This document summarizes a study that used the Taguchi method to optimize drilling parameters for minimizing surface roughness when drilling mild steel. Experiments were conducted using an L27 orthogonal array to examine the effects of cutting speed, feed rate, and point angle on surface roughness. Analysis of the experimental results found that the lowest surface roughness was achieved with a low cutting speed, low feed rate, and medium point angle. Feed rate was found to be the most significant factor influencing surface roughness, followed by cutting speed. The optimal combination of drilling parameters to minimize surface roughness in mild steel is a cutting speed of 7 m/min, feed rate of 0.035 mm/rev, and point angle of 90 degrees.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION IN VERTICAL MACHINING CENTER CNC FOR EN45 (STEEL ALLOY...IAEME Publication
Now days optimal machining parameters are of great concern in manufacturing environments, where economy of machining operations plays a key role in competitiveness in the market. This paper aims at developing a statistical model to optimize the surface parameters such as material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR).Response Surface Methodology (RSM) experimental design was used for conducting experiment. The experimental study was carried out in a CNC vertical machining center. The work piece material was EN45 (steel alloy).EN45 is widely used in the motor vehicle industry for leaf springs, truncated conical springs, helical springs and many general applications.
EFFECT OF NOSE RADIUS ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS DURING CNC TURNING USING RESPONSE ...ijmech
The work and study presented in this paper aims to investigate the effect of nose radius on surface
roughness, in CNC turning of Aluminium (6061) in dry condition. The effect of cutting conditions (speed,
feed and depth of cut) and tool geometry (nose radius) on surface roughness were studied and analysed.
Design of Experiments (DOE) were conducted for the analysis of the influence of the turning parameter on
the surface roughness by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and then followed by optimization of
the results using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to minimize surface roughness. The nose radius was
identified as the most significant parameter. Surface roughness value decreased with increase in nose
radius.
Experimental Investigation and Parametric Studies of Surface Roughness Analy...IJMER
The modern machining industries are focused on achieving high quality, in terms of part/component accuracy, surface finish, high production rate and increase in product life. Surface roughness of machined components has received serious attention of researchers for many years. It has
been an important design feature and quality measure in machining process. There are a large number of
parameters which affect the surface roughness. The typical controllable parameters for the CNC machines
include cutting tool variables, work piece material variables, cutting conditions etc. The desired output is
surface roughness, material removal rate, tool wear, etc. Optimization of machining parameters needs to
determine the most significant parameter for required output. Many techniques are used for optimization
of machining parameters including Taguchi, RSM and ANOVA approach to determine most significant
parameter. The present work is therefore in a direction to integrate effect of various parameters which affect
the surface roughness. This paper investigates the parameters affecting the surface roughness and / or
material removal rate with CNC turning process studied by researchers. It also discusses some other parameters such as cutting force and power consumption in different conditions
This document reviews optimization of process parameters for surface roughness and material removal rate (MRR) when machining stainless steel 316 on a CNC machine. It begins with an abstract that describes using design of experiments and grey relational analysis to optimize surface roughness based on data from 27 specimens produced via straight turning. The introduction provides background on the importance of surface roughness and challenges of achieving desired quality features on CNC machines. The literature review summarizes several previous studies on optimizing parameters like speed, feed rate, and depth of cut to minimize surface roughness and maximize MRR using techniques like Taguchi methods. The document aims to identify optimal parameter combinations to simultaneously optimize multiple quality objectives.
Prediction of output Responses in Milling of Casted Aluminum by using ANNijiert bestjournal
The important goal in the modern industries is to m anufacture the products with lower cost and with hi gh quality in short span of time. There are two main p ractical problems that engineers face in a manufacturing process. The first is to determine th e values of process parameters that will yield the desired product quality (meet technical specificati ons) and the second is to maximize manufacturing system performance using the available resources. T he increase of customer needs for quality products (more precise tolerances and better product surface roughness) have driven the metal cutting process. The main objective of this project work is to study the effect of surface roughness and Material Removal R ate in a machining of cast aluminum on CNC milling mach ine with High Speed Steel cutting tool. The feasibility of implementation of design of experime nts (DOE),and Artificial Neural network in milling process is analyzed.
Investigations of machining parameters on surface roughness in cnc milling u...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of machining parameters on surface roughness in CNC milling of H-13 die steel using the Taguchi technique. The parameters examined were spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. Experiments were conducted using an L9 orthogonal array. Surface roughness measurements showed that lower feed rates, higher spindle speeds, and greater depths of cut produced lower surface roughness values. Analysis of variance identified feed rate as the most influential parameter on surface roughness. The optimized parameters determined were a low feed rate of 0.08 mm/tooth, high spindle speed of 358.8 RPM, and high depth of cut of 0.3 mm.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION IN VERTICAL MACHINING CENTER CNC FOR EN45 (STEEL ALLOY...IAEME Publication
Now days optimal machining parameters are of great concern in manufacturing environments, where economy of machining operations plays a key role in competitiveness in the market. This paper aims at developing a statistical model to optimize the surface parameters such as material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR).Response Surface Methodology (RSM) experimental design was used for conducting experiment. The experimental study was carried out in a CNC vertical machining center. The work piece material was EN45 (steel alloy).EN45 is widely used in the motor vehicle industry for leaf springs, truncated conical springs, helical springs and many general applications.
EFFECT OF NOSE RADIUS ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS DURING CNC TURNING USING RESPONSE ...ijmech
The work and study presented in this paper aims to investigate the effect of nose radius on surface
roughness, in CNC turning of Aluminium (6061) in dry condition. The effect of cutting conditions (speed,
feed and depth of cut) and tool geometry (nose radius) on surface roughness were studied and analysed.
Design of Experiments (DOE) were conducted for the analysis of the influence of the turning parameter on
the surface roughness by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and then followed by optimization of
the results using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to minimize surface roughness. The nose radius was
identified as the most significant parameter. Surface roughness value decreased with increase in nose
radius.
Experimental Investigation and Parametric Studies of Surface Roughness Analy...IJMER
The modern machining industries are focused on achieving high quality, in terms of part/component accuracy, surface finish, high production rate and increase in product life. Surface roughness of machined components has received serious attention of researchers for many years. It has
been an important design feature and quality measure in machining process. There are a large number of
parameters which affect the surface roughness. The typical controllable parameters for the CNC machines
include cutting tool variables, work piece material variables, cutting conditions etc. The desired output is
surface roughness, material removal rate, tool wear, etc. Optimization of machining parameters needs to
determine the most significant parameter for required output. Many techniques are used for optimization
of machining parameters including Taguchi, RSM and ANOVA approach to determine most significant
parameter. The present work is therefore in a direction to integrate effect of various parameters which affect
the surface roughness. This paper investigates the parameters affecting the surface roughness and / or
material removal rate with CNC turning process studied by researchers. It also discusses some other parameters such as cutting force and power consumption in different conditions
This document reviews optimization of process parameters for surface roughness and material removal rate (MRR) when machining stainless steel 316 on a CNC machine. It begins with an abstract that describes using design of experiments and grey relational analysis to optimize surface roughness based on data from 27 specimens produced via straight turning. The introduction provides background on the importance of surface roughness and challenges of achieving desired quality features on CNC machines. The literature review summarizes several previous studies on optimizing parameters like speed, feed rate, and depth of cut to minimize surface roughness and maximize MRR using techniques like Taguchi methods. The document aims to identify optimal parameter combinations to simultaneously optimize multiple quality objectives.
