Submerged arc welding is preferable more its inherent qualities such as Higher deposition rate, deeper penetration, control of variables, high quality, smooth finish. The bead geometry shows the quality of weld which is depends on input process parameters. The present work gives review of the effect of these Input parameters on weld bead geometry. Selection of process parameters has great influence on the quality of a welded connection. To automate a welding process, which is the present trend in any fabrication industry. It is also important that mathematical models have to be developed to relate the process variables to the weld bead parameters. All the welding processes are used with the aim of getting a welded joint with the desires weld bead geometry and excellent mechanical properties with a efficient quality welded joint at a relatively low cost with high productivity. Optimization designs concentrate on only one or two parameters, but in very more depth to gain a precise understanding of relationships between parameters.
Optimization of Submerged Arc Welding Parameters for Joining Dissimilar Mater...IOSRJMCE
Submerged arc welding process is very important component in many industrial organizations. The research on factors controlling weld bead profile in SAW process is essential to high quality welding procedures. Quality is very important element in today’s manufacturing world. Experiments are conducted using SAW process parameters viz. welding current, arc voltage and welding speed on dissimilar materials of 10 mm thickness to study these parameters on weld bead width and weld bead hardness. The experiments are designed using L8 orthogonal array considering two factors and three levels.
This document describes a study that uses Taguchi methods to optimize submerged arc welding (SAW) parameters. Experiments were conducted using mild steel with welding current, arc voltage, and welding speed as parameters. A Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to design the experiments. Regression analysis found that welding current had the largest effect on bead width, the quality characteristic examined. The optimal parameters found were 600A current, 32V voltage, 450mm/min speed, and 28mm electrode stick out. This provided the highest signal-to-noise ratio, minimizing variability to achieve the desired weld bead width.
Application of Taguchi Method to Study the Effect of Saw Parameters on Nickel...IJERA Editor
Submerged arc welding is most widely used in industries and research organizations. In this work the effect of of various parameters on Nickel element transfer was studied. L9 Orthogonal array was used & three factors Welding Current, Arc Voltage, Welding Speed were taken. Test material was AISI SS 304 plates. It is concluded that welding current is the most significant factor for the transfer of Nickel element to the weld metal. It is also concluded that with an increase in the value of arc voltage & welding speed Nickel element shows a decreasing trend
This paper details the application of Taguchi
techniques to determine the optimal process parameters for
submerged arc welding (SAW).The planned experiment work is
conducted in the semiautomatic submerged arc welding machine
and signal to noise ratios have been computed .the contribution of
each factor has been validated by analysis of variance(ANOVA).
The results of the present investigation indicate that the welding
voltage is the most significant parameter that controls the bead
penetration as compared to other controlling parameters. The
contribution of voltage, current welding speed and nozzle-to-plate
distance have been found to be respectively: 60.8%, 9.86%,
3.54% and 13.8%. Optimum results have been obtained by using
26v, 475A at a trolley speed of 0.25 m/min and NPD of 16 mm.
IRJET- Parametric Optimization of Stainless Steel 304 for MIG Welding by usin...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing parameters for MIG welding of stainless steel 304 using Taguchi's method. It investigates the effects of welding current, stickout length, and gas flow rate on weld hardness and tensile strength. Experiments are conducted using an L9 orthogonal array to test various parameter levels. Hardness and tensile strength values are measured and signal-to-noise ratios calculated to determine the optimal levels. Analysis of variance is performed to determine each parameter's contribution to the results. The gas flow rate is found to most influence hardness while current and stickout length have less effect.
This document reviews various welding techniques. It begins by introducing welding as a process for joining materials like metals through melting and discusses some common welding techniques like shielded metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, and flux-cored arc welding. The document then reviews literature on optimizing welding parameters and their effects on weld properties. Specifically, it looks at research optimizing parameters for gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding and submerged arc welding. The document describes the methodology for conducting experiments on gas metal arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding of austenitic stainless steel to analyze properties like hardness, strength and corrosion resistance under varied welding conditions.
Estimation Of Optimum Dilution In The GMAW Process Using Integrated ANN-SAIJRES Journal
This document presents a study that aimed to optimize process parameters in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) cladding to achieve optimum dilution. Experiments were conducted using a central composite design to develop mathematical models relating welding current, speed, angle, contact tip distance, and pinch to clad bead geometry responses like width, penetration, reinforcement, and dilution percentage. Artificial neural networks and simulated annealing algorithms were then integrated (ANN-SA) to estimate optimal parameters to minimize dilution. The developed models were checked for adequacy and significance. The study aimed to improve corrosion resistance in carbon steel by depositing a corrosion-resistant stainless steel clad layer with minimum dilution.
This document discusses optimizing process parameters for plasma arc cutting of stainless steel. 30 experiments were conducted varying feed rate, current, voltage, and torch height. Responses like kerf, chamfer, dross, surface roughness, and material removal rate were measured. The experimental data was analyzed using response surface methodology, grey relational analysis, and principal component analysis to develop models relating the responses to the parameters. The results showed that the process parameters significantly affected the grey relational grade and interactions between parameters were also important. This hybrid optimization method provided an effective way to optimize plasma arc cutting for improved cut quality and precision.
Optimization of Submerged Arc Welding Parameters for Joining Dissimilar Mater...IOSRJMCE
Submerged arc welding process is very important component in many industrial organizations. The research on factors controlling weld bead profile in SAW process is essential to high quality welding procedures. Quality is very important element in today’s manufacturing world. Experiments are conducted using SAW process parameters viz. welding current, arc voltage and welding speed on dissimilar materials of 10 mm thickness to study these parameters on weld bead width and weld bead hardness. The experiments are designed using L8 orthogonal array considering two factors and three levels.
