The purpose of this study is to identify the factors influencing the choice of promotional practices of agricultural equipment manufacturers and its influence on annual sales of agricultural equipments. The consumer focus, demand creation, exposure, familiarity, encouragement, reputation, existence and value creation are the factors determining the choice of promotional practices of agricultural equipments by the manufactures. Besides, the consumer focus, demand creation, familiarity, reputation and value creation are positively influencing the annual sales of agricultural equipments. The manufacturers should formulate the promotional measures not only attract the farmers and also dealers in order to increase the dealership and also sales. The manufacturers should create demand for their equipments through proper promotion mix strategies in order to make stakeholders familiar with their equipments and also keep their reputations.
Abstract— The study examined the cost and return of local chicken marketing in Mubi north local government area of Adamawa state. Data were collected from 120 respondents with aid of structured questionnaire using purposive and random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics, net income analysis, marketing efficiency (ME) were the analytical tools employed. The result revealed that local chicken marketing in the study area is mostly undertaken by the male gender (85%) who were in their active age between the age of 30-60 years. Majority of them had one form of formal education or the other and have marketing experience of more than five years. On the profitability of the enterprise a total variable cost ₦7887.00 was estimated using 2014 price of input and output. Cost of transportation accounting for 72.84%. The total revenue from the enterprise was estimated ₦13, 100 given the net income of ₦5213 an indication that the enterprise is profitable. A high marketing efficiency of 160% was computed an indication that the profit maximization motive of local chicken marketing is assured. It is recommended that the marketers should be motivated and encouraged with soft loans so as to expand their production.
The present study was conducted in Chinthamani, Kolar, Mulbagal and Srinivaspur
taluks of Kolar district of Karnataka state with a sample size of 120 tomato growers to
analyze the existing marketing practices followed by tomato growers and source of flow of
market information. The findings reveal that, 88.33% farmers indicated that they harvest at
the stage of half ripened, 85.84% of the farmers have used wooden box for packing, 71.67%
of the farmers used tempo to transport the produce, 64.17% of the farmers are not practicing
the grading and about 96.67% of farmer used 15kg box as standard weight. All the farmers
indicated that price of the produce is determined by open auction and 85.83% of farmers
indicated payment is made on the spot. Overall marketing practices of Tomato growers reveal
that 53.33% of the tomato growers belong to medium level of marketing practices category.
land holding, annual income, cosmopoliteness and infrastructure facilities were positively
significant relationship with marketing practices
Potato is number one non-grain food commodity of the world. Even though, Ethiopia has favorable ecology, the production of potato is characterized by poor seed quality, low skills of farmers, diseases, high post-harvest losses and poor organization along chain. The study is aimed to identify potato value chain actors and their roles and analyze marketing margins for actor. For this study 136 potato producers were randomly selected, 5wholesalers, 8collectors, 12 retailers and 6 small scale processors were purposively selected. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from primary and secondary sources. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze data, chain mapping was implemented to identify actors and their supply linkage. Margin analysis was used to estimate value gained by each actors involved in potato value chain. The identified actors were input suppliers, producers, wholesalers, retailers, small scale processors and consumers. Supporting actors were office of agriculture, irrigation, micro finance, cooperatives, trade and market development, NGOs and bank. The margin analysis revealed that 65.01%, 12.29%, 9.78%, 8.27%, 3.27% share of margin goes to small scale potato processors, potato producers, retailers, wholesalers and collectors respectively. The major constraints were high price of seed, poor infrastructure, interferences of brokers, low storage facilities, weak linkage, disease and pests. The opportunities were suitable agro-ecology and government support. Strengthening the linkage among actors, providing training on storage construction and disease control, improving bargaining power of producers and initiate small scale processors were recommended to improve potato value chain.
