Child Labour & Social Programming | Focus on Educational Strategies
Guest Lecture on Child Labour by Valeria Groppo, King’s College London, 19 February 2021
The Presentation contains all the details related to Child Labour in India. The causes of Child Labour to the Forward steps that need to be taken to prevent child labour.
The presentation also details about a very well known NGO - Bachpan Bachao Andolan which is working on preventing Child Labour since ages.
- Ashmita Nahar
This article about "Child Labour" give the basic statics in different provinces of Pakistan. it give the following informations......
@ comparison between Rural and Urban statics
@ Forms of child labour
@ Major Causes
and their solutions....
The Presentation contains all the details related to Child Labour in India. The causes of Child Labour to the Forward steps that need to be taken to prevent child labour.
The presentation also details about a very well known NGO - Bachpan Bachao Andolan which is working on preventing Child Labour since ages.
- Ashmita Nahar
This article about "Child Labour" give the basic statics in different provinces of Pakistan. it give the following informations......
@ comparison between Rural and Urban statics
@ Forms of child labour
@ Major Causes
and their solutions....
What are the links between being a woman, working in the informal sector, and contributing to growth?
At 17%, India has a lower share of women's contribution to GDP than the global average of 37%.
In India, unorganized sector play major role in our Indiana economic and large amount of population works in this sector. More than 90 percent of the workforce and about 50 percent of the national product are accounted for by the informal economy. This sector also encompasses the treasure of traditional indigenous knowledge.
It caters to the wide ranging economic requirements of the society. The economic contribution of unorganized sector can be discussed in terms of employment in unorganized sector, contribution to GDP and Gross Value Added and supplying various goods and services for the society.
Unlike the organized sector, even this sector has not received the benefits or organization. Many of them are victims of invisibility. The difficulty starts with identifying the unorganized sector. This report is an attempt to identify the role of the unorganized sector in the Indian economy with special reference to economic contribution and employment.
Women Workers in Informal Sector in India: Understanding the Occupational Vul...Dr Lendy Spires
Unorganised or informal sector constitutes a pivotal part of the Indian economy. More than 90 per cent of workforce and about 50 per cent of the national product are accounted for by the informal economy. A high proportion of socially and economically underprivileged sections of society are concentrated in the informal economic activities [1]. Informal employment is generally a larger source of employment for women than for men in the developing world. Other than in North Africa where 43 per cent of women workers are in informal employment, 60 per cent or more of women workers in the developing world are in informal employment(outside agriculture).
In sub-Saharan Africa 84 per cent of women non-agricultural workers; in Latin America 58 per cent for women in comparison to 48 percent for men. In Asia, the proportion of women and men non-agricultural workers in informal employment is roughly equivalentto Women and Men in the Informal Economy [2].The informal economy in India employs about 86 per cent of the country’s work force and 91 per cent of its women workers [3]. Many of these women workers are primary earners for their families. Their earnings are necessary for sheer survival. Low income women workers, especially in the informal sectorform one of the most vulnerable groups in the Indian economy.
The reasons for their vulnerability are-(a) irregular work, (b) low economic status, (c) little or no bargaining power, (d) lack of control over earnings, (e) need to balance paid work with care for children and homework, (f) little or no access to institutional credit, training and information, and (g) lack of assets. Unequal gender relations play a very important role in defining their insecurities. Given their vulnerable status at home and at work, income generation alone may not improve the socio-economic status of women attached to the informal sector. Their economic empowerment needs to go along with political empowerment, which could improve their bargaining power both in household and at work.
This means that organizing women workers in the informl economy could have beneficial impacts on their work and their life if such organizationcombines voices representation along with access to resources such as credit and information- a holistic strategy that provides political empowerment allied with economic empowerment.The present study aims at understanding the degree of vulnerabilityof the women workers in informal sector in India.
This presentation name Child labor in Bangladesh.Here including statistical information of child labor in Bangladesh. Common working place for child labor.
A presentation delivered on "Child Labor" after conducting some surveys at numerous surveys of child's being labored, their parents and the masters.
...
The majority of them was thrown to this ill world due to poverty, stressful family circumstances and inefficient performance and behavior at school which was also due to unresponsive and careless parental rearing and stressful circumstances mainly due to their parents income or poverty or lack of education.
