, there must be differences in price elasticity of demand between groups, and no resale between groups. The three degrees of price discrimination are: first degree where each customer pays the maximum they are willing, second degree where bulk discounts are offered, and third degree where different customer segments face different prices. Examples and graphical representations are provided for each degree of price discrimination.
Monopoly
Pure monopoly is the form of market organisation in which there is a sinle seller of a commodity for which there are no close substitutes and there are barriers to entry
Monopoly market
Tnx group 15
For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
MD: AL AMIN
SAIFUL ISLAM
RUKSANA PARVIN RUPA
SHAMIM MIA
LIMA AKTER
Market and market structure
group 11 , Course-110
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Price discrimination (made understandable)
This document discusses different types of price discrimination. It provides examples of first degree price discrimination where individual customers are charged different prices based on their willingness to pay. Second degree discrimination involves offering different packages or versions of products at various price points. Non-linear pricing, versioning, and bundling are examples. Third degree discrimination sets different prices for identifiable customer groups based on characteristics like location, age, or profession. The document aims to explain price discrimination and how it can increase profits for companies.
Price Discrimination Methods
Price discrimination is a pricing strategy where identical goods or services are sold at different prices to different consumers. There are three types of price discrimination: first degree occurs when businesses determine the maximum price each customer is willing to pay; second degree involves pricing products differently for groups of consumers; third degree bases prices on demographic subsets of consumers. Price discrimination aims to increase profits by capturing consumer surplus, though determining individual prices (first degree) can be challenging. Examples include airlines, telecom, cab services, and hotel bookings charging varying rates.
Monopoly and price discrimination Managerial Economics
This document discusses monopoly markets and price discrimination. It defines a monopoly as a single seller with no close substitutes that is a price maker. Monopolies face barriers to entry that restrict competition. The document also explains that price discrimination allows a firm to charge different prices to different customers to increase output and profits. Specifically, it maximizes profits by producing where marginal revenue equals marginal cost in the short run and has incentives to expand output and lower prices in the long run for even higher profits.
Economics Market Monopoly & Monopolistic
This economics presentation discusses different types of market structures including monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, and perfect competition. It specifically focuses on defining and explaining monopoly and monopolistic competition. For monopoly, it describes the single seller market structure, price determination under monopoly where the monopolist is a price maker, and how monopoly can lead to super normal profits in the short run. For monopolistic competition, it defines the differentiated product market with many sellers and buyers, price and output determination in the short run where firms maximize profits at the intersection of marginal revenue and marginal cost, and how this can result in super normal, normal or losses in profits.
Be chap7 pricing strategies for firms with market power
This document discusses pricing strategies for firms with market power. It explains how firms can maximize profits by setting price where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. The document also discusses different pricing strategies firms can use such as price discrimination, cross subsidies, transfer pricing, and price matching which allow firms to increase profits or mitigate competition. Special pricing rules are needed to address issues like double marginalization. Overall, the document provides an overview of various pricing concepts and strategies firms can employ when they have some market power.
Monopolistic Competition
Monopolistic competition is a market structure with many competitors selling similar but differentiated products. While the products are highly substitutable, firms use marketing and advertising to convince consumers the products differ. There is free entry and exit into the market as long as firms can create perceived differences between products through branding and promotion.
Economics project/questions
This document is an economics project submitted by Vaishali Bhanushali, roll number 2003, for an F.Y. Bcom class division B under the mentorship of Dr. Sujata Dhopte. It discusses the key features of different market structures including perfect competition, monopoly, and monopolistic competition. For each market structure, the summary discusses the number of buyers and sellers, product characteristics, entry/exit conditions, and impact on pricing. The document also answers questions about the features of each market structure type.
Price Discrimination (2)
Price discrimination occurs when identical goods or services are sold at different prices by the same provider. The goal is to charge each customer the maximum price they are willing to pay. Perfect price discrimination involves charging each customer their exact reservation price, maximizing profits but eliminating consumer surplus. Price discrimination takes various forms in practice, including peak/off-peak pricing for utilities, and offering different ticket prices to business vs leisure travelers for airlines. While it increases profits, price discrimination can be seen as unfair by consumers who pay higher prices than others.