Prediction of output Responses in Milling of Casted Aluminum by using ANNijiert bestjournal
The important goal in the modern industries is to m anufacture the products with lower cost and with hi gh quality in short span of time. There are two main p ractical problems that engineers face in a manufacturing process. The first is to determine th e values of process parameters that will yield the desired product quality (meet technical specificati ons) and the second is to maximize manufacturing system performance using the available resources. T he increase of customer needs for quality products (more precise tolerances and better product surface roughness) have driven the metal cutting process. The main objective of this project work is to study the effect of surface roughness and Material Removal R ate in a machining of cast aluminum on CNC milling mach ine with High Speed Steel cutting tool. The feasibility of implementation of design of experime nts (DOE),and Artificial Neural network in milling process is analyzed.
Investigations of machining parameters on surface roughness in cnc milling u...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of machining parameters on surface roughness in CNC milling of H-13 die steel using the Taguchi technique. The parameters examined were spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. Experiments were conducted using an L9 orthogonal array. Surface roughness measurements showed that lower feed rates, higher spindle speeds, and greater depths of cut produced lower surface roughness values. Analysis of variance identified feed rate as the most influential parameter on surface roughness. The optimized parameters determined were a low feed rate of 0.08 mm/tooth, high spindle speed of 358.8 RPM, and high depth of cut of 0.3 mm.
Parametric optimization of surface roughness in turning inconel718 using tagIAEME Publication
This document discusses the optimization of surface roughness in turning Inconel 718 using Taguchi methods and regression analysis for prediction. The document describes how Taguchi experimental design was used to optimize cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and nose radius. Surface roughness (Ra) was measured and used as the response variable. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the significant factors, and a regression model was developed to predict surface roughness based on the machining parameters. The results showed that Taguchi methods can optimize the turning process and the regression model can reliably predict surface roughness.
The main purpose of this research is to study the optimal process parameters for thermal friction drilling process on AISI 304 stainless steel. The experiments were conducted based on Taguchi experimental design method, and the multiple performance characteristics correlated with the resultant axial force, radial force, hole diameter dimensional error, roundness error, and bushing length, were investigated by fuzzy logic technique. The significant process parameters that most intensively affected the multiple performance characteristics and the optimal combination levels of process parameters were determined through the analysis of variance and the response graph. A test rig was manufactured at Shoman Company ‒ Egypt to perform the experimental work, and the tools were offered by Flowdrill Company ‒ Germany. Experimental results confirm that this approach is simple, effective and efficient for simultaneous optimization of multiple quality characteristics in thermal friction drilling process, as the bushing length produced is more than five times the workpiece thickness.
Effect of process factors on surface roughness in dip cryogenic machining of ...eSAT Journals
Abstract A large number of structures that are being constructed at present tend to be wind-sensitive because of their slenderness, shapes, size, lightness and flexibility. With the ever increase in the vertical growth of urban cities, high rise buildings are being constructed in large numbers. In this study, analytical investigation of different shapes of buildings are taken as an example and various analytical approaches are performed on the building. These plans are modeled and wind loads are found out according to I.S 875(part 3)-1987 by taking gust factor and without taking gust factor. These models are compared in different aspects such as storey drift, storey displacement, storey shear, etc. for different shapes of buildings by using finite element software package ETAB’s 13.1.1v. Among these results, which shape of building provide sound wind loading to the structure as well as the structural efficiency would be selected. Key Words: Storey displacement, Storey drift, Storey shear, Gust, Wind load
Vibration control of newly designed Tool and Tool-Holder for internal treadi...IJMER
Machining processes are manufacturing methods for ensuring processing quality, usually within
relatively short periods and at low cost. Several machining parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, work
piece material, and cutting tool geometry have significant effects on the process quality. Many researchers have
studied the impact of these factors. The cutting tool overhang affects the surface quality, especially during the
internal turning process, but this has not been reviewed much [9].
Optimization of Process Parameters for CNC Turning using Taguchi Methods for ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes an experiment that optimized process parameters for CNC turning of EN8 alloy steel using coated and uncoated tool inserts. The experiment used Taguchi methods to design the experiment with three factors (spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut) at three levels each in an L9 orthogonal array. The experiments were conducted and measured the responses of surface roughness and material removal rate. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Grey relational analysis were then used to analyze the results and determine the optimal process parameters for minimizing surface roughness and maximizing material removal rate.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a study that used Taguchi methodology and Grey Relational Analysis to optimize machining parameters for CNC end milling of stainless steel 304. The goals were to minimize surface roughness (Ra) and maximize material removal rate (MRR). Experiments were conducted using an L9 orthogonal array to test cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut at three levels. Response data was normalized and Grey Relational Coefficients were calculated to determine the optimal parameter combination. The analysis found that a cutting speed of 75 m/min, feed rate of 0.15 mm/rev, and depth of cut of 1.5 mm provided the best results for achieving the combined objectives of lower Ra and higher MRR.
Application of taguchi method in optimization of tool flank wear width ...Alexander Decker
1) The document applies Taguchi techniques to optimize tool flank wear width in turning AISI 1045 steel. An L9 orthogonal array is used to experiment with cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut as parameters.
2) Analysis of mean responses and S/N ratios found minimum wear at high speed, low feed rate, and shallow depth of cut. ANOVA showed cutting speed most influential.
3) Confirmation experiments verified 23.85% reduction in wear width at the optimal parameter levels of high speed, low feed rate, and shallow depth of cut.
Taguchi based Optimization of Cutting Parameters Affecting Surface Roughness ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used the Taguchi method to optimize cutting parameters (speed, feed rate, depth of cut) for minimizing surface roughness during CNC dry turning of 16MnCr5 steel. Experiments were conducted based on an L27 orthogonal array with three factors at three levels. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the percentage contribution of each factor on surface roughness. Results showed that depth of cut had the highest influence on surface roughness, followed by speed and then feed rate.
The document discusses optimizing the machining parameters for surface roughness when machining Acetal homopolymer on a lathe machine. It uses the Taguchi method to design experiments to determine the optimal levels of cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and tool material that minimize surface roughness. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and signal-to-noise ratios are used to analyze the effects of the turning parameters on surface roughness and identify the best combination of parameters. The goal is to perform the machining operation efficiently while meeting specifications for surface roughness.
IRJET- Analysis of Cutting Process Parameter During Turning of EN 31 for Mini...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes cutting process parameters to minimize surface roughness during turning of EN 31 steel. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi design of experiments with cutting speed, feed rate, and tool nose radius as parameters. Measurements showed feed rate had the greatest influence on surface roughness, followed by nose radius. The optimal combination for minimum roughness was a feed rate of 0.025 mm/rev, nose radius of 0.8 mm, and cutting speed of 210 m/min.