Plan Bee Project to Empower 20 Women in Chitral Proposal 10_12_2016Hashoo Foundation USA
The objective of the project is to contribute to women’s social and economic empowerment through honey bee farming training to increased their capacity and participation in Income Generation Activities (IGAs), to provide for themselves and their families, and enroll their children in school.
Target Beneficiaries:
Direct Beneficiaries: 20 women
Indirect Beneficiaries: 140 (men, women & children) would be indirect beneficiaries of selected marginalized women family members from targeted area.
Basic education facilities in 'Rural India'Sagar Paul
Majority of India still lives in villages and so the topic of rural education in India is of utmost importance. This presentation tells about the problems effecting the growth of education in rural India and how the youth of India can be a solution to this problem.
Our Humanitarian Specialist, Jacob de Hoop, presents findings on the effects of cash transfers on education outcomes. Presented to the German Development Institute in November 2018.
Zulfiqar Ali's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
What are the links between being a woman, working in the informal sector, and contributing to growth?
At 17%, India has a lower share of women's contribution to GDP than the global average of 37%.
In India, unorganized sector play major role in our Indiana economic and large amount of population works in this sector. More than 90 percent of the workforce and about 50 percent of the national product are accounted for by the informal economy. This sector also encompasses the treasure of traditional indigenous knowledge.
It caters to the wide ranging economic requirements of the society. The economic contribution of unorganized sector can be discussed in terms of employment in unorganized sector, contribution to GDP and Gross Value Added and supplying various goods and services for the society.
Unlike the organized sector, even this sector has not received the benefits or organization. Many of them are victims of invisibility. The difficulty starts with identifying the unorganized sector. This report is an attempt to identify the role of the unorganized sector in the Indian economy with special reference to economic contribution and employment.
Women Workers in Informal Sector in India: Understanding the Occupational Vul...Dr Lendy Spires
Unorganised or informal sector constitutes a pivotal part of the Indian economy. More than 90 per cent of workforce and about 50 per cent of the national product are accounted for by the informal economy. A high proportion of socially and economically underprivileged sections of society are concentrated in the informal economic activities [1]. Informal employment is generally a larger source of employment for women than for men in the developing world. Other than in North Africa where 43 per cent of women workers are in informal employment, 60 per cent or more of women workers in the developing world are in informal employment(outside agriculture).
In sub-Saharan Africa 84 per cent of women non-agricultural workers; in Latin America 58 per cent for women in comparison to 48 percent for men. In Asia, the proportion of women and men non-agricultural workers in informal employment is roughly equivalentto Women and Men in the Informal Economy [2].The informal economy in India employs about 86 per cent of the country’s work force and 91 per cent of its women workers [3]. Many of these women workers are primary earners for their families. Their earnings are necessary for sheer survival. Low income women workers, especially in the informal sectorform one of the most vulnerable groups in the Indian economy.
The reasons for their vulnerability are-(a) irregular work, (b) low economic status, (c) little or no bargaining power, (d) lack of control over earnings, (e) need to balance paid work with care for children and homework, (f) little or no access to institutional credit, training and information, and (g) lack of assets. Unequal gender relations play a very important role in defining their insecurities. Given their vulnerable status at home and at work, income generation alone may not improve the socio-economic status of women attached to the informal sector. Their economic empowerment needs to go along with political empowerment, which could improve their bargaining power both in household and at work.
This means that organizing women workers in the informl economy could have beneficial impacts on their work and their life if such organizationcombines voices representation along with access to resources such as credit and information- a holistic strategy that provides political empowerment allied with economic empowerment.The present study aims at understanding the degree of vulnerabilityof the women workers in informal sector in India.
This presentation name Child labor in Bangladesh.Here including statistical information of child labor in Bangladesh. Common working place for child labor.
A presentation delivered on "Child Labor" after conducting some surveys at numerous surveys of child's being labored, their parents and the masters.
...
The majority of them was thrown to this ill world due to poverty, stressful family circumstances and inefficient performance and behavior at school which was also due to unresponsive and careless parental rearing and stressful circumstances mainly due to their parents income or poverty or lack of education.