Pricediscrimination
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Price Discrimination & Dumping
This document provides an overview of price discrimination and dumping. It defines price discrimination as selling identical goods at different prices in different markets. It classifies price discrimination into three degrees: first, second, and third. The essential conditions for price discrimination are also outlined. Dumping is defined as charging a lower price for goods in a foreign market than in a domestic market. The document discusses forms of dumping and the price determination process under dumping conditions. The potential effects of dumping are listed as well.
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This chapter discusses oligopoly market structures and models. It introduces the key conditions for oligopoly, including a small number of dominant firms, barriers to entry/exit, and interdependent decision making. It then examines different oligopoly models including Cournot, Stackelberg, and Bertrand, exploring how firms make output or pricing decisions strategically based on how they expect competitors to respond. The chapter aims to explain how strategic interaction shapes optimal decisions in oligopoly markets.
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This document discusses different market structures: pure competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. It provides details on the key features of each structure, including the number of buyers and sellers, level of product differentiation, barriers to entry, and how price is determined. Perfect competition is characterized by many small buyers and sellers, no barriers to entry, perfect information, and price taking behavior. Monopoly is a single seller with barriers to entry and control over price. Oligopoly has a few large sellers that can influence price through cooperation. Monopolistic competition features many differentiated products with some control over price.
Cournot's Duopoly model
This document summarizes the Cournot duopoly model of market competition between two firms. It explains that under Cournot's assumptions, the two firms will each capture 1/3 of the market share and settle at an equilibrium price point between the competitive and monopoly prices. The model involves the firms reacting to each other's output and price decisions in successive rounds until they split the market evenly. Some criticisms of the model are that it assumes costless production and does not allow for new firm entry or learning over time.
Monopoly
This document defines and describes key features of a monopoly market structure. It notes that a monopoly is characterized by a single seller selling a unique product without close substitutes. The key features are that there is a single seller serving the whole market, the seller can engage in price discrimination, there are no close substitutes, and entry by new firms is restricted. It provides the example of Tata Nano having a monopoly in its market segment in India. The document also discusses the existence of monopolies in government vs. private markets and the relationship between average and marginal revenue under monopoly conditions.
Monopolistic And Oligopoly
- Monopolistic competition describes a market with many producers offering similar but differentiated products, with each firm having some control over price. Barriers to entry are low, allowing firms to freely enter and exit the market.
- In the short run, firms maximize profits where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. In the long run with free entry and exit, firms earn zero economic profit as supply and demand equilibrate.
- Oligopoly is dominated by a few large firms. These firms are interdependent and must consider competitors' responses in decision making. Barriers to entry allow oligopolies to persist and earn economic profits.
Mono
This document summarizes key characteristics of monopoly and monopolistic competition. It discusses how a monopoly is a single seller that serves the entire market, has market power through a downward sloping demand curve, and there is no distinction between the firm and industry. Monopolistic competition involves many firms, product differentiation, free entry and exit in the long run, and firms having some market power in the short run but not earning pure profits in the long run. Oligopoly is characterized by a small number of interdependent firms that can exert collective control over prices and supply in the market.
Monopoly
This document discusses monopolies and provides examples and analysis. It begins by defining key characteristics of monopolies, including that there is a single firm producing the entire supply of a product without competitors. It then analyzes how a monopolist determines the profit-maximizing level of output and price, finding where marginal revenue equals marginal cost and charging the highest price the market will bear. The document emphasizes that barriers to entry, such as legal harassment, patent protection, exclusive licensing, and bundled products, allow monopolies to exist and earn economic profits.
Price discrimination
Pricing is determining the amount received in exchange for products. Price discrimination is selling the same products to different buyers at different prices based on order size or location. There are four types of price discrimination: first degree sets individual prices, second degree uses quantity discounts, third degree separates consumer groups, and fourth degree has uniform prices but varying costs to provide the product. Examples of price discrimination include beauty parlors, dry cleaning, amusement parks, and museums.
Price strategy & price discrimination
The document discusses various pricing strategies and determinants of price. It covers cost-based pricing approaches like cost-plus pricing and marginal cost pricing. It also discusses competition-based pricing strategies like penetration pricing. Other topics include product life cycle pricing, price discrimination, export pricing, and peak load pricing. The key factors that influence pricing decisions are the degree of competition, objectives of the firm, costs of production, demand in the market, and supply of the product.
Market structure
This document discusses different types of market structures:
1. Perfect competition is characterized by many small sellers of identical products, price taking behavior, freedom of entry and exit. Potatoes sold at markets are an example.