Abstract— The study examined the cost and return of local chicken marketing in Mubi north local government area of Adamawa state. Data were collected from 120 respondents with aid of structured questionnaire using purposive and random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics, net income analysis, marketing efficiency (ME) were the analytical tools employed. The result revealed that local chicken marketing in the study area is mostly undertaken by the male gender (85%) who were in their active age between the age of 30-60 years. Majority of them had one form of formal education or the other and have marketing experience of more than five years. On the profitability of the enterprise a total variable cost ₦7887.00 was estimated using 2014 price of input and output. Cost of transportation accounting for 72.84%. The total revenue from the enterprise was estimated ₦13, 100 given the net income of ₦5213 an indication that the enterprise is profitable. A high marketing efficiency of 160% was computed an indication that the profit maximization motive of local chicken marketing is assured. It is recommended that the marketers should be motivated and encouraged with soft loans so as to expand their production.
The present study was conducted in Chinthamani, Kolar, Mulbagal and Srinivaspur
taluks of Kolar district of Karnataka state with a sample size of 120 tomato growers to
analyze the existing marketing practices followed by tomato growers and source of flow of
market information. The findings reveal that, 88.33% farmers indicated that they harvest at
the stage of half ripened, 85.84% of the farmers have used wooden box for packing, 71.67%
of the farmers used tempo to transport the produce, 64.17% of the farmers are not practicing
the grading and about 96.67% of farmer used 15kg box as standard weight. All the farmers
indicated that price of the produce is determined by open auction and 85.83% of farmers
indicated payment is made on the spot. Overall marketing practices of Tomato growers reveal
that 53.33% of the tomato growers belong to medium level of marketing practices category.
land holding, annual income, cosmopoliteness and infrastructure facilities were positively
significant relationship with marketing practices
Potato is number one non-grain food commodity of the world. Even though, Ethiopia has favorable ecology, the production of potato is characterized by poor seed quality, low skills of farmers, diseases, high post-harvest losses and poor organization along chain. The study is aimed to identify potato value chain actors and their roles and analyze marketing margins for actor. For this study 136 potato producers were randomly selected, 5wholesalers, 8collectors, 12 retailers and 6 small scale processors were purposively selected. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from primary and secondary sources. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze data, chain mapping was implemented to identify actors and their supply linkage. Margin analysis was used to estimate value gained by each actors involved in potato value chain. The identified actors were input suppliers, producers, wholesalers, retailers, small scale processors and consumers. Supporting actors were office of agriculture, irrigation, micro finance, cooperatives, trade and market development, NGOs and bank. The margin analysis revealed that 65.01%, 12.29%, 9.78%, 8.27%, 3.27% share of margin goes to small scale potato processors, potato producers, retailers, wholesalers and collectors respectively. The major constraints were high price of seed, poor infrastructure, interferences of brokers, low storage facilities, weak linkage, disease and pests. The opportunities were suitable agro-ecology and government support. Strengthening the linkage among actors, providing training on storage construction and disease control, improving bargaining power of producers and initiate small scale processors were recommended to improve potato value chain.
Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Sorghum Producers in West Hararghe Zone, ...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed at analyzing the technical efficiency of sorghum producing smallholder farmers in Chiro district. It was based on cross-sectional data of 130 sample sorghum producing households randomly selected. The estimated results of the Cobb-Douglas frontier model with inefficiency variables shows that the mean technical efficiency of the farmers in the production of sorghum is 78 percent. This implies that sorghum producers can reduce current level of input application by 22 percent given the existing technological level. The discrepancy ratio γ, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency, was about 84.6% and while the remaining 15.4% variation in output, was due to the effect of random noise. The estimated stochastic production frontier (SPF) model also indicates that Organic fertilizer, DAP fertilizer, Area, Labor and seed are significant determinants of sorghum production level. The estimated SPF model together with the inefficiency parameters shows that age, Frequency of extension contact, Household size, Slope, Fertility of soil and Livestock holding significantly determine the efficiency level of the farmers in sorghum production in the study area. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient farmers by adopting and using practices of relatively efficient farmers in the area so that they can be able to operate at the frontier. Beside this, a strategy of the government needs to be directed towards the above-mentioned determinants.