Analysis of process parameters in dry machining of en 31 steel by grey relati...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of EN-31 steel.Carbide inserts were used for machining of EN-31 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth of cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality products with increased productivity.Paper presentswork of an investigation of turning process parameters on EN-31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate.The experiment is carried out by considering three controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.The design of experiment and optimization of surface roughness is carried out by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array & Grey Relational analysis.
A Review on Optimization of Cutting Parameters for Improvement of Surface Rou...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used the Taguchi method and Grey Taguchi approach to optimize cutting parameters for improving surface roughness and tool life during low carbon steel turning. The study used an L27 orthogonal array to experiment with cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and corner radius. Surface roughness and flank wear were evaluated as output parameters. Analysis of variance found that cutting speed most significantly affects surface roughness and flank wear, followed by depth of cut, feed rate, and corner radius. The optimized parameters were determined to be a cutting speed of 325m/min, feed rate of 0.1 mm/rev, depth of cut of 0.25mm, and corner radius of 0.8mm.
This document summarizes an investigation into flank wear on minimal cutting fluid application during turning of OHNS steel. Seven input parameters were varied at three levels in a 27-run Taguchi experiment. Analysis found that feed rate had the greatest influence on flank wear, cutting temperature, and chip thickness based on ANOVA. Optimal cutting and fluid application parameters were determined to be a cutting speed of 168.23 m/min, feed of 0.04 mm/rev, depth of cut of 1 mm, pressure of 100 bar, frequency of 900 pulses/min, application rate of 3 ml/min, and fluid composition of 20%. The study provides optimized parameters for improved tool performance during turning of OHNS steel with minimal cutting fluid application.
1. The document describes a study analyzing the mechanical properties and surface roughness of as-cast and heat treated Al-7075 alloy. Experiments were conducted on samples in the as-cast condition and after two heat treatment processes (T6 and RRA) to enhance properties like tensile strength and hardness.
2. The study used Taguchi's design of experiments methodology to analyze the effects of machining parameters like spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on surface roughness. Experiments were conducted using an L9 orthogonal array and ANOVA was used to determine the significance of each parameter.
3. Preliminary results found that heat treatment increased tensile strength and hardness compared to the as-cast condition. Further analysis
This document summarizes an experimental study on optimizing surface roughness and material removal rate during turning of AISI D2 steel. 27 experiments were conducted using a full factorial design varying cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. Cutting speed had the greatest effect on surface roughness, while feed rate and depth of cut most influenced material removal rate. Analysis of variance found cutting speed contributed 79.8% to surface roughness. Grey relational analysis identified the optimal condition for low surface roughness as low feed rate, low depth of cut, and high cutting speed.
IRJET- A Review on Optimization of Cutting Parameters in Machining using ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews optimization of cutting parameters in machining using the Taguchi method. It summarizes previous research that has investigated the effects of cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate on surface finish in end milling processes using the Taguchi method. The document also provides background on end milling, Taguchi methods, design of experiments, and reviews several previous studies that optimized cutting parameters for different materials using Taguchi methods and found that cutting speed typically has the greatest influence on surface finish, while depth of cut tends to have the smallest effect.
Experimental Approach of CNC Drilling Operation for Mild Steel Using Taguchi...IJMER
Drilling is the most common (multi-point) cutting technique targeted for the production of
small-diameter holes. Hole making is among the most important operations in manufacturing, and
drilling is a major and common hole-making process in components. Productivity can be interpreted in
terms of material removal rate in any machining operation. It is, therefore, essential to optimize quality
and productivity simultaneously. Mild steel are soft, ductile, easily machined and is extensive used us a
main engineering material in various industry such as air craft and aerospace industry. The Taguchi
method is applied to formulate the experimental layout to ascertain the Element of impact each
optimum process parameters for CNC drilling machining with drilling operation of mild steel. A total of
27 experimental runs were conducted using an orthogonal array, and the ideal combination of
controllable factor levels was determined for the material removal rate, time of machining and
circularity has been measured. Design optimization for quality was carried out and single to noise ratio
and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed using experiment result to confirm effectiveness of
this approach.
Steady state analysis of 5 phase symmetric power system networks displaying r...Alexander Decker
This document discusses steady state analysis of a 5-phase symmetric power system network displaying rotational symmetries. It begins by introducing the network configuration and equation relating the voltage and current vectors. The network possesses a cyclic group of order 5 as its symmetry operations. These operations are represented by 5 proper orthogonal matrices. The coefficient impedance matrix commutes with these matrices. Applying representation theory, the network's symmetries form an abelian cyclic group with 5 irreducible representations. This leads to the derivation of the symmetrical component transformation matrix to decouple the network into independent modes. The analysis can be extended to networks with both rotational and reflectional symmetries, which form a larger symmetry group.
This MATLAB program performs power flow calculations to determine the voltage magnitudes and angles at each bus in an electric power system network. It calculates a Y-bus matrix using line impedance values, then uses the Newton-Raphson method in an iterative process to minimize mismatches between calculated and expected active/reactive power values until reaching an acceptable tolerance. The program was tested on two sample systems and the results, including Jacobian matrices and bus voltage/angle plots, are reported to analyze convergence behavior and power flows. Potential solutions like adding lines or reactive sources are discussed to improve low bus voltages.
The document discusses relay coordination and fault calculation. It describes how proper coordination of relay settings is important for system reliability and selectivity. The author presents different coordination techniques, such as current graded, time graded, and both current and time graded. Fault calculation methods including per unit and MVA methods are demonstrated through examples. Software features for graphical modeling, calculation, curve plotting, and setting sheets are overviewed to enable coordination studies.
This document discusses fault analysis in power systems. It introduces symmetrical components for analyzing unbalanced faults and describes different types of faults including single line-to-ground, line-to-line, and double line-to-ground faults. It also discusses overcurrent relays for fault protection and describes an algorithm using symmetrical components to discriminate between faults and non-fault events like transformer energization. The algorithm is tested on a simulated distribution system and able to correctly identify fault and non-fault conditions.
Parametric optimization of surface roughness in turning inconel718 using tagIAEME Publication
This document discusses the optimization of surface roughness in turning Inconel 718 using Taguchi methods and regression analysis for prediction. The document describes how Taguchi experimental design was used to optimize cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and nose radius. Surface roughness (Ra) was measured and used as the response variable. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the significant factors, and a regression model was developed to predict surface roughness based on the machining parameters. The results showed that Taguchi methods can optimize the turning process and the regression model can reliably predict surface roughness.
The main purpose of this research is to study the optimal process parameters for thermal friction drilling process on AISI 304 stainless steel. The experiments were conducted based on Taguchi experimental design method, and the multiple performance characteristics correlated with the resultant axial force, radial force, hole diameter dimensional error, roundness error, and bushing length, were investigated by fuzzy logic technique. The significant process parameters that most intensively affected the multiple performance characteristics and the optimal combination levels of process parameters were determined through the analysis of variance and the response graph. A test rig was manufactured at Shoman Company ‒ Egypt to perform the experimental work, and the tools were offered by Flowdrill Company ‒ Germany. Experimental results confirm that this approach is simple, effective and efficient for simultaneous optimization of multiple quality characteristics in thermal friction drilling process, as the bushing length produced is more than five times the workpiece thickness.