This document describes a study that uses Taguchi methods to optimize submerged arc welding (SAW) parameters. Experiments were conducted using mild steel with welding current, arc voltage, and welding speed as parameters. A Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to design the experiments. Regression analysis found that welding current had the largest effect on bead width, the quality characteristic examined. The optimal parameters found were 600A current, 32V voltage, 450mm/min speed, and 28mm electrode stick out. This provided the highest signal-to-noise ratio, minimizing variability to achieve the desired weld bead width.
Application of Taguchi Method to Study the Effect of Saw Parameters on Nickel...IJERA Editor
Submerged arc welding is most widely used in industries and research organizations. In this work the effect of of various parameters on Nickel element transfer was studied. L9 Orthogonal array was used & three factors Welding Current, Arc Voltage, Welding Speed were taken. Test material was AISI SS 304 plates. It is concluded that welding current is the most significant factor for the transfer of Nickel element to the weld metal. It is also concluded that with an increase in the value of arc voltage & welding speed Nickel element shows a decreasing trend
This paper details the application of Taguchi
techniques to determine the optimal process parameters for
submerged arc welding (SAW).The planned experiment work is
conducted in the semiautomatic submerged arc welding machine
and signal to noise ratios have been computed .the contribution of
each factor has been validated by analysis of variance(ANOVA).
The results of the present investigation indicate that the welding
voltage is the most significant parameter that controls the bead
penetration as compared to other controlling parameters. The
contribution of voltage, current welding speed and nozzle-to-plate
distance have been found to be respectively: 60.8%, 9.86%,
3.54% and 13.8%. Optimum results have been obtained by using
26v, 475A at a trolley speed of 0.25 m/min and NPD of 16 mm.
IRJET- Parametric Optimization of Stainless Steel 304 for MIG Welding by usin...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing parameters for MIG welding of stainless steel 304 using Taguchi's method. It investigates the effects of welding current, stickout length, and gas flow rate on weld hardness and tensile strength. Experiments are conducted using an L9 orthogonal array to test various parameter levels. Hardness and tensile strength values are measured and signal-to-noise ratios calculated to determine the optimal levels. Analysis of variance is performed to determine each parameter's contribution to the results. The gas flow rate is found to most influence hardness while current and stickout length have less effect.
This document reviews various welding techniques. It begins by introducing welding as a process for joining materials like metals through melting and discusses some common welding techniques like shielded metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, and flux-cored arc welding. The document then reviews literature on optimizing welding parameters and their effects on weld properties. Specifically, it looks at research optimizing parameters for gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding and submerged arc welding. The document describes the methodology for conducting experiments on gas metal arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding of austenitic stainless steel to analyze properties like hardness, strength and corrosion resistance under varied welding conditions.
Estimation Of Optimum Dilution In The GMAW Process Using Integrated ANN-SAIJRES Journal
This document presents a study that aimed to optimize process parameters in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) cladding to achieve optimum dilution. Experiments were conducted using a central composite design to develop mathematical models relating welding current, speed, angle, contact tip distance, and pinch to clad bead geometry responses like width, penetration, reinforcement, and dilution percentage. Artificial neural networks and simulated annealing algorithms were then integrated (ANN-SA) to estimate optimal parameters to minimize dilution. The developed models were checked for adequacy and significance. The study aimed to improve corrosion resistance in carbon steel by depositing a corrosion-resistant stainless steel clad layer with minimum dilution.
This document discusses optimizing process parameters for plasma arc cutting of stainless steel. 30 experiments were conducted varying feed rate, current, voltage, and torch height. Responses like kerf, chamfer, dross, surface roughness, and material removal rate were measured. The experimental data was analyzed using response surface methodology, grey relational analysis, and principal component analysis to develop models relating the responses to the parameters. The results showed that the process parameters significantly affected the grey relational grade and interactions between parameters were also important. This hybrid optimization method provided an effective way to optimize plasma arc cutting for improved cut quality and precision.
This document summarizes research on plasma arc machining (PAM), a thermal cutting process that uses a high-temperature plasma arc to cut electrically conductive materials. It discusses how PAM works by partially ionizing gas to create plasma at high temperatures. The document reviews several studies that investigated the effects of PAM processing parameters like cutting speed, power, height, and gas pressure on quality characteristics such as kerf angle, edge roughness, and heat-affected zone. It finds that surface roughness and kerf angle are mainly influenced by cutting height, while heat-affected zone depends more on cutting current. The review aims to provide an understanding of PAM and the parameters that impact cut quality.
Parametric Optimization on MIG Welded EN8 Material Joints by using Taguchi Me...ijsrd.com
Welding is a manufacturing process, which is carried out for joining of metals. By MIG Welding it is possible to weld in all positions. Optimization of the parameter will be carried out by Taguchi method. We will use EN-8 material which is more use in Automobile parts. EN8 plate with dimensions 250mm x 125mm x 6mm with V- Groove 650.Where the input parameters are welding current, Wire feed and gas flow rate and output parameters are tensile strength and Hardness.
Optimization of Weld Bead Parameters of Nickel Based Overlay Deposited by Pla...IJERA Editor
Plasma Transferred Arc surfacing is a kind of Plasma Transferred Arc Welding process. Plasma Transferred Arc surfacing (PTA) is increasingly used in applications where enhancement of wear, corrosion and heat resistance of materials surface is required. The shape of weld bead geometry affected by the PTA Welding process parameters is an indication of the quality of the weld. In this paper the analysis and optimization of weld bead parameters, during deposition of a Nickel based alloy Colmonoy on stainless steel plate by plasma transferred arc surfacing, are made and values of process parameters to produce optimal weld bead geometry are estimated. The experiments are conducted based on a five input process parameters and mathematical models are developed using multiple regression technique. The direct effects of input process parameters on weld bead geometry are discussed using graphs. Finally, optimization of the weld bead parameters, that is minimization of penetration and maximization of reinforcement and weld bead width, are made with a view to economize the input process parameters to achieve the desirable welding joint.
