Kani 11.10
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Just a presentation in order to introduce the paper which I found interest for weekly meeting at my laboratory! It's related to pH-dependented transfermation of amyloid mophology! Hope it's useful for someone else!
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This is a Powerpoint made by a myself for the PG seminar in front of Professors. For the preparation standard books were followed and guidance from expertise was taken. This will be helpful for UG and PG students of Medical and life science students.
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- Mutations like point mutations and frameshift mutations can alter the genetic code sequence. A point mutation in sickle cell anemia changes one nucleotide, altering the amino acid produced.
- tRNA acts as an adapter between mRNA and amino acids. It has an anticodon loop that binds to mRNA codons and an amino acid binding end.
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2) RTKs dimerize and autophosphorylate when bound by extracellular ligands such as growth factors. This recruits adapter proteins like Grb2 and SOS, activating the Ras/MAPK pathway through
CYTOKINES RECEPTOR
Cytokine receptors such as EpoR function as ligand-induced homodimers that interact with JAK kinases for signal transduction. The receptors have extracellular ligand-binding domains, transmembrane domains, and cytoplasmic domains that recruit proteins like STAT. Ligand binding induces receptor dimerization and JAK autophosphorylation, activating downstream signaling pathways. Cytokine receptors pre-exist as inactive dimers that undergo conformational changes upon ligand binding to activate associated JAKs and signaling.
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Non-ribosomal peptides are synthesized by large enzyme complexes called nonribosomal peptide synthetases. These synthetases are independent of mRNA and each can produce only one peptide. Nonribosomal peptides often contain non-proteinogenic amino acids and modifications like methyl groups. They have a diverse range of biological activities including being antibiotics, siderophores, toxins, and pigments. Nonribosomal peptide synthesis involves amino acid activation, attachment to carrier proteins, elongation via peptide bond formation, and termination through hydrolysis or cyclization.
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What are rubisco and RuBP? And what do they do? Briefly list 4 similarities in how ATP is
made in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. A. How does the second law of thermodynamics
explain why diffusion occurs across a membrane? B. Describe how oxidative phosphorylation,
substrate-level phosphorylation, and photo phosphorylation differ in the way ATP is made.
Solution
RuBisCO , is an enzyme Which is used in the Calvin cycle for catalyzing the first step of carbon
fixation, a process by which the atoms of atmospheric carbon dioxide are made available to
organisms in the form of energy-rich molecules such as sucrose. RuBisCO catalyzes either the
carboxylation or oxygenation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (also known as RuBP) with carbon
dioxide or oxygen.
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taking place during photosynthesis. It is the substrate, which is used by the enzyme to fix CO2 to
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phosphate.
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gradient-
Both have ATP synthatases
Both have Electron Transport Chains
Both have 70s ribosomes.
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concentration of a substance on both sides of a membrane are equal, the distribution is more
random than when they are unequal. Diffusion of a substance to a region, where it is initially less
concentrated increases entropy, making it energetically favourable (SPONTANEOUS) process.
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during Krebs cycle.
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OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
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Occurs during respiration
pigment systems are not involved
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PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
Occurs during photosynthesis inside the chloroplasts.
Pigment systemt I & II are involved
Sunlight is the external source of energy
Molecular Oxygen is not required.
DEAD-box helicase proteins disrupt RNA tertiary structure through helix capture
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Effects of addition of BaTiO3 Nano particles on the conductivity of PVdF/PMMA...
Effects of addition of BaTiO3 Nano particles on the conductivity of PVdF/PMMA...International Journal of Engineering Inventions www.ijeijournal.com
The document summarizes research on adding BaTiO3 nanoparticles to a PVdF/PMMA polymer blend electrolyte to improve its ionic conductivity. Key findings:
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4) The composite with 15 wt% BaTiO3 was stable upJPCL jz300434c Li Presentation
This presentation has been moved. To view this presentation, please visit http://pubs.acs.org/iapps/liveslides/pages/index.htm?mscNo=jz300434c
RamaleyPosterFinal_KRA
Poly(aryl ether)s (PAEs) are useful industrial polymers that can be synthesized via nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr). One such PAE is poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneethynylene-1,4-phenylene) (POPEP) which was polymerized from 4,4-Fluorophenylethynyl phenol (FPEP) via SNAr. The research aimed to characterize POPEP through NMR and TGA analysis and investigate reactions across the alkyne group, such as hydration. POPEP was successfully synthesized with a 55% yield but was insoluble in common NMR solvents. NMR and TGA analysis provided limited characterization. Attemp
Particles sizes effect on the rheological properties of nickel doped
1) Nickel-doped barium titanate nanoparticles were synthesized using a sol-gel method and dispersed in an interpenetrating polymer network matrix composed of polyurethane and poly(ethyl methacrylate).