Effect of process factors on surface roughness in dip cryogenic machining of ...eSAT Journals
Abstract A large number of structures that are being constructed at present tend to be wind-sensitive because of their slenderness, shapes, size, lightness and flexibility. With the ever increase in the vertical growth of urban cities, high rise buildings are being constructed in large numbers. In this study, analytical investigation of different shapes of buildings are taken as an example and various analytical approaches are performed on the building. These plans are modeled and wind loads are found out according to I.S 875(part 3)-1987 by taking gust factor and without taking gust factor. These models are compared in different aspects such as storey drift, storey displacement, storey shear, etc. for different shapes of buildings by using finite element software package ETAB’s 13.1.1v. Among these results, which shape of building provide sound wind loading to the structure as well as the structural efficiency would be selected. Key Words: Storey displacement, Storey drift, Storey shear, Gust, Wind load
Vibration control of newly designed Tool and Tool-Holder for internal treadi...IJMER
Machining processes are manufacturing methods for ensuring processing quality, usually within
relatively short periods and at low cost. Several machining parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, work
piece material, and cutting tool geometry have significant effects on the process quality. Many researchers have
studied the impact of these factors. The cutting tool overhang affects the surface quality, especially during the
internal turning process, but this has not been reviewed much [9].
Optimization of Process Parameters for CNC Turning using Taguchi Methods for ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes an experiment that optimized process parameters for CNC turning of EN8 alloy steel using coated and uncoated tool inserts. The experiment used Taguchi methods to design the experiment with three factors (spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut) at three levels each in an L9 orthogonal array. The experiments were conducted and measured the responses of surface roughness and material removal rate. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Grey relational analysis were then used to analyze the results and determine the optimal process parameters for minimizing surface roughness and maximizing material removal rate.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a study that used Taguchi methodology and Grey Relational Analysis to optimize machining parameters for CNC end milling of stainless steel 304. The goals were to minimize surface roughness (Ra) and maximize material removal rate (MRR). Experiments were conducted using an L9 orthogonal array to test cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut at three levels. Response data was normalized and Grey Relational Coefficients were calculated to determine the optimal parameter combination. The analysis found that a cutting speed of 75 m/min, feed rate of 0.15 mm/rev, and depth of cut of 1.5 mm provided the best results for achieving the combined objectives of lower Ra and higher MRR.
Application of taguchi method in optimization of tool flank wear width ...Alexander Decker
1) The document applies Taguchi techniques to optimize tool flank wear width in turning AISI 1045 steel. An L9 orthogonal array is used to experiment with cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut as parameters.
2) Analysis of mean responses and S/N ratios found minimum wear at high speed, low feed rate, and shallow depth of cut. ANOVA showed cutting speed most influential.
3) Confirmation experiments verified 23.85% reduction in wear width at the optimal parameter levels of high speed, low feed rate, and shallow depth of cut.
Taguchi based Optimization of Cutting Parameters Affecting Surface Roughness ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used the Taguchi method to optimize cutting parameters (speed, feed rate, depth of cut) for minimizing surface roughness during CNC dry turning of 16MnCr5 steel. Experiments were conducted based on an L27 orthogonal array with three factors at three levels. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the percentage contribution of each factor on surface roughness. Results showed that depth of cut had the highest influence on surface roughness, followed by speed and then feed rate.
The document discusses optimizing the machining parameters for surface roughness when machining Acetal homopolymer on a lathe machine. It uses the Taguchi method to design experiments to determine the optimal levels of cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and tool material that minimize surface roughness. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and signal-to-noise ratios are used to analyze the effects of the turning parameters on surface roughness and identify the best combination of parameters. The goal is to perform the machining operation efficiently while meeting specifications for surface roughness.
IRJET- Analysis of Cutting Process Parameter During Turning of EN 31 for Mini...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes cutting process parameters to minimize surface roughness during turning of EN 31 steel. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi design of experiments with cutting speed, feed rate, and tool nose radius as parameters. Measurements showed feed rate had the greatest influence on surface roughness, followed by nose radius. The optimal combination for minimum roughness was a feed rate of 0.025 mm/rev, nose radius of 0.8 mm, and cutting speed of 210 m/min.
Analysis of process parameters in dry machining of en 31 steel by grey relati...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of EN-31 steel.Carbide inserts were used for machining of EN-31 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth of cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality products with increased productivity.Paper presentswork of an investigation of turning process parameters on EN-31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate.The experiment is carried out by considering three controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.The design of experiment and optimization of surface roughness is carried out by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array & Grey Relational analysis.
A Review on Optimization of Cutting Parameters for Improvement of Surface Rou...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used the Taguchi method and Grey Taguchi approach to optimize cutting parameters for improving surface roughness and tool life during low carbon steel turning. The study used an L27 orthogonal array to experiment with cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and corner radius. Surface roughness and flank wear were evaluated as output parameters. Analysis of variance found that cutting speed most significantly affects surface roughness and flank wear, followed by depth of cut, feed rate, and corner radius. The optimized parameters were determined to be a cutting speed of 325m/min, feed rate of 0.1 mm/rev, depth of cut of 0.25mm, and corner radius of 0.8mm.
This document summarizes an investigation into flank wear on minimal cutting fluid application during turning of OHNS steel. Seven input parameters were varied at three levels in a 27-run Taguchi experiment. Analysis found that feed rate had the greatest influence on flank wear, cutting temperature, and chip thickness based on ANOVA. Optimal cutting and fluid application parameters were determined to be a cutting speed of 168.23 m/min, feed of 0.04 mm/rev, depth of cut of 1 mm, pressure of 100 bar, frequency of 900 pulses/min, application rate of 3 ml/min, and fluid composition of 20%. The study provides optimized parameters for improved tool performance during turning of OHNS steel with minimal cutting fluid application.
1. The document describes a study analyzing the mechanical properties and surface roughness of as-cast and heat treated Al-7075 alloy. Experiments were conducted on samples in the as-cast condition and after two heat treatment processes (T6 and RRA) to enhance properties like tensile strength and hardness.
2. The study used Taguchi's design of experiments methodology to analyze the effects of machining parameters like spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on surface roughness. Experiments were conducted using an L9 orthogonal array and ANOVA was used to determine the significance of each parameter.
3. Preliminary results found that heat treatment increased tensile strength and hardness compared to the as-cast condition. Further analysis
This document summarizes an experimental study on optimizing surface roughness and material removal rate during turning of AISI D2 steel. 27 experiments were conducted using a full factorial design varying cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. Cutting speed had the greatest effect on surface roughness, while feed rate and depth of cut most influenced material removal rate. Analysis of variance found cutting speed contributed 79.8% to surface roughness. Grey relational analysis identified the optimal condition for low surface roughness as low feed rate, low depth of cut, and high cutting speed.