Optimization of tig welding using taguchi and regression analysisvivek bisht
In order to reduce the no of experiments required for finding the output .here we use these mathematically process in order to find output (in our case it is STRENGTH). without using further experiments
FEM Analysis of Stress Predication of Aluminum Wire Rod in Drawing OperationIRJET Journal
This document analyzes aluminum wire drawing operations to understand causes of wire breakage. Finite element analysis is conducted using ANSYS to simulate wire stresses, strains, die stresses, and temperatures at critical drawing stages. The analysis considers different friction conditions to find optimal parameters that minimize defects and breakage. Material properties of the aluminum alloy wire and polycrystalline dies are defined. Simulation results reveal plastic deformation patterns and maximum stresses under various lubrication conditions to suggest preventative measures and reduce breakage during drawing.
Experimental Investigation of Multi-Pass, Welding Current & Arc Travel Speed ...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation into the effects of multiple welding parameters on the mechanical properties of welded AISI 1020 steel joints. Specifically, it examines the influence of number of welding passes, welding current, and arc travel speed on the ultimate tensile strength and toughness of the welds. An L9 orthogonal array design of experiments was used to test combinations of the three parameters, each at three levels. Tensile and impact tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties. Signal-to-noise ratios and ANOVA analysis indicated that number of passes had the greatest influence on both properties, followed by welding current and arc speed. Optimum parameters were identified and verified to maximize strength and toughness.
The main purpose of this research is to study the optimal process parameters for thermal friction drilling process on AISI 304 stainless steel. The experiments were conducted based on Taguchi experimental design method, and the multiple performance characteristics correlated with the resultant axial force, radial force, hole diameter dimensional error, roundness error, and bushing length, were investigated by fuzzy logic technique. The significant process parameters that most intensively affected the multiple performance characteristics and the optimal combination levels of process parameters were determined through the analysis of variance and the response graph. A test rig was manufactured at Shoman Company ‒ Egypt to perform the experimental work, and the tools were offered by Flowdrill Company ‒ Germany. Experimental results confirm that this approach is simple, effective and efficient for simultaneous optimization of multiple quality characteristics in thermal friction drilling process, as the bushing length produced is more than five times the workpiece thickness.
This document reviews research on optimizing process parameters for sheet metal forming operations using statistical tools. It discusses how parameters like blank holding pressure and material thickness can be evaluated at different levels to minimize defects like wrinkles, tearing and thinning. Data collected during experiments will undergo statistical analysis using ANOVA and Taguchi methods to arrive at an optimized solution. Previous studies that analyzed various process parameters to optimize objectives are summarized. The document aims to determine significant parameters that can render defect-free parts when set to recommended values.
IRJET- Analysis of Process Parameters of Plasma ARC Cutting using Design of E...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the analysis of process parameters for plasma arc cutting using design of experiments. The study aims to determine the optimum parameter settings to achieve maximum material removal rate (MRR) and minimum surface roughness (Ra). Sixteen experiments were conducted using a Taguchi orthogonal array with four parameters (gas pressure, current, cutting speed, arc gap) each at two levels. Stainless steel samples were cut and the MRR and Ra values measured. ANOVA and other analyses were used to evaluate the effect of each parameter and identify the optimal settings for MRR and Ra.
Effect of welding parameter on micro hardness of synergic mig welding ofIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the effect of welding parameters on the microhardness of gas metal arc welds on 304L austenitic stainless steel. Bead-on-plate welds were produced using various gas flow rates, voltages, wire feed rates, and travel speeds. Knoop microhardness measurements were taken across the weld bead and base material. The maximum microhardness values were found in the heat-affected zone due to its finer grain size and higher pearlite content compared to the weld zone and base metal. Increasing the current and voltage resulted in a mixed spray and short circuiting metal transfer mode and improved weld bead appearance.
A REVIEW ON OPTIMIZATION OF RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING OF ALUMINUM COMPONENTS US...AM Publications
Resistance Spot welding (RSW) is one of the common welding processes used for sheet joining especially in the automobile and aerospace industry. It is used in a wide range of industries but notably for the assembly of sheet steel vehicle bodies. This is a type of resistance welding where the spot welds are made at regular intervals on overlapping sheets of metal. Spot welding is primarily used for joining parts that are normally up to 3 mm in thickness. The joint quality can be defined in terms of properties such as weld-bead geometry, mechanical properties and distortion.The objective of the research is to determine the optimum combination of parameters responsible for better quality of joints. The complicated behavior of the process must be analyzed to set the optimum parameters to get the optimum weld quality. The paper also presents the FEA simulation of the RSW process.
Gray Relational Basedanalysis of Tool SteelIRJET Journal
This document presents research on optimizing the electro discharge machining (EDM) process for tool steel using Taguchi methods and grey relational analysis. The researchers conducted experiments with tool steel as the workpiece material and copper as the electrode. Response variables included material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (Ra). Taguchi methods were used to design the experiments and orthogonal arrays. Grey relational analysis was then used to analyze the multiple responses and determine the optimal process parameters. The analysis involved normalizing the experimental data, calculating grey relational coefficients and grades, and analyzing the results using ANOVA to select parameters that maximize MRR and minimize Ra.
Study on laser hardening parameters of ASTM Grade 3 pure titanium on an angle...Premier Publishers
This research paper includes the laser transformation hardening of commercially pure titanium sheet of 1.6mm thickness is investigated using CW Nd:YAG laser. Commercially pure titanium has prevalent application in various fields of industries including the medical, nuclear, thermal, marine, defense, automobile aerospace and pharmaceutical industries. A FFD with RSM is employed to establish, optimize and to investigate the relationships of three laser transformation hardening process parameters: laser power, scanning speed, and focused position on laser hardened bead profile parameters such as angle of entry of hardened bead profile and power density. RSM is used to develop pseudo-closed-form models from the computational parametric studies. Adequacies of developed models were analyzed by ANOVA. Effects of laser process parameters on an angle of entry of hardened bead profile and power density were also carried out using RSM. The laser power and scanning speed consecutively have a positive and significant effect on angle of entry of hardened bead profile and power density respectively as compared to the focal point position among all laser hardening process parameters. The optimum laser hardening conditions are identified sequentially to minimize an angle of entry of hardened profile, power density. The validation results demonstrate that the developed models are accurate with low percentages of error.