Plan Bee Project to Empower 20 Women in Chitral Proposal 10_12_2016Hashoo Foundation USA
The objective of the project is to contribute to women’s social and economic empowerment through honey bee farming training to increased their capacity and participation in Income Generation Activities (IGAs), to provide for themselves and their families, and enroll their children in school.
Target Beneficiaries:
Direct Beneficiaries: 20 women
Indirect Beneficiaries: 140 (men, women & children) would be indirect beneficiaries of selected marginalized women family members from targeted area.
Basic education facilities in 'Rural India'Sagar Paul
Majority of India still lives in villages and so the topic of rural education in India is of utmost importance. This presentation tells about the problems effecting the growth of education in rural India and how the youth of India can be a solution to this problem.
Our Humanitarian Specialist, Jacob de Hoop, presents findings on the effects of cash transfers on education outcomes. Presented to the German Development Institute in November 2018.
Zulfiqar Ali's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
Valeria Groppo's presentation for UNU WIDER's seminar series on 20 January 2021. The presentation explores "Conditional cash transfers, child work and schooling: mixed methods evidence from the United Republic of Tanzania".
Samir Ranjan Nath's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
Presentation by
Dhruv S. Bist
for more updates subscribe to my channel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMYAuPJE2qM
I look forward to your comments and feedback.......Dhruv
Hello everyone,
I have prepared a presentation on Child Labour. I hope it will give you some knowledge on the aspects of Child Labour - one of the menace in the world, killing the childhood of several underprivileged children. Act Now - End Child Labour
By Dhruv S Bist
for more updates subscribe to my channel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMYAuPJE2qM
As the UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, we conduct research to inform policymaking and implementation. This project brief summarizes our research on child labour.
There is growing global recognition that violence against women and violence against children, and in particular intimate partner violence against women and violence against children by parents or caregivers, intersect in different ways. As global evidence of and interest in these intersections continue to grow, strategies are needed to enhance collaborations across these fields and thus ensure the best outcomes for both women and children. In response, the Sexual Violence Research Initiative (SVRI), the UNICEF Innocenti – Global Office of Research and Foresight, and the UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction hosted by WHO’s Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health, partnered to coordinate a global participatory process to identify research priorities that relate to the intersections between violence against children and violence against women.
While priorities are important, the way in which these priorities are determined is also crucial, especially for ownership, contextualization and use. Inclusive, participatory research-setting, such as used in this work, serves to promote a diversity of voices – especially from low- and middle-income countries which have historically lacked representation – and minimize the risk of bias when establishing research priorities.
This report describes the process used to determine the priorities for research on the intersections between violence against children and violence against women, and the top 10 research questions identified.
A partnership with the UNFPA-UNICEF Global Programme to End Child Marriage, UNFPA-UNICEF Joint Programme on the Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation and the UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, the STAR Initiative (Strategic Technical Assistance for Research) to end harmful practices aims to strengthen evidence generation and learning. The initiative has three areas of focus: evidence generation, evidence synthesis and research dissemination and uptake.
African countries are facing the world’s worst teacher shortage. To shore up the deficit and achieve universal primary education by 2030, 6.1 million primary school teachers need to be hired in Africa alone.
As COVID-19 exacerbates pressures placed on education budgets, it is crucial that the deployment of quality teachers in Africa is driven by a quest for equity, effectiveness, and efficiency, since no child should be deprived of learning opportunities because of the school they attend or their area of residence.
UNICEF Innocenti is seeking to expand the evidence base on teacher deployment in Africa in order to identify how the deployment of qualified teachers can be optimized to improve equity in learning outcomes. While the equity of primary school teacher deployment is the intended focus of this research, pre-primary teacher deployment will also be analyzed.
African countries are facing the world’s worst teacher shortage. To shore up the deficit and achieve universal primary education by 2030, 6.1 million primary school teachers need to be hired in Africa alone.
As COVID-19 exacerbates pressures placed on education budgets, it is crucial that the allocation of quality teachers in Africa is driven by a quest for equity, effectiveness, and efficiency, since no child should be deprived of learning opportunities because of the school they attend or their area of residence.
UNICEF Innocenti is seeking to expand the evidence base on teacher allocation in Africa in order to identify how the allocation of qualified teachers can be optimized to improve equity in learning outcomes. While the equity of primary school teacher allocation is the intended focus of this research, pre-primary teacher allocation will also be analyzed.