Abstract—In Ghana, rural people, mostly farmers, experience food insecurity. In bargaining with marketers, farmers tend to lose profits. The use of traditional weights and measures led to inefficient transactions. These difficulties have negatively affected farmers’ productivity, calories intake, and international competitiveness. This research investigates how standard weights and measures can secure farmers’ profits at local markets. Using a random selection of 312 farmers for the questionnaire survey at two markets, we examine the impact of current pricing methods on farmers’ profits and advantages of standard weights and measures for farmers. The results show that price decision-making was based on three primary methods: (1) traditional weights and measures, (2) negotiation with individual marketers, and (3) negotiation with market queens. Markets queens and traditional measures negatively influenced farmers’ profits. Farmers’ perceptions showed that standard weights and measures would not only increase their profits at local markets but also enhance their international competitiveness.
Profitability Analysis and Adoption of Improved Box Hive Technology by Small ...AI Publications
Beekeeping is common and one of the agricultural activities used as good source of off-farm income to farmers in Ethiopia in generally, and particularly in the study area. The objectives of the study are to identify determinant of adoption of improved box hive technology and profitability of smallholder farmers in study area. Multi-stage sampling was employed to identify sample respondents. The sample respondents were stratified into adopters and non-adopters of improved box hive. Out of 148 total sample respondents 30 adopters and 118 non-adopters were identified. The data were collected using structured interview schedule, key informant discussion and observation. Partial budgeting technique and econometric models were employed. Partial budgeting result reveals that the beekeepers get financial benefits by adopting improved box hive. The first hurdle result of adoption decision indicated that beekeeping experience, distance to woreda town, frequency of extension contact, sex, age, education status, access to input were significant factors. Further, the second hurdle result of intensity of adoption revealed that frequency of extension contact, livestock holding, age, sex, access to input, family size and labor force were found to be significant factors. Thus, the woreda office of agriculture and rural developments, NGO’s and concerned stockholders should give due attention to these significant variables in the study area to boost improved box hive adoption and its intensity use thereby increase profitability of small holder beekeepers.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Explains the role of information and knowledge in agricultural marketing, shares the initiatives by Government, private, NGOs and farmers organisations, indicates ICT advances which transform agricultural research-extension-marketing scenarios.
Determinants of Coffee Market Outlet Choices in Gewata District, Kaffa Zone, ...Premier Publishers
Ethiopia has a broad genetic diversity among its coffee varieties. Coffee is one of the cash crop which is highly marketed through world next to petroleum. It has a great contribution in earning foreign currency and it is an income source for around 20 % Ethiopian population either directly or indirectly. Linking small producers to markets are widely recognized as a valuable development route and market outlets choice is one of the most important farm household decisions to sell their produce and has a great impact on household income. Even if the study area has great potential of coffee production, the farmers faced the marketing problem particularly in choice of appropriate coffee market outlets. This study was therefore carried out to analyze determinants of coffee producers’ market outlet choice decisions in Gewata district. Purposive and two stage random sampling technique was used and data was collected from 121 coffee producers. Multivariate probit model (MVP) was used to analyze factors influencing the choice of coffee market outlets choice by coffee producers. The multivariate probit model results indicated that quantity of coffee sold, education level, frequency of extension contacts, household size, years of farming experience, distance to nearest market, off/non-farm income, land under coffee and transport access significantly influenced coffee producers’ choice of market outlet. Therefore, strengthening farmers coffee cooperative and enhancing the financial capacity of cooperative with functional collection center, improving accessibility of transport services and developing infrastructure, improving farmers’ knowledge through adult education as well as their experience sharing with other coffee producing farmers, improving productivity through strengthening supportive institutions (extension service provider).
