Kant wrote "Perpetual Peace" in 1795, inspired by the peace between Prussia and France. He sought to establish principles for a stable and lasting peace. The document outlines preliminary articles written in negative form to prevent war, such as prohibiting conquest. It also outlines definitive articles written in positive form, including establishing republican governments to discourage leaders from rashly declaring war, forming a federation of free states to peacefully resolve international disputes, and granting a right of hospitality to encourage trade between states and counteract tendencies toward conflict.
Actors, Structures and Foreign Policy Analysis
International Ataturk Alatoo University, Department of International Relations, Political Science, Foreign Policy Analysis, Central Asia, Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, IAAU,Международный Ататюрк Алатоо университет, факультет международных отношений, политологии, анализ внешней политики, Центральной Азии, Кыргызстан, Бишкек
Relations among states take place in the absence of a world government. For realists, this means that the international system is anarchical. International relations are best understood by focusing on the distribution of power among states. Despite their formal legal equality, the uneven distribution of power means that the arena of international relations is a form of ‘power politics’. Power is hard to measure; its distribution among states changes over time and there is no consensus among states about how it should be distributed. International relations is therefore a realm of necessity (states must seek power to survive in a competitive environment) and continuity over time. When realists contemplate change in the international system, they focus on changes in the balance of power among states, and tend to discount the possibility of fundamental change in the dynamics of the system itself.
The following key thinkers all subscribe to these basic assumptions in their explorations of the following questions:
(1) What are the main sources of stability and instability in the international system?
(2) What is the actual and preferred balance of power among states?
(3) How should the great powers behave toward one another and toward weaker states?
(4) What are the sources and dynamics of contemporary changes in the balance of power?
Despite some shared assumptions about the nature of international relations, realists are not all of one voice in answering these questions, and it would be wrong to believe that shared assumptions lead to similar conclusions among them. In fact, there is sharp disagreement over the relative merits of particular balances of power (unipolarity, bipolarity and multipolarity). There is also much debate over the causal relationship between states and the international pressures upon them, and the relative importance of different kinds of power in contemporary international relations.
Introduction to National Interest, it's Nature, Definition, and Types.Muhammad Saad
The basic purpose of this ppt Presentation is to understand the following main topics in detail.
1. INTRODUCTION TO NATIONAL INTEREST.
2. NATURE OF NATIONAL INTEREST.
3. VARIOUS DEFINTIONS OF NATIONAL INTEREST
4. NINE MAIN TYPES OF NATIONAL INTEREST
(1. PRIMARY INTERESTS)
(2. SECONDARY INTERESTS)
(3. PERMANENT INTERESTS)
(4. VARIABLE INTERESTS)
(5. GENERAL INTERESTS)
(6. SPECIFIC INTERESTS)
(7. IDENTICAL INTERESTS)
(8. COMPLEMENTARY INTERESTS)
(9. CONFLICTING INTERESTS)
...That's all....
IF SOMEONE NEEDS A CUSTOM PPT PRESENTATION...FEEL FREE TO MESSAGE US ON WHATSAPP (+923104826711)
....Thank you.
This presentation is made by Samin VossoughiRad. American University for Humanities- Tbilisi campus
The security Dilemma is the them of the presentation and it has been explained exactly why states goes to war
The presentation is on neoliberalism in international relations. The emergence of neoliberalism and convergence and difference of neoliberalism and structural realism as well as barriers to international cooperation is presented.
Actors, Structures and Foreign Policy Analysis
International Ataturk Alatoo University, Department of International Relations, Political Science, Foreign Policy Analysis, Central Asia, Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, IAAU,Международный Ататюрк Алатоо университет, факультет международных отношений, политологии, анализ внешней политики, Центральной Азии, Кыргызстан, Бишкек
Relations among states take place in the absence of a world government. For realists, this means that the international system is anarchical. International relations are best understood by focusing on the distribution of power among states. Despite their formal legal equality, the uneven distribution of power means that the arena of international relations is a form of ‘power politics’. Power is hard to measure; its distribution among states changes over time and there is no consensus among states about how it should be distributed. International relations is therefore a realm of necessity (states must seek power to survive in a competitive environment) and continuity over time. When realists contemplate change in the international system, they focus on changes in the balance of power among states, and tend to discount the possibility of fundamental change in the dynamics of the system itself.