Evidence suggests that developing specific core capacities from childhood can support performance in school, work, and life.
These nine “core capacities” are cornerstones of life skills. We often overlook these capacities as innate basic skills, so they are underutilized in efforts to promote child well-being and development.
But by nurturing, expanding, and modelling these capacities, children can better understand and interact with the world around them, and realise their unique potential.
Visit our research report launched 9 December 2021: unicef-irc.org/what-makes-me
On 19 October 2021, over 500 researchers, practitioners, policymakers and activists from around the world gathered to take stock of what we know about the intersections between
violence against children and violence against women, identify existing knowledge gaps and discuss opportunities to increase coordination across efforts to prevent and respond to both
forms of violence.
This summary presents key takeaways from the event organized by UNICEF Innocenti, in collaboration with the Global Partnership to End Violence, the World Health Organization,
the Sexual Violence Research Initiative and the UK FCDO.
The Office of Research – Innocenti is UNICEF’s dedicated research centre. Our core mandate is to undertake cutting-edge, policy-relevant research that equips the organization and the wider global community to deliver results for children. This project brief summarizes our research on the Data Must Speak project.
Effective solutions to end violence against children will require researchers, practitioners, and leaders to come together to take stock of what we know, bridge gaps across the field, and influence change through the use and generation of VAC evidence.
This webinar aimed to share evidence and foster discussion on intersections between violence against women and violence against children, highlighting opportunities for greater collaboration, to build knowledge, and to translate it into policy and programmes.
Opening remarks: Alessandra Guedes, Gender and Development Research Manager, UNICEF Innocenti
Presenting evidence:
- Clara Alemann, Director of Programs, Promundo, The Hague
- Manuela Colombini, Assistant Professor in Health Systems and Policy and Gender-based Violence, and Loraine Bacchus, Associate Professor of Social Science, LSHTM
- Chandré Gould, Senior Research Fellow, and Matodzi Amisi, Senior Research Consultant, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa
- Isabelle Pearson, Research Fellow for the Gender Violence & Health Centre at LSHTM and Heidi Stöckl, Professor of Public Health Evaluation, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Panel discussion:
- Paul Bukuluki, Associate Professor of Social Work and Medical Anthropology, Makerere University, Uganda
- Lina Digolo, Senior Associate, The Prevention Collaborative, Kenya
- Lori Heise, Professor of Gender, Violence and Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
- Santi Kusumaningrum, Co-founder and Director, PUSKAPA - Center on Child Protection and Wellbeing at Universitas Indonesia
- Tarisai Mchuchu-MacMillan, Executive Director, MOSAIC, South Africa
Closing remarks: Emily Esplen, Head of Ending Violence Team, FCDO, United Kingdom
As the UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, we conduct research to inform policymaking and implementation. This project brief summarizes our research on digital learning.
As the UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, we conduct research to inform policymaking and implementation. This project brief summarizes our work on research uptake and impact.
As the UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, we conduct research to inform policymaking and implementation. This project brief summarizes our research on violence against children and women.
As the UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, we conduct research to inform policymaking and implementation. This project brief summarizes our research on gender-responsive age-sensitive social protection.
As the UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, we conduct research to inform policymaking and implementation. This project brief summarizes our research on the Global Kids Online project.
As the UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, we conduct research to inform policymaking and implementation. This project brief summarizes our research on disrupting harm.
As the UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, we conduct research to inform policymaking and implementation. This project brief summarizes our research on the Time to Teach project.
As the UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, we conduct research to inform policymaking and implementation. This project brief summarizes our research on the Let Us Learn project.
As the UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, we conduct research to inform policymaking and implementation. This project brief summarizes our research on children, migration, and displacement.
As the UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, we conduct research to inform policymaking and implementation. This project brief summarizes our research on children with disabilities in humanitarian settings.
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Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
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As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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Thanks...!