Agro-processed products in Tanzania are important in income generation and continuation supply of
food products throughout the year. Despite the importance of processed products in the country yet is being
processed below standard and exported in small percentage. The objective of this study therefore established the
quality status and factors affecting approval of processed products. The study was done in Mbeya and Morogoro
regions as representatives of other regions in the country. The analysis was done descriptively where percentage,
graphs photographs and tables were used. The results showed the approval agro-processed products are affected
by unskilled labour, poor quality of packing materials, cost of acquiring TFDA and TBS approval. The paper
recommends the increase and improvement of vocational training collages and technical institutions for skilled
people to join agro-processing sub-sector. Improve packing materials; also the government should reduce cost for
acquiring TFDA and TBS approval.
Value Chain Analysis of Banana in Mizan Aman Town of Benchi Maji Zone, Southw...AI Publications
This study was aimed at analyzing value chain of banana in Mizan-Aman town, Bench Maji zone with specific objectives of describing important marketing channels and actors involved on banana value chain, dealing the determinant of supply of banana and identify constraints in value chain of the banana. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data for this study were collected through application of appropriate statistical procedures. The data were analyzed by using both descriptive and Econometric models. Accordingly, the value chain activities in the survey period were production, marketing and consumption. To identify factors affecting farm level marketable supply of banana, OLS regression analysis was employed. About 10 variables were hypothesized to affect farm level of marketable supply of banana in the study area. Age of respondent, experience, family size, education level of the household head, market information and distance to the market affects farm level marketable supply of banana positively and negatively. The study result exhibited also that banana producers are faced lack market, lack of cooperatives and low price of banana. The result revealed that banana passes through several intermediaries with little value being added before reaching the end users. Therefore, farmers are forced to capture a lower share of profit margin. The highest marketing cost is incurred by wholesalers and the highest market profit is shared by retailers. The value chain analysis revealed that the major actors in the area are producers, local collectors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The study showed that Input Suppliers, Improved infrastructure and strengthening the linkage/interaction among value chain actors is necessary for good marketing of banana.
Agricultural marketing is a method that includes gathering, storage, preparation, shipping, and delivery of different farming materials across the country. In agriculture marketing, the selling of an agriculture product depends on various components like the demand for the product at that time, availability of storage, etc.
Role of Virtual Machine Live Migration in Cloud Load BalancingIOSR Journals
Abstract: Cloud computing has touched almost every field of the life. Hence number of cloud application
consumers is increasing every day and so as the number of application request to the cloud provider. This leads
increment of workload in many of the cloud nodes. The motive to use load balancing concepts in cloud
environment is to efficiently utilize available resources keeping in mind that no any single system is heavily
loaded or not a single system is idle during the active phase of the request completion. Even though cloud
computing being a software facility most often, how does it actually performs well in heavily loaded
environment at processor level, is discussed in the paper. This paper aims to throw some light on what is cloud
load balancing and what is the role of Virtual machine migration in improving it.
Keywords: Cloud load balancing, Live Migration, Migration, Virtualization, Virtual machine.
Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Sorghum Producers in West Hararghe Zone, ...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed at analyzing the technical efficiency of sorghum producing smallholder farmers in Chiro district. It was based on cross-sectional data of 130 sample sorghum producing households randomly selected. The estimated results of the Cobb-Douglas frontier model with inefficiency variables shows that the mean technical efficiency of the farmers in the production of sorghum is 78 percent. This implies that sorghum producers can reduce current level of input application by 22 percent given the existing technological level. The discrepancy ratio γ, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency, was about 84.6% and while the remaining 15.4% variation in output, was due to the effect of random noise. The estimated stochastic production frontier (SPF) model also indicates that Organic fertilizer, DAP fertilizer, Area, Labor and seed are significant determinants of sorghum production level. The estimated SPF model together with the inefficiency parameters shows that age, Frequency of extension contact, Household size, Slope, Fertility of soil and Livestock holding significantly determine the efficiency level of the farmers in sorghum production in the study area. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient farmers by adopting and using practices of relatively efficient farmers in the area so that they can be able to operate at the frontier. Beside this, a strategy of the government needs to be directed towards the above-mentioned determinants.