The following key thinkers all subscribe to these basic assumptions in their explorations of the following questions:
(1) What are the main sources of stability and instability in the international system?
(2) What is the actual and preferred balance of power among states?
(3) How should the great powers behave toward one another and toward weaker states?
(4) What are the sources and dynamics of contemporary changes in the balance of power?
Despite some shared assumptions about the nature of international relations, realists are not all of one voice in answering these questions, and it would be wrong to believe that shared assumptions lead to similar conclusions among them. In fact, there is sharp disagreement over the relative merits of particular balances of power (unipolarity, bipolarity and multipolarity). There is also much debate over the causal relationship between states and the international pressures upon them, and the relative importance of different kinds of power in contemporary international relations.
Introduction to National Interest, it's Nature, Definition, and Types.Muhammad Saad
The basic purpose of this ppt Presentation is to understand the following main topics in detail.
1. INTRODUCTION TO NATIONAL INTEREST.
2. NATURE OF NATIONAL INTEREST.
3. VARIOUS DEFINTIONS OF NATIONAL INTEREST
4. NINE MAIN TYPES OF NATIONAL INTEREST
(1. PRIMARY INTERESTS)
(2. SECONDARY INTERESTS)
(3. PERMANENT INTERESTS)
(4. VARIABLE INTERESTS)
(5. GENERAL INTERESTS)
(6. SPECIFIC INTERESTS)
(7. IDENTICAL INTERESTS)
(8. COMPLEMENTARY INTERESTS)
(9. CONFLICTING INTERESTS)
...That's all....
IF SOMEONE NEEDS A CUSTOM PPT PRESENTATION...FEEL FREE TO MESSAGE US ON WHATSAPP (+923104826711)
....Thank you.
This presentation is made by Samin VossoughiRad. American University for Humanities- Tbilisi campus
The security Dilemma is the them of the presentation and it has been explained exactly why states goes to war
The presentation is on neoliberalism in international relations. The emergence of neoliberalism and convergence and difference of neoliberalism and structural realism as well as barriers to international cooperation is presented.
Liberalism and IRDevelopment of INR – Week 5Kant Essay o.docxjesssueann
Liberalism and IR
Development of INR – Week 5
Kant Essay on Theory and Practice
Core question: is the writing of political thought useful?
Are philosophers/academics unrealistic in their discussion of politics?
Is their thought applicable in actual politics?
Implications for IR and the development of projects for perpetual peace.
Page 430 on cosmopolitan constitution
Page 431 Balance of Power; the ridicule of statesmen of the notions of perpetual peace.
Kant’s Perpetual Peace
Remember the disclaimer (Page 432).
Fear of ideas and their ability to materialize as catalysts for revolution.
Why would anyone fear Perpetual Peace?
What does it imply about the state, monarch?
What is Kant doing here?
Written as if it was a peace treaty.
Key Elements in Perpetual Peace
Every state must have a republican constitution that protects the rights of its citizens and political institutions that promote equality and freedom. Freedom is a key concept in Kantian moral philosophy (i.e. human autonomy). Republican states less likely to engage in warfare: “But under a constitution where the subject is not a citizen, and which is therefore not republican, it is the simplest thing in the world to go to war.” (6)
Cont.
The establishment of a federation of peoples. A type of international institution that is not akin to a state but “merely to preserve and secure the freedom of each state in itself…although this does not mean that they need to submit to public laws and to a coercive power which enforces them…” (8)
Cont.
Observance of cosmopolitan right: universal hospitality implies a right to be a guest but not to settle let alone conquer. A critique of European commercial policy of the times.
Preliminary Articles
1) No conclusion of peace shall be considered valid as such if it was made with a secret reservation of the material for a future war.
2) No independently existing state, whether it be large or small, may be acquired by another states by inheritance, exchange, purchase or gift.