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Polymeric materials are formed through polymerization reactions that link together small molecular units into long chains or networks. There are three main types of polymerization: condensation polymerization, step-growth polymerization, and ring-opening polymerization. Condensation polymerization involves monomers reacting to form larger units while releasing smaller molecules as byproducts. Step-growth polymerization proceeds through the formation of dimers, trimers, and eventually long chains. Ring-opening polymerization breaks cyclic monomers open to add them to the growing polymer chain. Examples provided include the condensation polymerization of polyethylene terephthalate and the ring-opening polymerization of nylon-6 from caprolactam.
reversed phase chromatography
Reversed phase chromatography is an adsorption technique used to separate nonpolar substances. It works by having a nonpolar stationary phase and a polar mobile phase, opposite of normal phase chromatography. Molecules like proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids can be separated using reversed phase chromatography. The separation depends on the hydrophobic binding of solutes from the mobile phase to the hydrophobic ligands attached to the stationary phase. Common stationary phases use silica beads with attached alkyl hydrocarbon chains of varying lengths. Gradient elution with mixtures of water and organic solvents like acetonitrile or methanol is typically used for separation. Reversed phase chromatography has applications in preparative purification of proteins, peptides, and other biomolecules.
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The document discusses various types of polymerization reactions including condensation polymerization, which involves the step-wise reaction of bifunctional monomers to form polymers through the elimination of small molecules like water or alcohol. It also describes different mechanisms of addition polymerization, specifically free radical, cationic, and anionic polymerization which involve the chain growth of polymers through initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Key initiators and mechanisms are outlined for different polymerization reactions.
Metastable polymorphism
The document discusses the use of metastable polymorphs to enhance oral bioavailability. It begins by defining polymorphism as the ability of a compound to crystallize in more than one distinct crystal structure. Metastable polymorphs are excited crystalline states that have longer lifetimes than ordinary excited states but shorter than the ground state. Using metastable polymorphs can improve properties like solubility and bioavailability. Several techniques to produce metastable polymorphs are described, like seeding, additives, and solvent control. Case studies demonstrate how metastable forms of drugs like famotidine and terazosin hydrochloride were approved generically. Regulatory considerations for showing sameness to the reference listed drug are also covered.
DHFR ENZYME AND ITS INHIBITORS .
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在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
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With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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Kani 11.10
- 2. tryptophan Lag phase Random coil => β-sheet Β-sheet Disordered state Curvy thread-like fibrilsDendritic fibrils Final ThT density lower => Weaker internal packing Aggregation formed at pH 5 by nucleation exhibit more ordered β- sheet structure than pH ¾ MechanismAggregation * Widely diverse nanoscale morphologies. C-terminal segment of RPT harboring W423 residue as amyloid core
- 3. (a) The isoelectric point (pI) of RPT ~ 4.5 at which presumably both nucleation and isodesmic are operative (b) Initial oligomers were formed immediately after mixing at pH 3/4, RPT remained monomeric after transfer into pH 5 (hydrodynamic radius ~ 4nm) Early oligomer matures rapidly into dendritic nanostructures in isodesmic mechanism at pH 3/4 (c) Formation of hydrophobic pockets during aggregation followed non-nucleation mechanism at pH 3 and nucleation mechanism at pH 5
- 4. RPT rapidly assembled to form spherical oligomers (pH 3/4) Slowly transformed into star-like nanostructure Finally matured into dendritic nanostructure by multiple steps of dissociation and association Oligomers were observed later in lag phase after several hours and transformed into curvy and straight fibrils (pH 5) Aggregation mechanism plays a critical role in dictating the RPT amyloid polymorphism
- 5. Initial drop Disintegration of dendritic structure Partially ordered structure to a highly ordered β-sheet
- 6. - Highly ordered fibrils formed at pH 5 did not convert into dendritic morphology, even after prolonged incubation at pH 3 or 4 Dendritic nanostructures possessing lower internal packing can be switched to more ordered fibrils under change of pH - RPT fibrils undergo rapid disaggregation upon transferring fibrils into a solution of neutral or mildly alkaline pH - Both dendrites and fibrils demonstrated exponential decay of ThT fluorescence upon jumping the pH to neutrality - Fibrillar aggregates showed much slower disaggregation kinetic Higher kinetic stability - Thermodynamic stability Denaturing aggregates by Urea (Fig 4d inset) => Fibrillar aggregates have more thermodynamic stability compared to to dendritic aggregates
- 7. Conclusion • Switch in the mechanism of aggregation of the RPT Pmel17 from isodesmic polymerization model to nucleation- denpendent model as a function of pH • Aggregation pathway results in nanoscale diversity aggregates from dendritic to fibrillary morphology having varied internal packing and stability • Rapid aggregation without lag phase has little or no accumulation of toxic oligomeric species • The transition in aggregation mechanisms occurred due to protonation/deprotonation of glutamic acid residues (E in RPT) pH 3/4, protonation of glutamates leads to minimal charge repulsion that reinforces intermolecular RPT association mediated via noncovalent interaction pH 5, electrostatic repulsions between polypeptide chains prevent instantaneous oligomerization => overcome the electrostatic repulsions during nucleation that eventually results in the formation of a critical nucleus • pH modulation within melanosomes allows the optimal conditions for the formation of functional amyloids that dictate the template-assisted melanin biosynthesis