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates the effect of process parameters on TIG welding of aluminum alloy 65032. The researchers used Response Surface Methodology to determine the optimal welding speed, current, and gas flow rate to maximize tensile strength and elongation. Central composite design was used to conduct experiments. Mathematical models were developed from the results to study the effect of parameters on strength and elongation. Optimization was performed to find the optimum welding conditions. Confirmation tests validated the optimum parameter settings.
Parametric optimisation of pulsed – tig welding process in butt joining of 30...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses optimization of clearance in sheet metal blanking processes. It investigates how parameters like clearance, tool wear, and sheet thickness affect blanking results. The blanking process is modeled using finite element analysis and design of experiments to understand interactions. An optimum clearance is defined as the point where the crack propagation direction coincides with the diagonal line between punch and die contact points, resulting in clean separation. The document outlines algorithms to predict blanking forces, crack initiation and geometry based on clearance and other factors.
IRJET- Optimisation of Process Parameters of A-TIG Welding for Penetration an...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experiment that optimized process parameters for activated tungsten inert gas (A-TIG) welding of stainless steel plates. A-TIG welding can improve joint penetration compared to traditional TIG welding. The experiment used a Taguchi design of experiments with three parameters (current, gas flow rate, activating flux) at three levels to weld 9 samples of 304L stainless steel. The samples were tested for penetration depth and hardness. Statistical analysis using Signal-to-Noise ratios identified the optimum parameters as 200 amps current, 15 L/min gas flow rate, and a 50% SiO2/50% ZnO flux mixture, which produced the deepest penetration at 5.8880 mm.
This document summarizes a study that used the Taguchi method to optimize drilling parameters for minimizing surface roughness when drilling mild steel. Experiments were conducted using an L27 orthogonal array to examine the effects of cutting speed, feed rate, and point angle on surface roughness. Analysis of the experimental results found that the lowest surface roughness was achieved with a low cutting speed, low feed rate, and medium point angle. Feed rate was found to be the most significant factor influencing surface roughness, followed by cutting speed. The optimal combination of drilling parameters to minimize surface roughness in mild steel is a cutting speed of 7 m/min, feed rate of 0.035 mm/rev, and point angle of 90 degrees.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A REVIEW STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF PROCESS PARAMETERS ON WELD BEAD GEOMETRY AND ...Editor IJMTER
submerged arc welding is most efficient welding process in any fabrication industry. It is
a common arc welding process in which coalescence is produced by heating application with an
electric arc or arcs set up model between a bare metal electrode and the work piece. The arc end of
the metal electrode and molten pool are invisible. They are invisible being submerged under a
blanket of the granular material (flux). Selection of process parameters has great influence on the
weld bead geometry. Welding input parameters play a significant role in determining the quality of a
weld joint. Here, this joint quality can be defined in terms of properties such as weld bead geometry
and flux consumption. All the welding processes are used with the aim of obtaining a welded joint
with the desired weld bead geometry and excellent mechanical properties with maximum metal
deposition rate and minimum distortion rate. This paper presents the review of the effect of input
parameters on weld bead geometry and flux consumption in submerged arc welding process.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes research on plasma arc machining (PAM), a thermal cutting process that uses a high-temperature plasma arc to cut electrically conductive materials. It discusses how PAM works by partially ionizing gas to create plasma at high temperatures. The document reviews several studies that investigated the effects of PAM processing parameters like cutting speed, power, height, and gas pressure on quality characteristics such as kerf angle, edge roughness, and heat-affected zone. It finds that surface roughness and kerf angle are mainly influenced by cutting height, while heat-affected zone depends more on cutting current. The review aims to provide an understanding of PAM and the parameters that impact cut quality.
Parametric Optimization on MIG Welded EN8 Material Joints by using Taguchi Me...ijsrd.com
Welding is a manufacturing process, which is carried out for joining of metals. By MIG Welding it is possible to weld in all positions. Optimization of the parameter will be carried out by Taguchi method. We will use EN-8 material which is more use in Automobile parts. EN8 plate with dimensions 250mm x 125mm x 6mm with V- Groove 650.Where the input parameters are welding current, Wire feed and gas flow rate and output parameters are tensile strength and Hardness.
Optimization of Weld Bead Parameters of Nickel Based Overlay Deposited by Pla...IJERA Editor
Plasma Transferred Arc surfacing is a kind of Plasma Transferred Arc Welding process. Plasma Transferred Arc surfacing (PTA) is increasingly used in applications where enhancement of wear, corrosion and heat resistance of materials surface is required. The shape of weld bead geometry affected by the PTA Welding process parameters is an indication of the quality of the weld. In this paper the analysis and optimization of weld bead parameters, during deposition of a Nickel based alloy Colmonoy on stainless steel plate by plasma transferred arc surfacing, are made and values of process parameters to produce optimal weld bead geometry are estimated. The experiments are conducted based on a five input process parameters and mathematical models are developed using multiple regression technique. The direct effects of input process parameters on weld bead geometry are discussed using graphs. Finally, optimization of the weld bead parameters, that is minimization of penetration and maximization of reinforcement and weld bead width, are made with a view to economize the input process parameters to achieve the desirable welding joint.
Optimization of tig welding using taguchi and regression analysisvivek bisht
In order to reduce the no of experiments required for finding the output .here we use these mathematically process in order to find output (in our case it is STRENGTH). without using further experiments
FEM Analysis of Stress Predication of Aluminum Wire Rod in Drawing OperationIRJET Journal
This document analyzes aluminum wire drawing operations to understand causes of wire breakage. Finite element analysis is conducted using ANSYS to simulate wire stresses, strains, die stresses, and temperatures at critical drawing stages. The analysis considers different friction conditions to find optimal parameters that minimize defects and breakage. Material properties of the aluminum alloy wire and polycrystalline dies are defined. Simulation results reveal plastic deformation patterns and maximum stresses under various lubrication conditions to suggest preventative measures and reduce breakage during drawing.