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
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THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
Child Labour & Social Programming | Focus on Educational Strategies
1. CHILD LABOUR & SOCIAL PROGRAMMING
FOCUS ON EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES
Valeria Groppo, Guest Lecture on Child Labour,
King’s College London
19 February 2021
2. • International Conventions
• The global context
• Social programming and child labour
• Zooming into educational strategies
• Demand-side
• Conditional cash transfers
• Tanzania PSSN, child work & schooling
• School feeding
• Supply-side
• School infrastructure
• Demand- and supply-side mix
• Multi-component interventions addressing child
labour
• Summary of key take-aways
• COVID-19 & child labour
• 2021 International Year for the Elimination of Child Labour
Outline
4. International Conventions
International labour standards define child
labour by its consequences: it encompasses
work that is:
• mentally, physically, socially or morally
dangerous and harmful to children, and/or
• interferes with their schooling.
Two main forms:
• Work below the minimum age
• Worst forms of child labour
DEFINITION
Source: ILO (2008).
ILO
• Convention 138 on minimum age of
employment
• Generally no lower than the age at end
of compulsory education
• ‘Light work’ may be permitted
• Convention 182 on worst forms of child
labour
UN
• Convention on the Right of the Child
• Article 32 (child’s right to be protected
from economic exploitation and from
performing any work that is likely to
be hazardous or to interfere with
education or health)
KEY INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
5. A closer look at worst forms of child labour
a) All forms of slavery or practices similar to
slavery, such as the sale and trafficking of
children, debt bondage and serfdom and forced
or compulsory labour, including forced or
compulsory recruitment of children for use in
armed conflict;
b) the use, procuring or offering of a child
for prostitution, for the production
of pornography or for pornographic
performances;
c) the use, procuring or offering of a child for illicit
activities, in particular for the production and
trafficking of drugs as defined in the relevant
international treaties;
UNCONDITIONAL WORST FORMS
Source: ILO (2008).
d) work which, by its nature or the
circumstances in which it is carried out, is
likely to harm the health, safety or morals
of children
• work which exposes children to physical,
psychological or sexual abuse;
• work underground, under water,
at dangerous heights or in confined spaces;
• work with dangerous machinery,
equipment and tools, or which involves the
manual handling or transport of heavy
loads;
• Exposure to hazardous substances, agents
or processes, or to temperatures, noise
levels, or vibrations damaging to their
health;
• work for long hours or during the night
HAZARDOUS WORK
6. Child labour based on international labour standards
Age group Children’s work
Non-harmful work Worst Forms of Child Labour (WFCL)
Hazardous work Unconditional WFCL
Forms of work
excluded under
Convention 138
flexibility clauses
Light work Excessively
long hours in
econ activities
or chores
Hazardous
work, other
than long
hours
Trafficked children, children
in forced and bonded labour,
[…] prostitution and other
illicit activities.
Children at or
above the general
minimum working
age
Age
15-17
WFCL
Children within the
age range specified
for light work
Age
12-14
Children below
minimum age
specified for light
work
Age
5-11
Work below
minimum age
Source: adapted from ILO (2008).
8. Global child labour
• Since 2000, child labour is on a declining
trend
• Still, 152 million children globally engage
in child labour (1 in 10 children)
• SDG 8.7 calls for elimination of child
labour in all of its form by 2025
• ‘Business as usual’ (2012-16 rate)
would leave still 121 million
• Fastest progress (2008-12 rate) still
not enough
• Unconditional worst forms of child labour
not captured
• COVID-19 Source: ILO (2017). Global Estimates of Child Labour. The figures refer to
children aged 5 to 17 years.
16
14.2
13.6
10.6
9.6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2000 2004 2008 2012 2016
Million Prevalence (%)
TRENDS
Million
Percentage
9. Geographical child labour distribution (2016)
Source: ILO (2017). Global Estimates of Child Labour. The figures refer to children aged 5 to 17 years.
ABSOLUTE NUMBERS
47%
41%
7%
4% 1%
Africa
Asia and the Pacific
Americas
Europe and Central
Asia
Arab States
PREVALENCE
19.6
7.4
5.3
4.1
2.9
0
5
10
15
20
25
Africa Asia and the
Pacific
Americas Europe and
Central Asia
Arab States
10. • India and Bangladesh home to majority of child labourers in South Asia (Khan & Lion
2015)
• Hazardous forms of child labour remain an issue in both countries, e.g. producing bricks,
mining & collecting mica
• Child labour concentrated in ‘hotspots’ (see example for India)
Child labour in India & Bangladesh
Source: V.V. Giri National Labour Institute and UNICEF (2015).