Abstract—In Ghana, rural people, mostly farmers, experience food insecurity. In bargaining with marketers, farmers tend to lose profits. The use of traditional weights and measures led to inefficient transactions. These difficulties have negatively affected farmers’ productivity, calories intake, and international competitiveness. This research investigates how standard weights and measures can secure farmers’ profits at local markets. Using a random selection of 312 farmers for the questionnaire survey at two markets, we examine the impact of current pricing methods on farmers’ profits and advantages of standard weights and measures for farmers. The results show that price decision-making was based on three primary methods: (1) traditional weights and measures, (2) negotiation with individual marketers, and (3) negotiation with market queens. Markets queens and traditional measures negatively influenced farmers’ profits. Farmers’ perceptions showed that standard weights and measures would not only increase their profits at local markets but also enhance their international competitiveness.
Profitability Analysis and Adoption of Improved Box Hive Technology by Small ...AI Publications
Beekeeping is common and one of the agricultural activities used as good source of off-farm income to farmers in Ethiopia in generally, and particularly in the study area. The objectives of the study are to identify determinant of adoption of improved box hive technology and profitability of smallholder farmers in study area. Multi-stage sampling was employed to identify sample respondents. The sample respondents were stratified into adopters and non-adopters of improved box hive. Out of 148 total sample respondents 30 adopters and 118 non-adopters were identified. The data were collected using structured interview schedule, key informant discussion and observation. Partial budgeting technique and econometric models were employed. Partial budgeting result reveals that the beekeepers get financial benefits by adopting improved box hive. The first hurdle result of adoption decision indicated that beekeeping experience, distance to woreda town, frequency of extension contact, sex, age, education status, access to input were significant factors. Further, the second hurdle result of intensity of adoption revealed that frequency of extension contact, livestock holding, age, sex, access to input, family size and labor force were found to be significant factors. Thus, the woreda office of agriculture and rural developments, NGO’s and concerned stockholders should give due attention to these significant variables in the study area to boost improved box hive adoption and its intensity use thereby increase profitability of small holder beekeepers.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Explains the role of information and knowledge in agricultural marketing, shares the initiatives by Government, private, NGOs and farmers organisations, indicates ICT advances which transform agricultural research-extension-marketing scenarios.
Determinants of Coffee Market Outlet Choices in Gewata District, Kaffa Zone, ...Premier Publishers
Ethiopia has a broad genetic diversity among its coffee varieties. Coffee is one of the cash crop which is highly marketed through world next to petroleum. It has a great contribution in earning foreign currency and it is an income source for around 20 % Ethiopian population either directly or indirectly. Linking small producers to markets are widely recognized as a valuable development route and market outlets choice is one of the most important farm household decisions to sell their produce and has a great impact on household income. Even if the study area has great potential of coffee production, the farmers faced the marketing problem particularly in choice of appropriate coffee market outlets. This study was therefore carried out to analyze determinants of coffee producers’ market outlet choice decisions in Gewata district. Purposive and two stage random sampling technique was used and data was collected from 121 coffee producers. Multivariate probit model (MVP) was used to analyze factors influencing the choice of coffee market outlets choice by coffee producers. The multivariate probit model results indicated that quantity of coffee sold, education level, frequency of extension contacts, household size, years of farming experience, distance to nearest market, off/non-farm income, land under coffee and transport access significantly influenced coffee producers’ choice of market outlet. Therefore, strengthening farmers coffee cooperative and enhancing the financial capacity of cooperative with functional collection center, improving accessibility of transport services and developing infrastructure, improving farmers’ knowledge through adult education as well as their experience sharing with other coffee producing farmers, improving productivity through strengthening supportive institutions (extension service provider).
Agro-processed products in Tanzania are important in income generation and continuation supply of
food products throughout the year. Despite the importance of processed products in the country yet is being
processed below standard and exported in small percentage. The objective of this study therefore established the
quality status and factors affecting approval of processed products. The study was done in Mbeya and Morogoro
regions as representatives of other regions in the country. The analysis was done descriptively where percentage,
graphs photographs and tables were used. The results showed the approval agro-processed products are affected
by unskilled labour, poor quality of packing materials, cost of acquiring TFDA and TBS approval. The paper
recommends the increase and improvement of vocational training collages and technical institutions for skilled
people to join agro-processing sub-sector. Improve packing materials; also the government should reduce cost for
acquiring TFDA and TBS approval.