Experimental Investigation of Multi-Pass, Welding Current & Arc Travel Speed ...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation into the effects of multiple welding parameters on the mechanical properties of welded AISI 1020 steel joints. Specifically, it examines the influence of number of welding passes, welding current, and arc travel speed on the ultimate tensile strength and toughness of the welds. An L9 orthogonal array design of experiments was used to test combinations of the three parameters, each at three levels. Tensile and impact tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties. Signal-to-noise ratios and ANOVA analysis indicated that number of passes had the greatest influence on both properties, followed by welding current and arc speed. Optimum parameters were identified and verified to maximize strength and toughness.
The main purpose of this research is to study the optimal process parameters for thermal friction drilling process on AISI 304 stainless steel. The experiments were conducted based on Taguchi experimental design method, and the multiple performance characteristics correlated with the resultant axial force, radial force, hole diameter dimensional error, roundness error, and bushing length, were investigated by fuzzy logic technique. The significant process parameters that most intensively affected the multiple performance characteristics and the optimal combination levels of process parameters were determined through the analysis of variance and the response graph. A test rig was manufactured at Shoman Company ‒ Egypt to perform the experimental work, and the tools were offered by Flowdrill Company ‒ Germany. Experimental results confirm that this approach is simple, effective and efficient for simultaneous optimization of multiple quality characteristics in thermal friction drilling process, as the bushing length produced is more than five times the workpiece thickness.
This document reviews research on optimizing process parameters for sheet metal forming operations using statistical tools. It discusses how parameters like blank holding pressure and material thickness can be evaluated at different levels to minimize defects like wrinkles, tearing and thinning. Data collected during experiments will undergo statistical analysis using ANOVA and Taguchi methods to arrive at an optimized solution. Previous studies that analyzed various process parameters to optimize objectives are summarized. The document aims to determine significant parameters that can render defect-free parts when set to recommended values.
IRJET- Analysis of Process Parameters of Plasma ARC Cutting using Design of E...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the analysis of process parameters for plasma arc cutting using design of experiments. The study aims to determine the optimum parameter settings to achieve maximum material removal rate (MRR) and minimum surface roughness (Ra). Sixteen experiments were conducted using a Taguchi orthogonal array with four parameters (gas pressure, current, cutting speed, arc gap) each at two levels. Stainless steel samples were cut and the MRR and Ra values measured. ANOVA and other analyses were used to evaluate the effect of each parameter and identify the optimal settings for MRR and Ra.
Effect of welding parameter on micro hardness of synergic mig welding ofIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the effect of welding parameters on the microhardness of gas metal arc welds on 304L austenitic stainless steel. Bead-on-plate welds were produced using various gas flow rates, voltages, wire feed rates, and travel speeds. Knoop microhardness measurements were taken across the weld bead and base material. The maximum microhardness values were found in the heat-affected zone due to its finer grain size and higher pearlite content compared to the weld zone and base metal. Increasing the current and voltage resulted in a mixed spray and short circuiting metal transfer mode and improved weld bead appearance.
A REVIEW ON OPTIMIZATION OF RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING OF ALUMINUM COMPONENTS US...AM Publications
Resistance Spot welding (RSW) is one of the common welding processes used for sheet joining especially in the automobile and aerospace industry. It is used in a wide range of industries but notably for the assembly of sheet steel vehicle bodies. This is a type of resistance welding where the spot welds are made at regular intervals on overlapping sheets of metal. Spot welding is primarily used for joining parts that are normally up to 3 mm in thickness. The joint quality can be defined in terms of properties such as weld-bead geometry, mechanical properties and distortion.The objective of the research is to determine the optimum combination of parameters responsible for better quality of joints. The complicated behavior of the process must be analyzed to set the optimum parameters to get the optimum weld quality. The paper also presents the FEA simulation of the RSW process.
Gray Relational Basedanalysis of Tool SteelIRJET Journal
This document presents research on optimizing the electro discharge machining (EDM) process for tool steel using Taguchi methods and grey relational analysis. The researchers conducted experiments with tool steel as the workpiece material and copper as the electrode. Response variables included material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (Ra). Taguchi methods were used to design the experiments and orthogonal arrays. Grey relational analysis was then used to analyze the multiple responses and determine the optimal process parameters. The analysis involved normalizing the experimental data, calculating grey relational coefficients and grades, and analyzing the results using ANOVA to select parameters that maximize MRR and minimize Ra.
Study on laser hardening parameters of ASTM Grade 3 pure titanium on an angle...Premier Publishers
This research paper includes the laser transformation hardening of commercially pure titanium sheet of 1.6mm thickness is investigated using CW Nd:YAG laser. Commercially pure titanium has prevalent application in various fields of industries including the medical, nuclear, thermal, marine, defense, automobile aerospace and pharmaceutical industries. A FFD with RSM is employed to establish, optimize and to investigate the relationships of three laser transformation hardening process parameters: laser power, scanning speed, and focused position on laser hardened bead profile parameters such as angle of entry of hardened bead profile and power density. RSM is used to develop pseudo-closed-form models from the computational parametric studies. Adequacies of developed models were analyzed by ANOVA. Effects of laser process parameters on an angle of entry of hardened bead profile and power density were also carried out using RSM. The laser power and scanning speed consecutively have a positive and significant effect on angle of entry of hardened bead profile and power density respectively as compared to the focal point position among all laser hardening process parameters. The optimum laser hardening conditions are identified sequentially to minimize an angle of entry of hardened profile, power density. The validation results demonstrate that the developed models are accurate with low percentages of error.