3) Standing armies will gradually be abolished.
Cont.
4) No national debt shall be contracted in connection with the external affairs of state.
5) No state shall forcibly interface in the constitution and government of another state.
6) No state at war with another shall permit such acts of hostility as would make mutual confidence impossible during a future time of peace.
Cosmopolitan Right
Hospitality: “means the right of a stranger not to be treated with hostility when he arrives on someone else’s territory” (441).
The world is limited in space: “[men] cannot disperse over an infinite area, but must necessarily tolerate each one another’s company” (441).
Importance of nature as the guarantor of perpetual peace (443).
Cont.
Note the example of who acts inhospitably: Barbary pirates. Talks about the “natural right of hospitality” which means what?
Reference to commerce: right to seek commerce (445). Could this be problematic?
Liberalism
For Hobbes, individ.
Augusto Lopez-Claros offered at ebbf's annual conference a detailed history of the evolution of global governance over the centuries highlighting the key risks governance is facing today and the key steps to address them
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070417 PARALLEL SOVEREIGNITY-Republic Of LakotahVogelDenise
17 USC § 107 Limitations on Exclusive Rights – FAIR USE
SOVEREIGNTY REVISITED: INTERNATIONAL LAW and
PARALLEL SOVEREIGNTY of INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
The Lakotah Nation meets the requirements to be recognized as a State. If it had not there would not have been Treaties with it.
QUALIFICATIONS FOR ENTITY TO BE A STATE:
1) Permanent Population
2) Defined Territory
3) Government
4) Capacity to Enter Relationship(s)
The 18th Century was about the time that many sought to free the people from a DOMINATION of DESPOTIC Governments.
With PEACE & LOVE,
Community Activist Vogel Denise Newsome
Post Office Box 31265
Jackson, Mississippi 39286
(513) 680-2922
SlideShare Forum: www.SlideShare.net/VogelDenise
Support at: www.Cash.me/$VogelDeniseNewsome
four lessons about philosophy. Students focused on Nature concept during the centuries, from ancient Greeks till the contemporary ethical approaches.
Last lesson is a brief reflection about Nature during Covid-19 time
Quest'opera è stata rilasciata con licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non commerciale - Condividi allo stesso modo 4.0 Internazionale. Per leggere una copia della licenza visita il sito web http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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3. Why did he write it?
In 1795 Immanuel Kant wrote it
inspired by the Peace
between Prussia and French.
Kant thought to state a set of
principles that could provide a
stable and lasting peace.
In his book Kant asserts a
series of preliminary articles,
written in negative form,
and of definitive articles,
written in positive form, in
order to propose a peace
program to all
governments.
5. Preliminary articles
•All the “preliminary articles”
are designed, in Kant’s view,
to make war less likely and
future peace more likely
•Their specific content is
based on Kant’s historical
experience
7. A Republican Constitution
•A constitution where the people are only subject to
laws it gives itself
•But the executive and legislative power are separate
•Note that in Kant’s time such constitutions hardly
existed
•When a people (through its representatives) has to
decide on whether or not to go to war, it will weigh its
costs much more carefully than when a despotic ruler
decides the question
8. What is a "Federation of free
states"?
•It is not a world state or a superstate
•It is concerned only with regulating
international disputes among its members
•A powerful free people may serve as the
nucleus of a federation, which might then
grow
•Or several regional federations might grow
over time
9. What is the right of ospitality?
•The right to
visit and trade
(not
necessarily to
live)
How does it lead to peace?
•Trade is ultimately incompatible with
war
•It counteracts our natural
“separating” tendencies (via
language, culture, etc.) and creates
mutual understanding
•Kant argues against “conquest” in
the name of trade
10. What is the right of ospitality?
•The right to
visit and trade
(not
necessarily to
live)
How does it lead to peace?
•Trade is ultimately incompatible with
war
•It counteracts our natural
“separating” tendencies (via
language, culture, etc.) and creates
mutual understanding
•Kant argues against “conquest” in
the name of trade