11. SOCIAL PROGRAMMING & CHILD LABOUR
OVERVIEW (e.g. Dammert et al 2018, Idris et al, 2020)
12. Main public policies and programmes that may impact child labour
POVERTY REDUCTION / EDUCATION OBJECTIVES CHILD LABOUR OBJECTIVE
• Social protection
• Cash or in-kind transfers
• Public works programmes
• Microcredit / microinsurance
• Reducing demand-side barriers to education
• Reducing school fees (Tang et al 2020)
• Merit-based scholarships
• Other (Gallego et al 2018, Mitra &
Moene 2020)
• Reducing supply-side barriers to education
• Building schools, ECD facilities, WASH
in schools
• Pedagogy (e.g. Teaching at the Right
Level’)
• Skills / empowerment programmes
(Edmonds et al 2020)
• Regulations
• Ban on child labour (Bharadwaj et al
2020)
• Multi-component interventions (‘cash
plus’) that combine:
• Economic support, plus services (e.g.
education, child protection) and/or
awareness raising
14. Conditional cash transfers
Features
• Regular transfers targeting poor households
• Amount generally varies with household size
• Requirement: minimum level of school attendance
Objectives
• Reduce poverty and vulnerability
• Improve schooling outcomes
• Seldom child labour is cited (exception: Nepal, Edmonds & Shrestha 2014)
Mechanisms
• Cash benefits → income effect
→ ↑ schooling and ↓ need for child labour
→ ↑ household investment in productive assets → may ↑ demand for child labour/chores
• Conditionalities → ↓ opportunity cost of schooling
→ ↑ schooling and ↓ need for child labour
OVERVIEW & THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
15. Conditional cash transfers
Evidence
• CCTs tend to reduce child work
• Latin America: Mexico Progresa (Parker & Todd 2017), Nicaragua Red de Proteccion Social
(Dammert 2009), Nicaragua Atencion a Crisis (Del Carpio et al, 2016)
• Africa: Tanzania Productive Social Safety Net - PSSN (de Hoop et al, 2020)
• South Asia: Nepal (Edmonds & Shrestha 2014, worst forms of child labour; Datt & Uhe, 2019)
Gaps
• Geography: limited evidence for Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia (India, Bangladesh)
• Type of economic activities
• Child labour vs. child work; exposure to work-related hazards
• Household chores
• How impacts are moderated by contextual factors, e.g. social norms
LITERATURE
16. Child labour impacts of Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN)
J. de Hoop, M. W. Gichane, V. Groppo, S. Simmons Zuilkowski, on behalf of the PSSN Youth Evaluation Team
CONTEXT
Tanzania, Handeni district, endline data collection, 2017.
Nearly 30% of Tanzanian children engage in
child labour (ILO 2016)
Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF)
• Introduced in 2000, progressively scaled
up
• Objectives: increase income and
consumption, improve ability to cope with
shocks, improve education
• Components during study period: (1) cash
transfer; (2) public works
• Coverage: national, 15% population (6
million people) in 2016
18. Child labour impacts of Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) - Continued
MIXED METHODS
Tanzania, Handeni district, endline data collection, 2017.
• Quantitative: cluster RCT
• Villages receiving PSSN
• Control (delayed receipt of programme)
• Qualitative
• IDIs & FGDs with children/caregivers
• Photovoice
Tanzania, Handeni district, endline data collection, 2017
19. PSSN Evaluation timeline
2014-2015
Targeting &
location selection
• Eligibility:
extreme
poverty; ‘ability
to work’.