2. Monopoly is dominated by a single seller of a unique product where entry is restricted, like Gillette razor blades.
3. Monopolistic competition involves differentiated products that are close substitutes, like various shoe brands.
4. Oligopoly has a small number of interdependent sellers that recognize how their actions impact rivals, like instant noodle brands in India. Duopoly is a specific type of oligopoly with two dominant firms, like Pepsi and Coke in soft drinks
Price determination under monopolistic competition
This document discusses price determination under monopolistic competition. It describes monopolistic competition as having many small sellers selling differentiated but close substitute products. It states that under monopolistic competition, a firm maximizes profits when marginal cost equals marginal revenue. The document also discusses selling costs, product differentiation, and how older firms have less elastic demand curves under monopolistic competition.
Production
Production involves transforming inputs into outputs through factors of production like land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship. A production function mathematically models the relationship between inputs and maximum possible output, assuming constant technology. In the short run, some inputs are fixed while in the long run all inputs are variable. Total product is the total output from a variable input. Average product is total product divided by the input quantity. Marginal product is the change in total product from a small change in the variable input. A table is provided showing how total, average and marginal product change at different labor input levels.
La tecnologia wiki
La ciencia se enfoca en comprender el porqué de las cosas, la tecnología se enfoca en comprender el porqué de cómo funcionan las cosas, y la técnica se enfoca en saber cómo hacer las cosas.
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This economics presentation discusses different types of market structures including monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, and perfect competition. It specifically focuses on defining and explaining monopoly and monopolistic competition. For monopoly, it describes the single seller market structure, price determination under monopoly where the monopolist is a price maker, and how monopoly can lead to super normal profits in the short run. For monopolistic competition, it defines the differentiated product market with many sellers and buyers, price and output determination in the short run where firms maximize profits at the intersection of marginal revenue and marginal cost, and how this can result in super normal, normal or losses in profits.
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This document discusses pricing strategies for firms with market power. It explains how firms can maximize profits by setting price where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. The document also discusses different pricing strategies firms can use such as price discrimination, cross subsidies, transfer pricing, and price matching which allow firms to increase profits or mitigate competition. Special pricing rules are needed to address issues like double marginalization. Overall, the document provides an overview of various pricing concepts and strategies firms can employ when they have some market power.
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Monopolistic competition is a market structure with many competitors selling similar but differentiated products. While the products are highly substitutable, firms use marketing and advertising to convince consumers the products differ. There is free entry and exit into the market as long as firms can create perceived differences between products through branding and promotion.
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This document is an economics project submitted by Vaishali Bhanushali, roll number 2003, for an F.Y. Bcom class division B under the mentorship of Dr. Sujata Dhopte. It discusses the key features of different market structures including perfect competition, monopoly, and monopolistic competition. For each market structure, the summary discusses the number of buyers and sellers, product characteristics, entry/exit conditions, and impact on pricing. The document also answers questions about the features of each market structure type.
Price Discrimination (2)
Price discrimination occurs when identical goods or services are sold at different prices by the same provider. The goal is to charge each customer the maximum price they are willing to pay. Perfect price discrimination involves charging each customer their exact reservation price, maximizing profits but eliminating consumer surplus. Price discrimination takes various forms in practice, including peak/off-peak pricing for utilities, and offering different ticket prices to business vs leisure travelers for airlines. While it increases profits, price discrimination can be seen as unfair by consumers who pay higher prices than others.
Pricediscrimination
price discrimination under monopoly; conditions under which price discrimination is profitable.
MBA
Price Discrimination & Dumping
This document provides an overview of price discrimination and dumping. It defines price discrimination as selling identical goods at different prices in different markets. It classifies price discrimination into three degrees: first, second, and third. The essential conditions for price discrimination are also outlined. Dumping is defined as charging a lower price for goods in a foreign market than in a domestic market. The document discusses forms of dumping and the price determination process under dumping conditions. The potential effects of dumping are listed as well.
PRICING IN DIFFERENT MARKETS ...
A POWERPOINT PRESENTATION ON PRICING IN DIFFERENT MARKETS
PERFECT COMPETITION
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OLIGOPOLY
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Be chap6 oligopoly models
This chapter discusses oligopoly market structures and models. It introduces the key conditions for oligopoly, including a small number of dominant firms, barriers to entry/exit, and interdependent decision making. It then examines different oligopoly models including Cournot, Stackelberg, and Bertrand, exploring how firms make output or pricing decisions strategically based on how they expect competitors to respond. The chapter aims to explain how strategic interaction shapes optimal decisions in oligopoly markets.