IRJET- A Review on Optimization of Cutting Parameters in Machining using ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews optimization of cutting parameters in machining using the Taguchi method. It summarizes previous research that has investigated the effects of cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate on surface finish in end milling processes using the Taguchi method. The document also provides background on end milling, Taguchi methods, design of experiments, and reviews several previous studies that optimized cutting parameters for different materials using Taguchi methods and found that cutting speed typically has the greatest influence on surface finish, while depth of cut tends to have the smallest effect.
Experimental Approach of CNC Drilling Operation for Mild Steel Using Taguchi...IJMER
Drilling is the most common (multi-point) cutting technique targeted for the production of
small-diameter holes. Hole making is among the most important operations in manufacturing, and
drilling is a major and common hole-making process in components. Productivity can be interpreted in
terms of material removal rate in any machining operation. It is, therefore, essential to optimize quality
and productivity simultaneously. Mild steel are soft, ductile, easily machined and is extensive used us a
main engineering material in various industry such as air craft and aerospace industry. The Taguchi
method is applied to formulate the experimental layout to ascertain the Element of impact each
optimum process parameters for CNC drilling machining with drilling operation of mild steel. A total of
27 experimental runs were conducted using an orthogonal array, and the ideal combination of
controllable factor levels was determined for the material removal rate, time of machining and
circularity has been measured. Design optimization for quality was carried out and single to noise ratio
and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed using experiment result to confirm effectiveness of
this approach.
Steady state analysis of 5 phase symmetric power system networks displaying r...Alexander Decker
This document discusses steady state analysis of a 5-phase symmetric power system network displaying rotational symmetries. It begins by introducing the network configuration and equation relating the voltage and current vectors. The network possesses a cyclic group of order 5 as its symmetry operations. These operations are represented by 5 proper orthogonal matrices. The coefficient impedance matrix commutes with these matrices. Applying representation theory, the network's symmetries form an abelian cyclic group with 5 irreducible representations. This leads to the derivation of the symmetrical component transformation matrix to decouple the network into independent modes. The analysis can be extended to networks with both rotational and reflectional symmetries, which form a larger symmetry group.
This MATLAB program performs power flow calculations to determine the voltage magnitudes and angles at each bus in an electric power system network. It calculates a Y-bus matrix using line impedance values, then uses the Newton-Raphson method in an iterative process to minimize mismatches between calculated and expected active/reactive power values until reaching an acceptable tolerance. The program was tested on two sample systems and the results, including Jacobian matrices and bus voltage/angle plots, are reported to analyze convergence behavior and power flows. Potential solutions like adding lines or reactive sources are discussed to improve low bus voltages.
The document discusses relay coordination and fault calculation. It describes how proper coordination of relay settings is important for system reliability and selectivity. The author presents different coordination techniques, such as current graded, time graded, and both current and time graded. Fault calculation methods including per unit and MVA methods are demonstrated through examples. Software features for graphical modeling, calculation, curve plotting, and setting sheets are overviewed to enable coordination studies.
This document discusses fault analysis in power systems. It introduces symmetrical components for analyzing unbalanced faults and describes different types of faults including single line-to-ground, line-to-line, and double line-to-ground faults. It also discusses overcurrent relays for fault protection and describes an algorithm using symmetrical components to discriminate between faults and non-fault events like transformer energization. The algorithm is tested on a simulated distribution system and able to correctly identify fault and non-fault conditions.
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O barangandam foi criado em Salvador, Bahia e também é conhecido como birimbau em Minas Gerais. A turma do 4o ano fez barangandams com jornal, papel crepom, barbante e outros materiais. Depois, eles brincaram nos campos da escola girando e jogando os barangandams para cima.
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Catalogo Hinode - Jul a Set/2014 (Equipe Alliance - Team Lucas Fonseca)Lucas Fonseca
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Optimization of cutting parameters for surface roughness in turning no restri...iaemedu
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology that investigates optimizing cutting parameters to minimize surface roughness in turning operations. The article uses Taguchi's design of experiments method with an L18 orthogonal array to experiment with four cutting parameters (insert radius, depth of cut, feed rate, and cutting speed) at different levels on AISI 410 steel. Analysis of variance and signal-to-noise ratios revealed that feed rate has the most significant impact on surface roughness. The goal of the experiment was to determine the optimal cutting parameter settings to achieve the smallest possible surface roughness.
Administração de materiais unidade 01 14-03-21 - 146 ppts 03 slides por folhaAlex Casañas
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Application of taguchi method in the optimization of boring parameters 2IAEME Publication
1. The document describes using the Taguchi method to optimize boring parameters, including cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut, to minimize surface roughness.
2. An experiment was conducted using an L27 orthogonal array with 3 factors at 3 levels each, for a total of 27 experiments. Signal-to-noise ratios and analysis of variance were used to analyze the results.
3. The experimental results revealed that depth of cut had the most significant effect on surface roughness, followed by feed rate and then cutting speed, within the specified test ranges. The optimal parameter settings were identified as cutting speed at level 2, feed rate at level 3, and depth of cut at level 1.
Taguchi Method for Optimization of Cutting Parameters in Turning OperationsIDES Editor
Surface roughness an indicator of surface quality is
one of the prime customer requirements for machined parts.
For efficient use of machine tools, optimum cutting
parameters are required. The turning process parameter
optimization is highly complex and time consuming. In this
paper taguchi parameter optimization methodology is applied
to optimize cutting parameters in turning. The turning
parameters evaluated are, cutting velocity, feed rate, depth of
cut, and nose radius of tool and hardness of the material each
at two levels. The results of analysis show that feed rate,
cutting velocity and nose radius have present significant
contribution on the surface roughness and depth of cut and
hardness of material have less significant contribution on the
surface roughness.
Experimental Investigation and Parametric Studies of Surface Roughness Analys...IJMER
The modern machining industries are focused on achieving high quality, in terms of
part/component accuracy, surface finish, high production rate and increase in product life. Surface
roughness of machined components has received serious attention of researchers for many years. It has
been an important design feature and quality measure in machining process. There are a large number of
parameters which affect the surface roughness. The typical controllable parameters for the CNC machines
include cutting tool variables, work piece material variables, cutting conditions etc. The desired output is
surface roughness, material removal rate, tool wear, etc. Optimization of machining parameters needs to
determine the most significant parameter for required output. Many techniques are used for optimization
of machining parameters including Taguchi, RSM and ANOVA approach to determine most significant
parameter.
The present work is therefore in a direction to integrate effect of various parameters which affect
the surface roughness. This paper investigates the parameters affecting the surface roughness and / or
material removal rate with CNC turning process studied by researchers. It also discusses some other
parameters such as cutting force and power consumption in different conditions.
Optimization of process parameters in drilling of aisi 1015 steel for exit bu...IAEME Publication
The document analyzes and optimizes drilling parameters to minimize burr size in drilling AISI 1015 steel. Response surface methodology and Taguchi methods were used. Speed, feed, drill diameter, and point angle were parameters varied, and burr height and thickness were responses. Central composite design was used. Optimal parameters for minimum burr height were found to be 28 m/min speed, 0.1 mm/rev feed, 20 mm diameter, and 135° point angle. Optimal parameters for minimum burr thickness were 16 m/min speed, 0.05 mm/rev feed, 4 mm diameter, and 142° point angle.