• Eight mainland
PAAs, plus one
in Zanzibar
• 102 villages
May-
July 2015
Baseline
Survey
(quant)
August 2015
Random
assignment
(lottery)
• PSSN (61
villages)
• Control
(delayed
treatment, 41
villages)
September-
October 2015
First cash
transfer in PSSN
villages
April-
June 2017
Endline
Survey
(quant)
September
-October
2017
Qualitative
data
collection
19
20. PSSN determined a change in child work type
-0.006
-0.002
0.038**
-0.005
-0.019**
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
Any
economic
activities
Farm work
for the
household
(excl.
livestock)
Livestock
herding for
the
household
Household
non-farm
business
Paid work
outside the
household
N = 3,516 children
aged 5-17 years
*p <0.1, **p
<0.05
20
21. PSSN impacts on child work, by gender
Any
economic
activities
Farm work
for the
household
(excl.
livestock)
Livestock
herding for
the
household
Household
non-farm
business
Paid work
outside the
household
N = 3,516 children
(1,728 female,
1,788 male)
aged 5-17 years
*p <0.1, **p
<0.05
0.004 0.005
0.035*
-0.002
-0.008
-0.016
-0.008
0.04**
-0.007
-0.031***
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
Female
Male
21
22. Qualitative insights on PSSN & child work
“The PSSN programme has given
children time to rest for some
days without involvement in
casual works. In the previous
time, children were forced to
work every day or every week so
as to get their needs, but now as
we are assured of providing
them with school requirement
so they may spend even a week
without working in casual
labours.”
- Caregiver FGD participant
“On one hand, I get more time
now. If I want, I can spend more
time because we have labourers
who work in our farms, my
grandfather use PSSN money to
employ casuals [day labourers]
to help us in farming. On the
other hand, [PSSN] money has
reduced my time to search for
casual works because if I fail to
get money, I can use [PSSN]
money. I was spending one day
per week for casual works before
PSSN, but after PSSN I spend one
day per month on casual works.”
- Child FGD participant
“PSSN has not changed
what I have been doing
before. I am still doing
charcoal business, herding
cattle and sometimes selling
sisal poles. The activities
have neither increased nor
decreased because of PSSN.”
- 15-year-old-boy
22
24. PSSN summary of impacts
• PSSN had beneficial effects on child work, with substitution effects
stronger for male and older children
• PSSN improved child education (results not shown)
• Important to monitor unintended effects of programmes that expand
household productive capacity
• Important to use mixed methods
• Complementary interventions could be considered to enhance
education improvements
• Information to caregivers on the importance of education and the
risks related to child labour
25. School feeding
Features
• Lunches delivered at school OR take-home ratios
• Conditional by definition
Objectives
• Reduce poverty and vulnerability
• Improve schooling outcomes
Mechanisms
• School feeding → income effect & reduced opportunity cost of schooling
→ ↑ schooling and ↓ need for child labour
OVERVIEW & THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
26. School feeding
Evidence
• Bangladesh (Ravallion & Wodon 2000): Food-For-Education (take-home) reduced child
participation in economic activities; impacts on child work, however, much weaker than schooling
impacts
• Burkina Faso (Kazianga et al 2012): take-home rations (reduced girls’ work) vs. school feeding (no
impact) – not clear if same value, so no indication of relative effectiveness of programme type
• Mali (Aurino et al 2019, conflict setting): school feeding decreased girls’ participation in farm work
(less compatible with school participation) vs. general food distribution (increased boys’ work)
Gaps
• Geography: e.g. India Mid-Day, the largest school feeding programme in the world (Chakraborty
& Rajshri 2019, learning impacts)
LITERATURE
28. School infrastructure
Features - Examples
• School construction; improvement of WASH facilities in schools
• Early Childhood Education facilities
Objectives
• Improve schooling outcomes
• Improve ECD outcomes, maternal labour force participation
Mechanisms
• School construction
→ ↓ indirect schooling costs (transport) → ↑ schooling and ↓ need for child labour
→ ↓ transport time → may free up time to engage in work (school-going children)
• WASH in schools may reduce the risk of child labour, especially for girls (through to improved
menstrual hygiene and school attendance)
• ECD
→ ↑ maternal labour force participation → ↓ need for child labour
→ safe spaces for children → ↓ exposure to child labour (e.g. mica mining) + ↑ stimulation
OVERVIEW & THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
29. School infrastructure
Evidence
• Mixed picture
• Ghana (Vuri 2011) – lower distance to school decreases work, but increases household