Market structure
This document discusses different market structures: pure competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. It provides details on the key features of each structure, including the number of buyers and sellers, level of product differentiation, barriers to entry, and how price is determined. Perfect competition is characterized by many small buyers and sellers, no barriers to entry, perfect information, and price taking behavior. Monopoly is a single seller with barriers to entry and control over price. Oligopoly has a few large sellers that can influence price through cooperation. Monopolistic competition features many differentiated products with some control over price.
Cournot's Duopoly model
This document summarizes the Cournot duopoly model of market competition between two firms. It explains that under Cournot's assumptions, the two firms will each capture 1/3 of the market share and settle at an equilibrium price point between the competitive and monopoly prices. The model involves the firms reacting to each other's output and price decisions in successive rounds until they split the market evenly. Some criticisms of the model are that it assumes costless production and does not allow for new firm entry or learning over time.
Monopoly
This document defines and describes key features of a monopoly market structure. It notes that a monopoly is characterized by a single seller selling a unique product without close substitutes. The key features are that there is a single seller serving the whole market, the seller can engage in price discrimination, there are no close substitutes, and entry by new firms is restricted. It provides the example of Tata Nano having a monopoly in its market segment in India. The document also discusses the existence of monopolies in government vs. private markets and the relationship between average and marginal revenue under monopoly conditions.
Monopolistic And Oligopoly
- Monopolistic competition describes a market with many producers offering similar but differentiated products, with each firm having some control over price. Barriers to entry are low, allowing firms to freely enter and exit the market.
- In the short run, firms maximize profits where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. In the long run with free entry and exit, firms earn zero economic profit as supply and demand equilibrate.
- Oligopoly is dominated by a few large firms. These firms are interdependent and must consider competitors' responses in decision making. Barriers to entry allow oligopolies to persist and earn economic profits.
Mono
This document summarizes key characteristics of monopoly and monopolistic competition. It discusses how a monopoly is a single seller that serves the entire market, has market power through a downward sloping demand curve, and there is no distinction between the firm and industry. Monopolistic competition involves many firms, product differentiation, free entry and exit in the long run, and firms having some market power in the short run but not earning pure profits in the long run. Oligopoly is characterized by a small number of interdependent firms that can exert collective control over prices and supply in the market.
Monopoly
This document discusses monopolies and provides examples and analysis. It begins by defining key characteristics of monopolies, including that there is a single firm producing the entire supply of a product without competitors. It then analyzes how a monopolist determines the profit-maximizing level of output and price, finding where marginal revenue equals marginal cost and charging the highest price the market will bear. The document emphasizes that barriers to entry, such as legal harassment, patent protection, exclusive licensing, and bundled products, allow monopolies to exist and earn economic profits.
Price discrimination
Pricing is determining the amount received in exchange for products. Price discrimination is selling the same products to different buyers at different prices based on order size or location. There are four types of price discrimination: first degree sets individual prices, second degree uses quantity discounts, third degree separates consumer groups, and fourth degree has uniform prices but varying costs to provide the product. Examples of price discrimination include beauty parlors, dry cleaning, amusement parks, and museums.
Price strategy & price discrimination
The document discusses various pricing strategies and determinants of price. It covers cost-based pricing approaches like cost-plus pricing and marginal cost pricing. It also discusses competition-based pricing strategies like penetration pricing. Other topics include product life cycle pricing, price discrimination, export pricing, and peak load pricing. The key factors that influence pricing decisions are the degree of competition, objectives of the firm, costs of production, demand in the market, and supply of the product.
Market structure
This document discusses different types of market structures:
1. Perfect competition is characterized by many small sellers of identical products, price taking behavior, freedom of entry and exit. Potatoes sold at markets are an example.
2. Monopoly is dominated by a single seller of a unique product where entry is restricted, like Gillette razor blades.
3. Monopolistic competition involves differentiated products that are close substitutes, like various shoe brands.
4. Oligopoly has a small number of interdependent sellers that recognize how their actions impact rivals, like instant noodle brands in India. Duopoly is a specific type of oligopoly with two dominant firms, like Pepsi and Coke in soft drinks
Price determination under monopolistic competition
This document discusses price determination under monopolistic competition. It describes monopolistic competition as having many small sellers selling differentiated but close substitute products. It states that under monopolistic competition, a firm maximizes profits when marginal cost equals marginal revenue. The document also discusses selling costs, product differentiation, and how older firms have less elastic demand curves under monopolistic competition.
