Translation A process by which the genetic code contained within a messenger RNA (mRNA) the molecule is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

1. CYTOGENETICS
DNA
TRANSLATION

2. Cytogenetics
DNA (TRANSLATION)
Contents
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Introduction to Translation
Key components of Translation
Enzymes involve in Translation
Translation v.s Transcription
Three Stages of Translation
Group Meeting
Work Distribution 14

3. Translation
Process by which the genetic code contained within a messenger RNA (mRNA)
molecule is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
chain.
WHERE DOES TRANSLATION OCCUR?
Cytogenetics
DNA (TRANSLATION)
Found in prokaryotes' cytoplasm and in eukaryotes' ribosomes on endoplasmic
reticulum
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4. Key
components
of
Translation
//02 tRNA
Cytogenetics
DNA (TRANSLATION)
tRNA molecules have an anticodon of three bases that binds to a
complementarycodononmRNA.
tRNA molecules carry the amino acid corresponding to their codon
mRNA has a sequence of codons that specifies the amino acid
sequenceofthepolypeptide.
mRNA
mRNAnucleotidebasesarereadascodonsofthreebases.
mRNA dictates the ribosomes to what amino acids are needed in a
specificproteinandwhatordertoputthemin
Ribosomes
Organize translation and catalyze the reaction that joins amino
acidstomakeaproteinchain.
MadeofribosomalRNA(rRNA)andproteins,andthereforetheyare
alsonamesribozymesbecausetherRNAhasenzymaticactivity.The
rRNA has the peptidyl transferase activity that bonds the amino
acids.

5. Cytogenetics
DNA (TRANSLATION)
Enzyme involve in translation
ThemainenzymeusedinTranslation.
It is found in the ribosomes with an
enzymatic activity that catalyzes the
formation of a covalent peptide bond
between the adjacent amino
acids.The enzyme is entirely made up
ofRNAanditsmechanismismediated
by ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which is a
ribozyme,madeupofribonucleotides.
are enzymes that link amino acids to
their corresponding tRNA molecules.
The resulting complex is charged
and is referred to as an aminoacyl-
tRNA.
AMINOACYL-TRNA SYNTHETASES
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PEPTIDYL TRANSFERASE

6. Translation v.s Transcription
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The purpose of translation is to synthesize
proteins,whichareusedformillionsofcellular
functions.
The purpose of transcription is to make RNA
copiesofindividualgenesthatthecellcanuse
inthebiochemistry.
Found in prokaryotes' cytoplasm and in a
eukaryote'snucleus.
Found in prokaryotes' cytoplasm and in
eukaryotes' ribosomes on endoplasmic
reticulum.
Uses the genes as templates to produce
severalfunctionalformsofRNA
Translation is the synthesis of a protein from
anmRNAtemplate.Thisisthesecondstepof
gene expression. Uses rRNA as assembly
plant;andtRNAasthetranslatortoproducea
protein

7. Three stages
of translation
Cytogenetics
DNA (TRANSLATION)
1. INITIATION
2. ELONGATION
3. TERMINATION
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8. Cytogenetics
DNA (TRANSLATION)
//06
INITIATION
Stage of translation that brings together the mRNA and tRNA with the first
amino acids and two ribosomal subunits. o A small ribosome subunit binds
with mRNA and a special initiator tRNA, the small subunits locate the
starting codon AUG. o The large subunit then attaches to the small
subunits with the mRNA "sandwich" in between. The tRNA moves into P
site. A site - open

9. Cytogenetics
DNA (TRANSLATION)
INITIATION
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10. RNA CODON TABLES WITH ITS CORRESPONDING AMINO ACID
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11. Cytogenetics
DNA (TRANSLATION)
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ELONGATION
The stage where the amino acids are added one by one to the
proceeding amino acids.
Each addition involves protein called elongation factors and this factor
occurs in three steps:
a. Codon recognition b. Peptide bond formation c. Translocation

12. Cytogenetics
DNA (TRANSLATION)
ELONGATION
Small ribosomalsubunit

13. Cytogenetics
DNA (TRANSLATION)
TERMINATION
In this stage the reaction releases the polypeptide and the translation
assembly then comes apart. Only few ribosomes can translate a single
mRNA simultaneously forming polyribosomes.
As soon as the ribosome reaches a STOP codon, there is no corresponding
transfer of RNA. Instead, a small protein called a "release factor" attaches to
the stop codon.
The release factor causes the whole complex to fall apart into messenger
RNA, two ribosome subunits and new polypeptide.
The messenger RNA can be translated many times, to produce many
protein copies.

14. Cytogenetics
DNA (TRANSLATION)
TERMINATION
Small ribosomalsubunit

15. Cytogenetics
DNA (TRANSLATION)
Group
Meeting
//13

16. AstraStrong
TM
Cytogenetics
DNA (TRANSLATION)
Work
Distribution
//14
PowerPoint
Zhuan Sevhen Adjilani
Nurul-Ain Alsad
Flordabee Amantiad
Kyla Bundajon
Ariane Fatima Carlos
Nelson Elbert Delos Reyes
Marwiya Sabri
Model
Rifa Abdulajid
Lauriane Nicole Alfaro
Mohammad Bara
Millenn Dane Cagurin
Sameerhizam Sarikin
Group Leader
Flordabee Amantiad