chores
• Tanzania (Kondylis & Manacorda 2012) – no effect on child labour
• Burkina Faso BRIGHT programme did not influence child participation in work outside the
household (de Hoop & Rosati 2014, Kazianga et al 2013), but work increased for boys without
female siblings who did not benefit of take-home rations (de Hoop & Rosati 2014)
Gaps
• Mechanisms that drive differences in impacts by gender need to be better understood
LITERATURE
31. Multi-component interventions
Features - Examples
• Promoting Child Rights in Cotton Farming Areas of Pakistan (CRCF)
• CCTs + Advocacy & awareness raising
• School supply; vocational training
• India National Child Labour Project (Mukhopadhaya et al 2012)
• School enrolment in non-formal education (special schools run by NCLP), for later integration
in the formal system
• School meals in both types of schools
• Conditional in-kind transfers & empowerment (Buchmann et al 2018)
Objectives
• Eliminate child labour
• Improve education
• Delay marriage
OVERVIEW
32. Multi-component interventions
Evidence
• Mostly descriptive
• India NCLP (Mukhopadhaya et al 2012) – promising findings, including high rates of lunch
provision, adequate schooling availability; special consideration to the most vulnerable
segments of society
• Mostly on outcomes other than child labour (e.g. child marriage, Buchmann et al 2018)
Gaps
• Experimental or quasi-experimental studies (e.g. programme’s staggered expansion may allow
to exploit spatial and temporal variation in child exposure to estimate impacts)
• Qualitative studies assessing implementation challenges
LITERATURE
33. Summary of the evidence on educational strategies & child labour
EVIDENCE GAPS
• Wider evidence base on conditional cash
transfers
• tend to reduce child labour, but
• results are context-specific
• School feeding appear a promising strategy,
as building schools, WASH in schools
• Limited evidence on multi-component
interventions (‘cash plus’) interventions
• Emerging evidence on skills development
and child work / youth decent work
• Geographical coverage
• South Asia (India)
• Analyses of impacts on child labour (as
defined by international conventions)
• Demand side
• Reducing fees
• Providing information
• Supply side
• Pedagogical approaches
• Non-formal education
• Teaching at the Right Level
• Inclusive education (e.g. with
respect to migrant children)
35. COVID-19 & child labour
CHANNELS OF IMPACTS POLICY RESPONSES
• Increased poverty
• Increased unemployment
• Reduced migration and remittances flows
• School closures
• Learning losses
• Loss of nutritional support
• Health shocks (household level)
• Expansion of social protection
• Increasing benefit levels/coverage of
cash transfers
• Protect workers in the informal
economy (e.g. migrants)
• Health insurance
• ‘Family-friendly policies’ (e.g. paid
parental sick leave)
• Access to credit
• Decent work for adults
• Access to education, especially when
schools reopen
• Back-to-school campaigns
• Teaching at the Right Level & blended
learning modalities
• Monitoring labour standards
Source: ILO & UNICEF (2020)
36. 2021 International Year of Child Labour
KEY INITIATIVES
• Updated Global Estimates of Child Labour (June)
• Pledges by
• Civil society
• Private companies
• CSOs
• Advocacy
• Learning events / webinars (#EndChildLabour2021).
• Create the foundation for the V Global Conference on Child Labour (VGC) which will take
place in 2022 in South Africa.
• Stakeholders will share their experiences and will make tangible commitments
towards ending child labour in all its forms by 2025.
38. References
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Bharadwaj, Prashant, Leah K. Lakdawala, and Nicholas Li. "Perverse consequences of well intentioned regulation: Evidence from India’s child labor
ban." Journal of the European Economic Association 18, no. 3 (2020): 1158-1195.
Buchmann, N., Field, E., Glennerster, R., Nazneen, S., Pimkina, S., & Sen, I. (2018). Power vs Money: Alternative Approaches to Reducing Child Marriage in
Bangladesh, a Randomized Control Trial.
Chakraborty, T., & Jayaraman, R. (2019). School feeding and learning achievement: Evidence from India's midday meal program. Journal of Development
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Dammert, A., xa, & C. (2009). Heterogeneous Impacts of Conditional Cash Transfers: Evidence from Nicaragua. Economic Development and Cultural
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39. References - continued
International Labour Organization (2017). Global estimates of child labour: Results and trends, 2012-2016, ILO, Geneva.
International Labour Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund (2020). ‘COVID-19 and Child Labour: A time of crisis, a time to act’, ILO and UNICEF,
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