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Consumer surplus
1. Consumers surplus is the difference between the maximum price a consumer is willing to pay and the actual price paid for a good. It is represented by the area under the demand curve and above the price.
2. An example is given of consumers surplus for buyers of goats at different prices. Total consumers surplus is higher when there are two goats available at a lower price rather than one goat at a higher price.
3. Producers surplus is the difference between the selling price and the producer's costs. It is represented by the area above the supply curve and below the price. Market efficiency is maximized when total surplus, the sum of consumers and producers surplus, is highest.
factor pricing
Factor pricing is determined by demand and supply in competitive markets. The three main factors of production that are traded are labor, land, and capital. Labor demand is determined by the point where the marginal product of labor equals the wage rate. The individual labor supply curve may bend backward at high wages, but the market supply curve remains upward sloping in the long run. Factor prices are determined by the equilibrium of demand and supply in the market. Rent is the payment for fixed factors in excess of their opportunity cost. Profit provides rewards for entrepreneurship, risk-taking, and innovation in imperfect markets.
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1) Monopolistic competition is an imperfect market structure between perfect competition and monopoly. It is characterized by many small businesses that sell differentiated products that are close substitutes for one another.
2) Firms have some control over prices under monopolistic competition. While there are many buyers and sellers, product differentiation gives firms some monopoly power over their brand.
3) In both the short run and long run, a monopolistically competitive firm will be in equilibrium when marginal revenue equals marginal cost, allowing the firm to maximize its profits. In the short run, firms can earn supernormal profits if price is above average cost.
Economics Market Structures
This document discusses different types of market structures: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. It provides examples and key features of each market structure type. Perfect competition is characterized by many small sellers, homogeneous goods, perfect information, and free entry/exit. Monopolistic competition has differentiated goods, many sellers/buyers, and free entry/exit. Oligopoly has a small number of large sellers where each is influenced by competitors. Monopoly is dominated by a single seller with significant barriers to entry.
Types of markets and their characteristics.
1) The document discusses different types of market systems including monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, perfect competition, and monopsony.
2) A monopoly is characterized by a single seller, while an oligopoly has a small number of dominant sellers. Monopolistic competition involves differentiated products.
3) Perfect competition assumes many buyers and sellers such that no individual participant can influence the market price. A monopsony has a single buyer who can influence the price paid to suppliers.
Managerial economics markets unit 3 for jntuk
The document discusses various concepts related to markets including the definition of a market, types of markets based on number of buyers and sellers, and characteristics of different market structures such as perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. It provides details on factors that determine market price and output under different market conditions in both the short run and long run. Key topics covered include price discrimination strategies, factors influencing demand and supply, and non-price competition in imperfect markets.
Business-Ethics-Pres-8-03112022-101000am.pptx
This document provides an overview of different types of market competition and ethical issues that can arise. It discusses perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, and their key characteristics. Perfect competition achieves justice and utility maximization when its conditions are met. Monopolies and oligopolies can violate justice, rights, and efficiency by keeping prices high and quantities low. The document also covers unethical practices like price-fixing that can occur in oligopoly markets.
Pricing decisions under different market structures
This document summarizes pricing strategies under different market structures:
- Perfect competition firms are price takers and price is determined by market supply and demand.
- Perishable goods must be sold at the market price on the day, while non-perishable goods can be stored and sold when prices are higher.
- Monopolies are price makers that charge high prices to earn monopoly profits through trial and error or by setting price where marginal revenue equals marginal cost.
- Under monopolistic competition, firms set differentiated prices and the demand curve is elastic. In long run, entry of new firms eliminates economic profits.
- Oligopolies may engage in price rigidity, non-price
pricing theory and procedure, pricing policies and practices
This document discusses various pricing theories and methods. It begins by defining price and exploring the relationship between supply and demand under perfect competition. It then examines pricing under different market structures - monopoly, oligopoly and monopolistic competition. It describes key characteristics of each market type. Finally, it outlines several common pricing methods used by firms, including cost-plus pricing, marginal cost pricing, target return pricing, and pricing strategies for new products like price skimming and penetration pricing.