Optimization of Surface Roughness for EN 1010 Low Alloy Steel on WEDM Using R...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document describes research into optimizing the surface roughness of EN 1010 low alloy steel using wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM). Experiments were conducted using a central composite design to investigate the effects of four process parameters (pulse on time, pulse off time, peak current, and servo voltage) on surface roughness. Analysis of variance was used to identify significant parameters and develop a mathematical model relating the parameters to surface roughness. The model achieved a good fit to the data and can be used to determine the optimal parameter settings that minimize surface roughness.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Optimization of Machining Parameters Affecting Surface Roughness of Al6082 in...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing machining parameters to minimize surface roughness in dry end milling of Al6082 aluminum alloy. It reviews previous research, describes the experimental setup using Taguchi methods, and reports results from 27 experiments with varying spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. Analysis found that feed rate had the greatest influence on surface roughness, with higher feed rates increasing roughness. The optimal parameters to minimize roughness were determined.
The document summarizes a study that used Taguchi methods and Grey Relational Analysis to optimize machining parameters (cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut) for turning AISI H13 steel to maximize material removal rate and minimize surface roughness. Experiments were conducted based on an L18 orthogonal array design. Analysis of variance identified the significant parameters affecting each response. Optimal conditions for combined effects were found to be a cutting speed of 270m/min, feed rate of 0.1mm/rev, and depth of cut of 1.5mm, achieving a surface roughness of 1.0828μm and material removal rate of 554.04mm3/sec.
The document summarizes a study that used Taguchi methods and Grey Relational Analysis to optimize machining parameters (cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut) for turning AISI H13 steel to maximize material removal rate and minimize surface roughness. Experiments were conducted based on an L18 orthogonal array design. Analysis of variance identified the significant parameters affecting each response. Optimal conditions for combined effects were found to be a cutting speed of 270m/min, feed rate of 0.1mm/rev, and depth of cut of 1.5mm, resulting in a surface roughness of 1.0828μm and material removal rate of 554.04mm3/sec.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IMPROVEMENT IN SURFACE QUALITY WITH HIGH PRODUCTION RATE USING TAGUCHI METHOD...IAEME Publication
Metal matrix composites possess significantly improved properties including high specific strength, damping capacity, specific modulus and wear resistance compared to unreinforced alloys.There has been an increasing interest in composites containing low density and low cost reinforcements with good properties. Among these reinforcements SiC is found to be chemically compatible with aluminum forming a sufficiently strong bond with the matrix. There are several
methods of manufacture of MMCs. Of these, the stir casting method is very popular due to its unique mixing property.
Improvement in surface quality with high production rate using taguchi method...IAEME Publication
This document discusses experiments conducted to evaluate the effect of cutting variables on surface roughness and material removal rate during end milling of aluminum alloy-silicon carbide metal matrix composites. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi design with four factors (silicon carbide percentage, spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut) at three levels. The results were analyzed using signal-to-noise ratios and ANOVA. The optimal parameters for high surface finish were low silicon carbide percentage and low spindle speed, while maximum material removal rate was achieved with high depth of cut, medium feed rate and silicon carbide percentage, and low spindle speed.
Modeling of Morphology and Deflection Analysis of Copper AlloysIRJET Journal
This document discusses modeling the morphology and deflection analysis of copper alloys during thin wall machining. It presents an experimental investigation to determine optimal cutting conditions for machining thin walls of copper plates. The experiments used Taguchi methods to analyze the impact of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on surface roughness and part deflection. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was then used to determine the correlation between these output responses and the cutting parameters, identifying the optimum conditions for thin wall machining of copper. The results showed that with appropriate process parameters, it is possible to end mill thin walls in copper as thin as 0.5mm with an aspect ratio of 48 and achieve a good surface finish and minimal deflection.
This document presents a study that uses Taguchi design of experiments and regression analysis to optimize the machining parameters of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut during CNC turning of EN-19 steel. The goal is to minimize surface roughness, feed force, and radial force. An orthogonal array experiment is designed using Taguchi's L9 array. Regression models are developed to predict the optimal settings, which are then verified with confirmation experiments. The Taguchi method aims to optimize the process parameters to obtain high quality products efficiently with minimal experimentation.
optimization of process parameters for cnc turning using taguchi methods for ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Coated and uncoated tool inserts offers certain degrees of control on the desired rate of tool wear and surface roughness to an extent. This work pursues the quest for realizing the optimal values for the significant process parameters that bears an influence on the response parameters. Experiments were conducted on the samples of EN 24 alloy steel material with the help of PVD coated TiAlN insert and uncoated carbide insert. The experimental runs carried out with proper variation in the levels. Levels are selected with the help of manufacturing catalogue and by pilot experimentation and results are recorded for further analysis. For this study, 9 runs designed using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi Design of Experiment. Surface roughness was measured using a Mitutoyo surface tester at test lab and material removal rate is calculated by mathematical equation. The data was compiled into Minitab 17 software for analysis. The relationship between the machining parameters and the response variables were analyzed using the Taguchi Method. Optimization of process parameters is carried out by Grey Relational Analysis method (GRA). GRA method is a powerful and most versatile tool which can manipulate the input data as per requirement and comes with results that can be used to have best multi-objective in respective concerns
Turning parameters optimization for surface roughness by taguchi methodIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that used the Taguchi method to optimize surface roughness in a turning operation of cast iron. Experiments were conducted using an L27 orthogonal array to investigate the effects of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on surface roughness. The results showed that cutting speed had the most significant effect on surface roughness, followed by feed rate and then depth of cut. Based on the analysis, the optimum cutting parameters to minimize surface roughness were determined to be a cutting speed of 1560 rpm, feed rate of 0.16 mm/rev, and depth of cut of 0.5 mm.
Artificial Neural Network Modeling and Analysis of EN24 &EN36 Using CNC Milli...ijiert bestjournal
Metal cutting is one of the most significant manufa cturing processes in the area of material removal. It is Block it is defined metal cutting as the removal of metal chips from a work piece in order to obtain a finished product with de sired attributes of size,shape,and surface roughness.The imperative objective of the science o f metal cutting is the solution of practical problems associated with the efficient and precise removal of metal from work piece. It has been recognized that the reliable quantitative pred ictions of the various technological performance measures,preferably in the form of equ ations,are essential to develop optimization strategies for selecting cutting condi tions in process planning. In this thesis experiments has to be conducted to improve the surf ace finish quality of a work piece by using carbide tips. The type is bull nose tip. A se ries of experiments have to be done by varying the milling parameters spindle speed,feed rate and depth of cut and modeling is done by ANN. and Analysis is done by ANSYS.
IRJET-Optimization of Machining Parameters Affecting Metal Removal Rate of Al...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing machining parameters to increase the metal removal rate in dry end milling of aluminum alloy 6082. The machining parameters investigated are spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. Experiments were performed using a Taguchi design of experiments with the parameters tested at three levels. The experimental data was analyzed using Minitab software to identify the most significant factor affecting metal removal rate. The goal is to determine the optimal settings of the machining parameters to maximize productivity during end milling of aluminum alloy 6082.