Value Chain Analysis of Banana in Mizan Aman Town of Benchi Maji Zone, Southw...AI Publications
This study was aimed at analyzing value chain of banana in Mizan-Aman town, Bench Maji zone with specific objectives of describing important marketing channels and actors involved on banana value chain, dealing the determinant of supply of banana and identify constraints in value chain of the banana. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data for this study were collected through application of appropriate statistical procedures. The data were analyzed by using both descriptive and Econometric models. Accordingly, the value chain activities in the survey period were production, marketing and consumption. To identify factors affecting farm level marketable supply of banana, OLS regression analysis was employed. About 10 variables were hypothesized to affect farm level of marketable supply of banana in the study area. Age of respondent, experience, family size, education level of the household head, market information and distance to the market affects farm level marketable supply of banana positively and negatively. The study result exhibited also that banana producers are faced lack market, lack of cooperatives and low price of banana. The result revealed that banana passes through several intermediaries with little value being added before reaching the end users. Therefore, farmers are forced to capture a lower share of profit margin. The highest marketing cost is incurred by wholesalers and the highest market profit is shared by retailers. The value chain analysis revealed that the major actors in the area are producers, local collectors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The study showed that Input Suppliers, Improved infrastructure and strengthening the linkage/interaction among value chain actors is necessary for good marketing of banana.
Agricultural marketing is a method that includes gathering, storage, preparation, shipping, and delivery of different farming materials across the country. In agriculture marketing, the selling of an agriculture product depends on various components like the demand for the product at that time, availability of storage, etc.
Role of Virtual Machine Live Migration in Cloud Load BalancingIOSR Journals
Abstract: Cloud computing has touched almost every field of the life. Hence number of cloud application
consumers is increasing every day and so as the number of application request to the cloud provider. This leads
increment of workload in many of the cloud nodes. The motive to use load balancing concepts in cloud
environment is to efficiently utilize available resources keeping in mind that no any single system is heavily
loaded or not a single system is idle during the active phase of the request completion. Even though cloud
computing being a software facility most often, how does it actually performs well in heavily loaded
environment at processor level, is discussed in the paper. This paper aims to throw some light on what is cloud
load balancing and what is the role of Virtual machine migration in improving it.
Keywords: Cloud load balancing, Live Migration, Migration, Virtualization, Virtual machine.
A Decisive Filtering Selection Approach For Improved Performance Active Noise...IOSR Journals
Abstract : In this work we present a filtering selection approach for efficient ANC system. Active noise cancellation (ANC) has wide application in next generation human machine interaction to automobile Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) devices. We compare conventional adaptive filters algorithms LMS, NLMS, VSLMS, VSNLMS, VSLSMS for a predefined input sound file, where various algorithms run and result in standard output and better performance. The wiener filter based on least means squared (LMS) algorithm family is most sought after solution of ANC. This family includes LMS, NLMS, VSLMS, VSNLMS, VFXLMS, FX-sLMS and many more. Some of these are nonlinear algorithm, which provides better solution for nonlinear noisy environment. The components of the ANC systems like microphones and loudspeaker exhibit nonlinearities themselves. The nonlinear transfer function create worse situation. This is a task which is some sort of a prediction of suitable solution to the problems. The Radial Basis Function of Neural Networks (RBF NN) has been known to be suitable for nonlinear function approximation [1]. The classical approach to RBF implementation is to fix the number of hidden neurons based on some property of the input data, and estimate the weights connecting the hidden and output neurons using linear least square method. So an efficient novel decisive approach for better performing ANC algorithms has been proposed. Keywords - Adaptive filters, Winner filter ANC, Least mean square, N LMS, VSNLMS, RBF.