10. market structure and pricing practices 130119101444-phpapp01
The document discusses different market structures including perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and cartels. It provides details on key features, pricing behaviors, and equilibrium conditions for each market structure. Perfect competition is defined by many buyers and sellers, homogenous products, and price being determined by supply and demand. A monopoly grants a single seller complete market control to set price. Monopolistic competition features product differentiation while allowing long run equilibrium with no profits. Oligopoly relies on interdependent actions among a small number of large firms. Cartels explicitly fix prices through collusive agreements.
Market structure and pricing practices
The document discusses different market structures including perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. It provides details on key features, pricing behaviors, and profit determination for each market structure. Perfect competition is characterized by many small firms, homogeneous products, and price taking behavior. A monopoly is dominated by a single seller who is a price maker. Monopolistic competition involves differentiated products and monopolistic behaviors in the short run. Oligopoly involves strategic interactions among a small number of large firms through behaviors like price leadership, kinked demand curves, and cartel agreements.
8522 managerial economic
This document provides information about managerial economics including:
1. It outlines the course details for a Managerial Economics course with a roll number, course code, and university name.
2. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking the thesis advisor and experts who participated in a validation survey.
3. It presents a table of contents that lists sections on the topic introduction, practical study, data collection, SWOT analysis, conclusion, and recommendations.
Monopoly
A monopoly is a market structure with a single supplier of a good or service that has no close substitutes. Characteristics of a monopoly include it being a profit maximizer, price maker, having high barriers to entry, and being the single seller in the market. An oligopoly is a market dominated by a few large suppliers producing branded, substitutable products with barriers to entry. Theories about oligopoly pricing are that firms may collude to charge a monopoly price, compete to charge a competitive price, price between monopoly and competitive levels, or have indeterminate pricing due to interdependence. Examples of oligopolies include airlines and automobile companies.
Price and types of market
This document discusses different market structures - perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. It provides the key features of each market structure type. Perfect competition is characterized by homogeneous products, many buyers and sellers, free entry and exit, and price being determined by supply and demand. A monopoly has a single seller, no close substitutes, and the ability to influence price. Monopolistic competition involves differentiated products and some control over price. Oligopoly has few large sellers, interdependent pricing decisions, and potential for cartel formation.
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Competitors and competition ~ industry and competitive analysis
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pricing theory and procedure, pricing policies and practices
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10. market structure and pricing practices 130119101444-phpapp01
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Market machanisum
This document discusses market equilibrium and the impact of government intervention in markets. It defines market equilibrium as the price where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. The document discusses how equilibrium changes with shifts in supply or demand. It also explains different types of government intervention like price controls, taxes, and subsidies. Specific policies discussed include price ceilings, price floors, and minimum wages. The effects of binding versus non-binding price controls are explained, such as shortages from price ceilings and surpluses from price floors. The document concludes by asking if price controls are good policy tools.
Elasticity 2
This document discusses measuring income elasticity at a point on an Engel curve. It explains that income elasticity is measured similarly to supply elasticity by calculating the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income between two points on the Engel curve. The document also briefly mentions applications of elasticity coefficients to economic policy and business decisions.
Elasticity 1
This document defines elasticity as the percentage change in one variable due to a 1% change in another variable. It discusses price elasticity of demand, which is the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. Perfectly elastic, relatively elastic, unitary, relatively inelastic, and perfectly inelastic demands are defined based on the elasticity value. Point and arc elasticities are introduced as ways to measure elasticity. Determinants of price elasticity like availability of substitutes and necessities vs luxuries are outlined. Income elasticity and cross elasticity are also defined. An example of calculating price elasticity using a demand equation is provided.
Basics of demand and supply
This document provides an overview of demand and supply basics. It defines demand as people's want or need for a good or service backed by their ability and willingness to pay. It explains how to draw a demand curve by plotting a demand schedule that shows quantity demanded at different price points. The key features of a demand curve are that it slopes downward, showing an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded due to diminishing marginal utility. Movement along the curve represents a price effect, while a shift in the curve can occur due to non-price factors like changes in income, substitute prices, or expectations. The document uses the example of water demand in Kathmandu to illustrate these concepts.
Supply
This document discusses supply, supply curves, and factors that affect supply. It defines supply as the quantity producers are willing to sell at a given price while holding other factors constant. The supply curve is upward sloping because marginal costs increase with higher production. Changes in marginal costs, number of producers, and expectations can shift the supply curve. Supply is more elastic when it is easier and faster for businesses to change production in response to price changes. While computer prices have fallen, supply has increased, which can be explained by technological improvements lowering marginal costs of production.
introduction to micro economics
This document provides an introduction to microeconomics, including:
- Microeconomics studies the behavior of individual economic units like households, firms, and consumers, and how they make decisions and interact in markets.