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates the effect of process parameters on TIG welding of aluminum alloy 65032. The researchers used Response Surface Methodology to determine the optimal welding speed, current, and gas flow rate to maximize tensile strength and elongation. Central composite design was used to conduct experiments. Mathematical models were developed from the results to study the effect of parameters on strength and elongation. Optimization was performed to find the optimum welding conditions. Confirmation tests validated the optimum parameter settings.
Parametric optimisation of pulsed – tig welding process in butt joining of 30...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses optimization of clearance in sheet metal blanking processes. It investigates how parameters like clearance, tool wear, and sheet thickness affect blanking results. The blanking process is modeled using finite element analysis and design of experiments to understand interactions. An optimum clearance is defined as the point where the crack propagation direction coincides with the diagonal line between punch and die contact points, resulting in clean separation. The document outlines algorithms to predict blanking forces, crack initiation and geometry based on clearance and other factors.
IRJET- Optimisation of Process Parameters of A-TIG Welding for Penetration an...IRJET Journal
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A REVIEW STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF PROCESS PARAMETERS ON WELD BEAD GEOMETRY AND ...Editor IJMTER
submerged arc welding is most efficient welding process in any fabrication industry. It is
a common arc welding process in which coalescence is produced by heating application with an
electric arc or arcs set up model between a bare metal electrode and the work piece. The arc end of
the metal electrode and molten pool are invisible. They are invisible being submerged under a
blanket of the granular material (flux). Selection of process parameters has great influence on the
weld bead geometry. Welding input parameters play a significant role in determining the quality of a
weld joint. Here, this joint quality can be defined in terms of properties such as weld bead geometry
and flux consumption. All the welding processes are used with the aim of obtaining a welded joint
with the desired weld bead geometry and excellent mechanical properties with maximum metal
deposition rate and minimum distortion rate. This paper presents the review of the effect of input
parameters on weld bead geometry and flux consumption in submerged arc welding process.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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The document presents a study that aims to optimize welding variables and predict weld bead geometry in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process. Experiments were conducted using a central composite design to study the relationship between input process parameters (current, speed, angle, distance, pinch) and output parameters (bead width, height, depth, dilution). Mathematical models were developed using regression analysis. A neural network was then used to predict welding outputs, and a simulated annealing algorithm was applied to optimize the process parameters to achieve optimum dilution.
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Abstract The effect of various welding process parameters on the weldability of Mild Steel specimens of grade EN-3A having dimensions 150mm× 100mm× 6 mm, welded by metal inert gas welding were investigated. The welding current, arc voltage, welding speed, are chosen as welding parameters. The depth of penetrations were measured for each specimen after the welding operation is done on closed butt joint and the effects of welding speed, current, voltage parameters on depth of penetration were investigated. Index Terms: Mild Steel (EN-3A), metal inert gas welding, welding current, arc voltage and welding speed.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Effects of welding current and arc voltage on fcaw weld bead geometryeSAT Journals
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A review on Parametric Optimization of Submerged arc welding process
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 3, Issue 10, 2015 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 733
A Review on Parametric Optimization of Submerged Arc Welding
Process
Harsh H. Patel1
Yagnang R. Pandya2
Rakesh B. Prajapati3
1,2
Department of Mechanical Engineering
1,2
AIT 3
Sal College of Engineering
Abstract— Submerged arc welding is preferable more its
inherent qualities such as Higher deposition rate, deeper
penetration, control of variables, high quality, smooth finish.
The bead geometry shows the quality of weld which is
depends on input process parameters. The present work
gives review of the effect of these Input parameters on weld
bead geometry. Selection of process parameters has great
influence on the quality of a welded connection. To
automate a welding process, which is the present trend in
any fabrication industry. It is also important that
mathematical models have to be developed to relate the
process variables to the weld bead parameters. All the
welding processes are used with the aim of getting a welded
joint with the desires weld bead geometry and excellent
mechanical properties with a efficient quality welded joint at
a relatively low cost with high productivity. Optimization
designs concentrate on only one or two parameters, but in
very more depth to gain a precise understanding of
relationships between parameters.
Key words: Submerged arc welding (SAW), process
parameters, Weld bead geometry, Design of experiments,
parametric optimization
I. INTRODUCTION
Submerged arc welding is basically an arc welding process.
Submerged arc welding is the best efficient welding process
for fabrication industries. In submerged arc welding process
Coalescence is produced by heating application with an
electric arc and arc set up model between a bare metal
electrode and the work piece. The basic components of
submerged arc welding are power source, flux hopper,
electrode wire, granular flux, control panel, welding gun. As
per the name given arc is merged beneath a layer of granular
flux in this type of welding. The power source can be a
transformer for AC welding or a rectifier (motor generator)
for DC welding. The consumables are a bare, possibly
coppered, continuous electrode and a granular welding flux
fed to the joint by a hose from a flux hopper. The arc burns
in a cavity filled gases like CO2, CO and etc. formed by
breakdown on the total flux and metal fumes. Use of these
technology and social implications in the national
prospective. The effective process parameters include Arc
current, Arc voltage, Welding speed, nozzle to plate
distance, Wire feed rate and flux basicity index. The present
work gives review of the effect of these parameters on weld
bead geometry and flux consumption. Submerged arc
welding is one of the oldest automatic welding process
during 1930 s and it contributes to approximately 10% of
the total welding needs the world. It is generally used for
welding of low carbon steels, high strength low alloy steels,
nickel base alloys and stainless steels. Apart from
coalescence this process can be used for cladding
applications to increase corrosion resistance and wear
resistance on the surfaces. Weld produced are uniform,
ductile, sound and good impact resistance.