Performance Comparison of AODV, DSR and LAR1 in Mobile Ad-hoc Network based o...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In the last couple of years, the use of wireless networks has become more and more popular. A
MANET is a collection of self-organizing mobile nodes which is infrastructure less, autonomous, and standalone
networks. Each node in a MANET is free to move independently in any direction and will therefore change its
links to other devices frequently. Each must forward traffic unrelated to its own use and therefore be a router.
Simulation result has been obtained by a performance comparison of three routing protocols i.e. Ad hoc Ondemand
Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Location Aided Routing (LAR1) against
Simulation time. The Result is obtained using QualNet simulator version 6.1. Different protocols are evaluated
based on measures such as Average End to End delay (s), Average Jitter(s), and Packet delivery ratio.
Keywords: MANET, AODV, DSR, LAR1, QualNet 6.1
A Novel Flipflop Topology for High Speed and Area Efficient Logic Structure D...IOSR Journals
In high speed data path network flop is one of the major functional elements to store intermediate
results and data at different stages. But the most important problem is huge power utilization due to switching
activity and increase in clock period that is Timing Latency; causes the performance of data path in digital
design is decreased. The existing works implement various Flipflop topology in data path structure design such
as conventional Transmission Gate Based Master Slave Filpflop (TGMS FF), Write Port Master Slave Flip-flop
(WPMS) and Clocked Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (C2MOS). In WPMS method, area is
minimized but delay is increased. In C2MOS technique Power consumption and delay is reduced, but there is a
definite scope to reduce Power, area and delay. In this paper a Modified Clocked Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor Latch (mC2MOS Latch) is proposed and delay, power is again reduced up to 60% and the area
of the circuit is also reduced while comparing with previous methods.
An Efficient Performance of Mimo - Ofdm Based Cognitieve Radio System for Arr...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The wireless channel is central within this context, thus estimating the channel is the key to make CR operational, taking in consideration that the transmission-reception technology is available. In this thesis, we design a MIMO system using OFDM modulation technology to transmit and receive two signals over the mobile wireless channel. First formulate the pilot design as a new optimization problem. We use MIMO concept to enhance system capacity and robustness of the wireless transmission. In Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) based cognitive radio (CR) systems, with the increasing demand for data rate and reliability in Wireless communicationsand devices, several issues become very important like bandwidth efficiency, quality of service and radio coverage. In this new scheme, adaptive arrays are group-selected in the spatial domain. Simulation shows that the proposed system can get significant performance improvements over the conventional array based OFDM systems over frequency-selective multipath fading channels with cognitive radio (CR) system. Keywords: Cognitive radios, MIMO, OFDM, and Joint transmit and receive group selected arrays.
An Enhanced Biometric System for Personal AuthenticationIOSR Journals
Palm vein authentication is a new and latest biometric method utilizing the vein patterns inside one’s
palm for personal identity verification. Palm patterns are different for each person.and as they are hidden
underneath the skin’s surface,forgery is extremely difficult.Infrared light is used to capture an image of a palm
that shows the vein patterns,which have various widths and brightness that change temporally as a result of
fluctuations in the amount of blood in the vein,depending on temperature,physical conditions,etc.To robustly
extract the precise details of the depicted veins, we developed a method of Anisotropic technique in crosssectional
profiles of a vein image.This method can extract the centrelines of the veins consistently without being
affected by the fluctuations in vein width and brightness,so its pattern matching is highly accurate. This paper
discusses the origins, feature extraction, technology,applications of palm vein authentication. The proposed
system include: 1) Infrared palm images capture; 2) Detection of Region of Interest; 3) Palm vein extraction by
Anisotropic filtering; 4) Matching. The experimental results demonstrate that the recognition rate using palm
vein is good.