- The key themes are the allocation of resources, the tradeoffs people make, and how prices determine optimal value.
- Economic theories provide explanations and make predictions, while models use mathematics to simulate and estimate phenomena.
- Markets are where buyers and sellers interact to set prices, and can be competitive or non-competitive depending on factors like government involvement.
- The document provides examples of microeconomic concepts like firms optimizing profits and concludes with sample exam questions.
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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一比一原版(UCSB毕业证)圣芭芭拉分校毕业证如何办理
UCSB毕业证文凭证书【微信95270640】办理圣芭芭拉分校毕业证成绩单（Q微信95270640）毕业证学历认证OFFER专卖国外文凭学历学位证书办理澳洲文凭|澳洲毕业证,澳洲学历认证,澳洲成绩单 澳洲offer,教育部学历认证及使馆认证永久可查 ,国外毕业证|国外学历认证,国外学历文凭证书 UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，专业为留学生办理毕业证、成绩单、使馆留学回国人员证明、教育部学历学位认证、录取通知书、Offer、
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国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理流程：
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招聘代理：本公司诚聘英国加拿大澳洲新西兰美国法国德国新加坡各地代理人员如果你有业余时间有兴趣就请联系我们咨询顾问：+微信:95270640田里逡巡一番抱起一只硕大的西瓜用石刀劈开抑或用拳头砸开每人抱起一大块就啃啃得满嘴满脸猴屁股般的红艳大家一个劲地指着对方吃吃地笑瓜裂得古怪奇形怪状却丝毫不影响瓜味甜丝丝的满嘴生津遍地都是瓜横七竖八的活像掷满了一地的大石块摘走二三只爷爷是断然发现不了的即便发现爷爷也不恼反而教山娃辨认孰熟孰嫩孰甜孰淡名义上是护瓜往往在瓜棚里坐上一刻饱吃一顿后山娃就领着阿黑漫山遍野地跑阿黑是一条黑色的大猎狗挺机灵的是山室
1：1制作加拿大麦吉尔大学毕业证硕士学历证书原版一模一样
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
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Kcm presentation
- 1. Naveen Adhikari Central Department of Economics, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
- 2. Mode of Presentation Oligopolistic Competition Price Discrimination
- 3. OLIGOPOLY Oligopoly market structure exists when there are few firms (or sellers) in the market selling close substitutes. Few Firms- Interdependence on decision making Close Substitutes- (?)
- 4. Features Interdependence in decision making Importance of Selling and Advertising costs Group Behavior Indeterminateness of demand curve facing an oligopolist
- 5. Determination of Price and Output Collusive Non-Collusive
- 6. Collusive Oligopoly Practice of setting price ( and output) jointly through an agreement or understanding among the firms Two Practices: Cartel and Price Leadership
- 7. Cartel Joint Profit Maximization Market Sharing Market Sharing by Quotas
- 8. Price Leadership Price Leadership of low cost firm Leadership by dominant firm Barometric Leadership Aggressive Price Leadership
- 9. Non-Collusive Oligopoly Practice of maximizing the benefits independently (with out agreement) given the reaction (strategies) of others
- 10. Price Discrimination Price discrimination is a practice of charging different price for the same product
- 11. Degrees of Price Discrimination The degree (extent) that a monopolist can charge the different price First Degree Second Degree Third Degree
- 12. First Degree: Perfect Price Discrimination First degree price discrimination exits when the sell is able to sell each unit of the output separately at a different price, price being maximum willingness to pay of consumer It implies selling every unit at the maximum the consumer is willing to pay leaving no consumer surplus
- 13. Figure: First Degree Monopolist takes entire consumer surplus under first degree price discrimination Q P 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
- 14. Second Degree: Sellers sells different units of output for different prices, but every individual who buys the same amount of the commodity pays the same price. Thus prices differs across the units of the commodity; but not across consumers (individuals)
- 16. Third Degree Third degree price discrimination occurs when the seller sells different amount of output different market The monopolist charge price according to price elasticity of demand High price with inelastic demand, while low price with elastic demand
- 18. Domo Aarigato!! Any Question?