IRJET- Optimization of Machining Parameters for Turning on CNC Machine of Sta...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental investigation into optimizing machining parameters for turning stainless steel 316 on a CNC machine. Taguchi methods were used to determine the optimal levels for cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. Eighteen experiments were conducted using an L18 orthogonal array with different combinations of the parameters. The results found that depth of cut and feed rate significantly affected material removal rate and surface roughness, while cutting speed did not have a significant impact. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) identified depth of cut as the most influential factor. Optimization found the maximum material removal rate occurred at high cutting speeds, low feed rates, and high depth of cuts.
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This document summarizes a study that used response surface methodology and grey-Taguchi technique to model and optimize the wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) process. Experiments were conducted varying 6 process parameters (discharge current, pulse duration, etc.) at 3 levels. Models were developed relating the responses of material removal rate, surface finish, and kerf to the parameters. Predicted data from the models were used in a Taguchi design to find the optimal parameter combination for maximizing material removal rate and surface finish while minimizing kerf.
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1. IJRMEC Volume2, Issue 3(March 2012) ISSN: 2250-057X
OPERATIONAL MODELING FOR OPTIMIZING SURFACE
ROUGHNESS IN MILD STEEL DRILLING USING TAGUCHI
TECHNIQUE
Dinesh Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, E-max institute of Engineering &
Technology, Ambala, Haryana
L.P.Singh
Assistant Professor, Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, NIT Jalandhar, Punjab
Gagandeep Singh
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Haryana Engineering College,
Jagadhri, Haryana.
ABSTRACT
This investigation presents a Taguchi technique as one of the method for minimizing the surface
roughness in drilling Mild steel. The Taguchi method, a powerful tool to design optimization for
quality, is used to find optimal cutting parameters. The methodology is useful for modeling and
analyzing engineering problems. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of
cutting parameters, such as cutting speed and feed rate, and point angle on surface roughness
produced when drilling Mild steel. A plan of experiments, based on L27Taguchi design method,
was performed drilling with cutting parameters in Mild steel. All tests were run without coolant
at cutting speeds of 7, 18, and 30 m/min and feed rates of 0.035, 0.07, and 0.14 mm/rev and point
°
angle of 90 , 118°, and 140°. The orthogonal array, signal-to-noise ratio, and analysis of
variance (ANOVA) were employed to investigate the optimal drilling parameters of Mild steel.
From the analysis of means and ANOVA, the optimal combination levels and the significant
drilling parameters on surface roughness were obtained. The optimization results showed that
the combination of low cutting speed, low feed rate, and medium point angle is necessary to
minimize surface roughness.
Keywords: Taguchi method, Drilling. Mathematical Modeling Equations, Burr formation.
International Journal of Research in Management, Economics and Commerce
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2. IJRMEC Volume2, Issue 3(March 2012) ISSN: 2250-057X
1. INTRODUCTION
Drilling is one of the most commonly used machining processes in the shaping of Mild steel. It
has considerable economical importance because it is usually among the finishing steps in the
fabrication of industrial mechanical parts. The drilling process produces burrs on exit surface of
a work piece. The exit burr is the material extending off the exit surface of the work piece [1]
.Their effect on products is important because they may cause some critical problems such as the
deterioration of surface quality, thus reducing the product durability and precision .Burr
formation affects work piece accuracy and quality in several ways: dimensional distortion on
part edge, challenges to assembly and handling caused by burrs in sensitive locations on the
work piece, and damage done to the work subsurface from the deformation associated with burr
formation [2-4].
The term steel is used for many different alloys of iron. These alloys vary both in the Way they
are made and in the proportions of the materials added to the iron. All steels, However, contain
small amounts of carbon and manganese. In other words, it can be said that steel is a crystalline
alloy of iron, carbon and several other elements, which hardens above its critical temperature.
Like stated above, there do exist several types of steels , Which are (among others) plain carbon
steel (Mild steel), stainless steel, alloyed steel and tool steel.
The Investigation presents the use of Taguchi method for minimizing the surface roughness in
drilling Mild steel. Mild steel is extensively used as a main engineering material in various
industries such as aircraft, aerospace, and automotive industries where weight is probably the
most important factor. These materials are considered as easy to machining and possess superior
machinability [5] .
Nihat Tosun[6] Use The grey relational analysis for optimizing the drilling process parameters
for the workpiece surface roughness and the surface roughness is introduced. Various drilling
parameters, such as feed rate, cutting speed, drill and point angles of drill were considered. An
orthogonal array was used for the experimental design. Optimal machining parameters were
determined by the grey relational grade obtained from the grey relational analysis for multi-
performance characteristics (the surface roughness). Experimental results have shown that the
surface roughness in the drilling process can be improved effectively through the new approach.
Stein and Dornfeld [7] presented a study on the burr height, thickness, and geometry observed in
International Journal of Research in Management, Economics and Commerce
www.indusedu.org 67
3. IJRMEC Volume2, Issue 3(March 2012) ISSN: 2250-057X
the drilling of 0.91-mm diameter through holes in stainless steel 304L. They presented a proposal
for using the drilling burr data as part of a process planning methodology for burr control. To
minimize the burr formed during drilling, Ko and Lee [8] investigated the effect of drill
geometry on burr formation. They showed that a larger point angle of drill reduced the burr size.
Sakurai et al. [9] have also tried to change the cutting conditions and determined high feed rate
drilling of aluminum alloy. The researchers examined cutting forces, drill wear, heat generated,
chip shape, hole finish, etc. Gillespie and Blotter [10] studied experimentally the effects of drill
geometry, process conditions, and material properties. They have classified the machining burrs
into four types: Poisson burr, rollover burr, tear burr, and cut-off burr. Valuable review about
burr in machining operation provided important information [11].
Some of the previous works that used the Taguchi method and response surface methodology as
tools for the design of experiment in various areas including machining operations are listed in
[12–16]. The Taguchi method was used by Yang and Chen [17] to find the optimum surface
roughness in end milling operations. They introduced a systematic approach to determine the
optimal cutting parameters for minimum surface roughness. An application of Taguchi method
to optimize cutting parameters in end milling is performed by Ghani et al. [18]. They investigate
the influence of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on the measured surface roughness.
The study shows that the Taguchi method is suitable to solve the stated within minimum number
of trials as compared with a full factorial design.
The main objective of this study was to demonstrate a systematic procedure of using Taguchi
design method in process control of drilling process and to find a combination of drilling
parameters to achieve low burr height and surface roughness.
Experiments were designed using Taguchi method so that effect of all the parameters could be
studied with minimum possible number of experiments. Using Taguchi method, Appropriate
Orthogonal Array has been chosen and experiments have been performed as per the set of
experiments designed in the orthogonal array. Signal to Noise ratios are also calculated to
analyze the effect of parameters more accurately.
Results of the experimentation were analyzed analytically as well as graphically using ANOVA.
ANOVA has determined the percentage contribution of all factors upon each response
individually.
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2. TAGUCHI METHOD
Traditional experimental design methods are very complicated and difficult to use. Additionally,
these methods require a large number of experiments when the number of process parameters
increases [21]. In order to minimize the number of tests required, Taguchi experimental design
method, a powerful tool for designing high-quality system, was developed by Taguchi. This
method uses a special design of orthogonal arrays to study the entire parameter space with small
number of experiments only.