Fig. 1: Submerged Arc Welding Machine
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Serdar Karaoglua et al. [1] has investigated that the
sensitivity analysis of Input parameters and fine tuning
requirements of the Input parameters for optimum weld
bead geometry. Changeable process Input parameters such
as welding current, welding voltage and welding speed are
used as Input parameters in this study. The output
parameters are width, height and penetration of the weld
bead. In this Experimental part of the study is based on three
level factorial design of three process parameters. In order to
investigate the effects of input (process) parameters on
output parameters, which determine the weld bead
geometry, a mathematical model is constructed by using
multiple curvilinear regression analysis. After carrying out a
sensitivity analysis using developed empirical equations,
relative effects of input parameters on output parameters are
obtained. Effects of all three design parameters on the bead
width and bead height show that even small changes in these
Input parameters plays an important role in the quality of
welding operation. The result also shows that the penetration
is almost non-sensitive to the variations in voltage and
speed. It was conclude that Bead width is more sensitive to
voltage and speed variations than that of bead height and
penetration. All three Input process parameters have effects
in determining the bead height. In order to decrease the bead
height, higher values of voltage and speed can be
considered. Current is the most important parameter in
determining the penetration. Voltage and speed cannot be
effectively used to control penetration.
N. Murugana et.al. [2] has investigated that it is
very essential that mathematical models have to be
enveloped to relate the process variables to the weld bead
parameters or output parameters. Because of its high
productivity, smooth finish, high reliability and deep
penetration submerged arc welding (SAW) has become a
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natural choice in industries for fabrication, especially for
welding of pipes. In this study they selected welding speed,
Arc voltage, Wire feed rate, and nozzle to plate distance as
input parameters and responses are bead width,
reinforcement and penetration. Mathematical models have
been developed for submerged arc welding (SAW) of pipes
using five level factorial techniques to predict three critical
dimensions of the weld bead geometry and shape
relationships. The models developed have been checked for
their adequacy and significance by using the F-test and the t-
test, respectively. Main and interaction effects of the input
process parameters on bead geometry and shape factors are
presented in graphical form and using which not only the
prediction of important weld bead dimensions and shape
relationships but also the controlling of the weld bead
quality by selecting appropriate process parameter values
are possible. On experimentation and investigation it was
concluded that out of the four process variables considered,
wire feed rate had a significant positive effect but welding
speed had an appreciable negative effect on most of the
important bead parameters, Reinforcement form factor,
penetration size factor, penetration and bead width all
increased with the increase in wire feed rate for all values of
welding speed but this increasing rate of the bead
parameters with the increase in wire feed rate(F), gradually
decreased with the increase in welding speed(S).
Y.S. Tarng et al. [3] has studied and investigated
that the use of the grey-based Taguchi method to obtain the
submerged arc welding (SAW) process parameters with
consideration of multiple performance characteristics has
been studied in this paper. A grey relational analysis of the
S/N ratios can convert the optimization of the multiple
performance characteristics into the optimization of a single
performance characteristic known as the grey relational
grade. A grey relational grade obtained from the grey
relational analysis is used as the performance characteristic
in the Taguchi design of experiment method. In this paper
arc current, welding speed, arc voltage, preheat temperature
and electrode stick out are use as input parameters and
responses are deposition rate, dilution and hardness. Then,
optimal process parameters are determined by using the
parameter design proposed by the Taguchi method.
Experimental results have shown that optimal submerged
arc welding (SAW) process parameters in hardfacing can be
determined effectively so as to improving multiple weld
qualities through this new approach. On experimentation
and investigation it was concluded that arc current, welding
speed, and electrode stick-out are the significant welding
process parameters for affecting the multiple performance
Characteristics. It is also shown that the performance
characteristics of the submerged arc welding (SAW) process
such as Deposition rate, dilution, and hardness are improved
together by using the method proposed by this study.
J. Edwin Raja Dhas et al. [4] has investigated that
the effect of weld input parameters such as welding current,
welding speed, electrode stick out and welding current on
geometry of weld bead. A relationship between them is
thought to be complicated because of the non-linear
characteristics. In this paper trial-and-error methods to
obtain optimal conditions incur considerable time and cost.
In order to overcome these problems, non-traditional
methods have been suggested. Bead-on-plate Welds were
carried out on mild steel plates using semi-automatic
submerged arc welding (SAW) machine. Data were
collected as per taguchi’s design of experiments and
regression analysis was carried out to establish input–output
relationships of the process. By this relationship, an attempt
was made to minimize weld bead width which is a good
indicator of bead geometry, using optimization procedures
based on the genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm
optimization (PSO) algorithm to obtain optimal weld
parameters. On Experimentation and investigation it was
concluded that the developed PSO algorithm is a powerful
tool in experimental welding optimization, even when
experimenter does not have to model the process. These
tools find a good scope in the welding shop floor
environment to set the initial process parameter for the weld.
V. Gunaraj et al. [5] has studied and investigated
that the use of response surface methodology(RSM) by
designing a four-factor five-level central composite rotatable
design matrix with full replication for planning, conduction,
execution and development of mathematical models. These
are important not only for predicting the weld bead quality
but also for selecting optimum process parameters for
achieving the desired quality and process optimization. This
paper use input parameter as the open-circuit voltage (V),
the wire feed rate (F), the welding speed (S) and the nozzle-
to-plate distance (N), as input parameter and the penetration
(P), the reinforcement (R), the width (W) and the percentage
dilution (D) are as output parameters. This study used IS
2062 as base material. Response surface methodology
(RSM) is a important technique to determine and represent
the cause and effect relationship between true mean
responses and input control variables influencing the
responses as a two or three dimensional hyper surface.
Submerged arc welding (SAW) is used mostly in industry to
join metals in the manufacture of pipes of different length
and diameters. The main problem faced in the manufacture
of pipes by the submerged arc welding (SAW) process is the
selection of the optimum combination of input parameters
for achievement of the required qualities of weld. This
problem can be solved by the development of mathematical
models through effective and strategic planning and the
execution of experiments by response surface methodology
(RSM). On Experimentation and investigation it was
concluded that all of the responses viz. penetration (P),
reinforcement (R), bead width (W), and dilution (D)
decrease with increase in welding speed. As the nozzle-to-
plate distance increases, penetration (P), width (W), and
dilution (D) decrease, but Reinforcement(R) increases. An
increase in the wire feed rate results in an increase in
penetration (P), reinforcement (R), and dilution (D), but
width (W) remains unaltered.
D.V. Kiran.et al. [6] has investigated that detailed
experimental study on the influence of leading wire current,
welding speed, trailing wire current pulses on the weld bead
dimensions and mechanical properties in singlepass tandem
submerged welding of a typical high strength low alloy
(HSLA) steel. This study use current, voltage and welding
speed as input parameter and weld beds width,
reinforcement and cooling rate as responses. Two-wire
tandem submerged arc welding process include
simultaneous depositions from two electrode wires with the
leading wire generally connected to a DC power source and
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the trailing wire connected to a pulsed AC power source.
The weld bead profile and mechanical properties in the
tandem submerged welding are significantly affected by the
leading and trailing wire current transients and the welding
Speed. The experimental results show that the final weld
bead width and reinforcement height are primarily
influenced by the trailing wire current while the penetration
is influenced by the leading wire current with the other
conditions remaining constant. Increase in trailing wire
current pulses enhance the weld pool size that tends to
reduce the cooling rate, inhibit acicular ferrite phases in
weld microstructure and result in poor mechanical
properties.
Shahnwaz Alamet al. [7] has investigate that two
level full factorial a technique has been used for experiment
design. Multiple regression analysis has been used to
develop a mathematical model to predict weld width using a
single wire Submerged arc welding depositing bead-on-plate
welds on 12mm plate. This investigation uses arc voltages,
current, welding speed, wires feed rate and nozzle-to-plate
distance as process parameters and AISI 1018 as base
material. Adequacy and significance of the model has been
checked by using analysis of variance, F-test and t-test
respectively. Main and interaction effects of process
variables on weld-width have been graphically presented.
Experiments have been performed to compare the results
obtained with the corresponding predicted values. The
models developed have been found to be adequate with a
confidence level 95%.Weld width has been found to
increase with increase in voltage, current and wire feed rate
and decreases with increase in welding speed and nozzle-to-
plate distance. Cross validation test fulfills the validity of
the model developed. On Experimentation and investigation
it was concluded that Weld width rapidly increases with
voltage, slowly increases with current and wire feed rate and
decreases with welding speed and nozzle to plate distance.
Pranesh B. Bamankar et al. [8] has investigate that
controlling metal transfer modes in submerged arc welding
(SAW) process is necessary to high quality welding
procedures. Quality has now become an important issue in
today’s manufacturing world. Experiments are conducted
using submerged arc process parameters viz. welding
current, welding speed (trolley speed) and arc voltage on
mild steel of 12 mm thickness, to study the effect of these
parameters on penetration depth. The experiments are
designed using Taguchi method (with Taguchi L9
orthogonal array) considering three factors and three levels.
On Experimentation and investigation it was concluded that
Current is predominant factor affect the bead width. Bead
width almost linearly increases with arc voltage and current
and decreases, with welding speed.
III. CONCLUDING REMARKS
On the basis of literature survey conclude that many
researchers have worked on different type of material by
using different type of parameters like arc current, arc
voltage, welding speed, nozzle to plate distance, basicity
index, pre heat temperature and etc. And effect of these
parameters was studied on various materials like IS 2062
steel plate, HSLA steel, AISI 1018 low/mild carbon steel
and etc. and its effect on output parameters like weld bead
width, bead height, penetration and etc. by using different
types of design of experiment techniques such as taguchi,
response surface methodology and full factorial design. In
most of the works welding current, arc voltage, welding
speed, nozzle to plate distance and wire feed rate are
considering for predicting and optimizing the weld bead
geometry. However certain the other parameters such as
wire diameter, welding gun Angle, flux feed rate, preheat
Temperature are not concentrated much especially.
- Some researchers conclude that the arc Current is the
most important parameter in determining the
penetration. Penetration is almost non-sensitive to
variations in voltage and speed.
- Bead width is more sensitive to voltage and speed
variations than that of all three process parameters
have effects in determining the bead height.
- Penetration, width, penetration size factor and
reinforcement form factor all increased with the
increase in wire feed rate for all values of welding
speed but this increasing rate of the bead parameters
with the increase in wire feed rate (F) gradually
decreased with the increase in welding speed(S).
REFERENCES
[1] Serdar Karaoglu, Abdullah Secgin,” Sensitivity
analysis of submerged arc welding process parameters”
journal of materials processing technology 202 (2008)
500–507, October 2007.
[2] N. Murugan, V. Gunaraj,” Prediction and control of
weld bead geometry and shape relationships in
submerged arc welding of pipes” Journal of Materials
Processing Technology 168 (2005) 478–487, 2005.
[3] Y.S. Tarng, S.C. Juang, C.H. Chang , “The use of
grey-based Taguchi methods to determine submerged
arc welding process parameters in hardfacing”, Journal
of Materials Processing Technology 128 (2002) 1–
6,2002.
[4] J. Edwin Raja Dhas, S. Kumanan, “Optimization of
parameters of submerged arc weld using non-
conventional Techniques” Applied Soft Computing 11
(2011) 5198–5204, May 2011.
[5] V. Gunaraj, N. Murugan,” Application of response
surface methodology for predicting weld Bead quality
in submerged arc welding of pipes”, Journal of
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[6] D.V. Kiran, B. Basu , A. De , “Influence of process
variables on weld bead quality in two wire tandem
submerged arc welding of HSLA steel”, Journal of
Materials Processing Technology 212 (2012) 2041–
2050, May 2012.
[7] Shahnwaz Alam, Mohd.Ibrahim Khan, “Prediction of
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Parameters on Weld Bead Width for MS”,
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process”, International Journal of Advanced
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