Taguchi recommends analyzing the mean response for each run in the inner array, and he also
suggests analyzing variation using an appropriately chosen signal-to-noise ratio (S/N).
There are 3 Signal-to-Noise ratios of common interest for optimization of Static Problems;
(I) SMALLER-THE-BETTER:
n = -10 Log ( )
(II) LARGER-THE-BETTER:
n = -10 Log10 [mean of sum squares of reciprocal of measured data]
(III) NOMINAL-THE-BEST:
n = 10 Log10
Lower is better for minimum surface roughness so,
Lower is better = = -10 Log ( )
Where n is no of observation, y is observed data.
Regardless of category of the performance characteristics, the lower S/N ratio corresponds to a
better performance. Therefore, the optimal level of the process parameters is the level with the
lowest S/N value. The statistical analysis of the data was performed by analysis of variance
(ANOVA) to study the contribution of the factor and interactions and to explore the effects of
each process on the observed value.
3. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT
In this study, three machining parameters were selected as control factors, and each parameter
was designed to have three levels, denoted 1, 2, and 3 (Table 1). The experimental design was
according to an L27(3^13) array based on Taguchi method, while using the Taguchi orthogonal
array would markedly reduce the number of experiments.
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A set of experiments designed using the Taguchi method was conducted to investigate the
relation between the process parameters and delamination factor. DESIGN EXPERT @ 16
minitab software was used for regression and graphical analysis of the obtained data.
Table 1 Drilling parameters and Levels
Symbol Drilling Parameters Level 1 Level 2
Level 3
A Cutting speed, v 7 18
B (m/min) 30
C Feed rate, f 0.035 0.070
(rev/min) 0.140
Point angle, θ ( ) 90 118
140
4. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
Mild Steel plates of 150×100×15 mm were used for the drilling experiments in the present study.
The chemical composition and mechanical and physical properties of Mild Steel can be seen in
Tables 2 and 3, respectively. The drilling tests were carried out to determine the surface
roughness under various drilling parameters. HSS drills (10-mm diameter) were used for
experimental investigations.
Table 2 Chemical composition of mild steel
Elements Maximum weight %
C 0.45
S 0.60
Mn 1.00
P 0.40
Si 0.35
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Table 3 Mechanical and physical properties of mild steel
parameters Value
-3
Density 10³ kg m 7.85
Thermal conductivity Jm- 48
1
K-1S-1 11.3
Thermal expansion 10-6 K- 210
young’s modulus GNm-2 600
Tensile strength MNm-2
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Experiment results and Taguchi analysis
In machining operation, improving surface roughness (Ra) is an important criterion. The burr
formation in drilling primarily depends upon the tool geometry, cutting parameters, and
workpiece materials.
A series of drilling tests was conducted to assess the influence of drilling parameters on surface
roughness in drilling Mild steel. Experimental results of the surface roughness for drilling Mild
steel with various drilling parameters are shown in Table 4. Table 4 also gives S/N ratio for
surface roughness. The S/N ratios for each experiment of L27 (3^13) was calculated. The
objective of using the S/N ratio as a performance measurement is to develop products and
process insensitive to noise factor. Table 5 shows average effect response table. Thus, by
utilizing experiment results and computed values of the S/N ratios (Table 5), average effect
response value and average S/N response ratios were calculated for surface roughness. The S/N
ratio response graph for surface roughness is shown in Figs. 2
For S/N ratio Feed rate (F value 9.861852), were found to be significant to Surface Roughness
for reducing the variation & its contribution to Surface Roughness is 24.16571% followed by
cutting speed (F-value 9.12035) the factor that significantly affected the Surface Roughness
which had contribution of 22.14368% respectively.
The best results for Surface Roughness (lower is better) would be achieved when mild steel
workpiece is machined at cutting speed of 7 m/min, feed rate of 0.035 mm/rev and point angle of
900. With 99% confidence interval, mean value & optimum value of Surface Roughness was
found to be 5.988889 & 3.542222 µm respectively.
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Table 8 ANOVA table of Surface Roughness
Source SS DOF Varianc F test F critical
e C% F T > FC
Cutting 13.3450
Speed 26.6901 2 5 15.16655 4.46 26.16802 s
11.8438
Feed Rate 23.6877 2 5 13.46045 4.46 23.06687 s
Point
Angle 0.0999 2 0.04995 0.056768 4.46 NS
0.58712
A*B 2.3485 4 5 0.667263 3.84 NS
B*C 17.6148 4 4.4037 5.004773 3.84 15.39427 s
C*A 19.3354 4 4.83385 5.493636 3.84 17.17147 s
Error 7.0392 8 0.8799
3.72367
Total 96.8156 26 7
0.67768
E-pooled 9.4876 14 6
Table 9 Mean values of process parameters for surface roughness
Process Parameters Levels Mean Surface S/N Ratio
Roughness (mm)
Cutting speed (A) 1 4.756111 13.54504
2 6.412222 16.14017
3 7.130556 17.06247
Feed rate (B) 1 4.775 13.57947
2 6.762778 16.6025
3 6.096667 15.70185
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Main Effects Plot for Surface Roughness
Data Means
Cutting Speed Feed Rate
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
Mean
7 18 30 0.035 0.070 0.140
Point angle
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
90 118 140
Fig 2 Effect of drilling parameters on Surface roughness
Table 10 Optimum Levels of Process Parameters
Process Parameters Parameter Designation Optimum Level
cutting speed (V) A1 7
Feed rate (f) B1 0.035
5.2 RESULTS & DISCUSSION
The effect of parameters i.e Cutting speed, feed rate and point angle and some of their
interactions were evaluated using ANOVA analysis with the help of MINITAB 16 @ software.
The purpose of the ANOVA was to identify the important parameters in prediction of Surface
roughness . Some results consolidated from ANOVA and plots are given below:
Surface Roughness
After the analysis of the results in ANOVA table, cutting speed is found to be the most
significant factor (F-value 15.16655) & its contribution to Surface roughness is 26.16802%
followed by feed rate (F-value 13.46045) the factor that significantly affected the surface
roughness which had contribution of 23.06687% respectively.
The interaction between feed rate and point angle (F-value 5.004773) is found to be significant
which contributes 15.39427% and the interaction between point angle and cutting speed (F-value
5.493636) is found to be significant which contributes 17.17147%.
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6. CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE
The present study was carried out to study the effect of input parameters on the surface
roughness. The following conclusions have been drawn from the study:
1. Surface roughness is mainly affected by cutting speed and feed rate as per the main
effects plot for SR. Surface Roughness is higher with the increase in cutting speed and
feed rate when the experimentation is done.
2. From ANOVA analysis, parameters making significant effect on surface roughness feed
rate, was found to be significant for reducing the variation followed by cutting speed
respectively.
3. The best setting of input process parameters for Surface finish within the selected range
is as follows:
i) Low cutting speed i.e. 7m/min.
ii) Low feed rate i.e. 0.35 mm/rev.
iii) Low point angle i.e. 900.
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