Restoration of Images Corrupted by High Density Salt & Pepper Noise through A...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In this paper an efficient algorithm is proposed for removal of salt & pepper noise from digital images. Salt and pepper noise in images is present due to bit errors in transmission or introduced during the signal acquisition stage. It represents itself as randomly occurring white and black pixels. This noise can be removed using standard Median Filter (SMF), Progressive Switched Median Filter (PSMF) under low density noise conditions. Decision Based Algorithm (DBA) and Modified Decision Based Unsymmetric Trimmed Median Filter (MDBUTMF) do not give better results at high noise density. So, in this project, this drawback will be overcome by using Adaptive Median based Modified Mean Filter (AMMF). This proposed algorithm shows better Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio and clear image than the existing algorithm. Keywords- Median filter, Progressive Switched Median Filter, Decision Based Algorithm, Modified Decision Based Unsymmetric Trimmed Median Filter
Optimizing Mobile Robot Path Planning and Navigation by Use of Differential E...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Path planning and navigation is essential for an autonomous robot which can move avoiding the
static obstacles in a real world and to reach the specific target. Optimizing path for the robot movement gives
the optimal distance from the source to the target and save precious time as well. With the development of
various evolutionary algorithms, the differential evolution is taking the pace in comparison to genetic algorithm.
Differential evolution has been deployed quite successfully for solving global optimization problem. Differential
evolution is a very simple yet powerful metaheuristics type problem solving method. In this paper we are
proposing a Differential Evolution based path navigation algorithm for mobile path navigation and analyze its
efficiency with other developed approaches. The proposed algorithm optimized the robot path and navigates the
robot to the proper target efficiently.
Comparative Study on Self Confidence among University Level Football, Kho-Kho...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Self-confidence is the belief that one can successfully perform or desired behavior. It is an important
factor to achieve our ultimate goal. Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi are very famous game in India involving
various physical fitness components like speed, co-ordination, power, strength, agility etc. The Researcher was
very keen to find out the self-confidence level of North Bengal University Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi
players before attending the inter university tournament. The purpose of this study was to compare the selfconfidence
level between Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players. Eighteen each male University level
Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players from North University (Mean Age 23) were volunteered in this study.
Hardy and Nelson (1992) questionnaire was used to measured the self confidence level of the subjects. One way
analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find the overall mean significance difference of three groups. List
significance difference (LSD) post-hoc test was used to measure the paired mean significance difference. The
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Factors Influencing the Choice of Promotional Practices of Agricultural Equipment Manufacturers
1. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM)
e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 12, Issue 5 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 78-85
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 78 | Page
Factors Influencing the Choice of Promotional Practices of
Agricultural Equipment Manufacturers
V. Sivakumar, Dr. S. Kaliyamoorthy
Asst Professor, Alagappa Institute of Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi - 6300004. TamilNadu.
India
Professor and Director, Alagappa Institute of Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi - 630004.
Tamilnadu.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to identify the factors influencing the choice of promotional practices of
agricultural equipment manufacturers and its influence on annual sales of agricultural equipments. The
consumer focus, demand creation, exposure, familiarity, encouragement, reputation, existence and value
creation are the factors determining the choice of promotional practices of agricultural equipments by the
manufactures. Besides, the consumer focus, demand creation, familiarity, reputation and value creation are
positively influencing the annual sales of agricultural equipments. The manufacturers should formulate the
promotional measures not only attract the farmers and also dealers in order to increase the dealership and also
sales. The manufacturers should create demand for their equipments through proper promotion mix strategies
in order to make stakeholders familiar with their equipments and also keep their reputations.
Key Words: Agricultural Equipment,, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Promotional Practices, Regression
I. Introduction
Mechanisation refers to interjection of machinery between men and materials handled by them. In
agriculture materials are soil, water, environment, seed, fertilizer, pesticides, growth regulators, irrigation,
agricultural produce and by-products such as food grains, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables, cotton, sugarcane, jute
and kenaf and other cash crops, milk, meat, eggs and fish. There is scope of mechanisation in every unit
operation of production agriculture, post-harvest and agro-processing, and rural living. Mechanisation has varied
connotations. While in the developed world it tends to be synonymous to automation but in developing
countries, like India, mechanisation means any improved tool, implement, machinery or structure that assists in
enhancement of workers’ output, multiplies the human effort, supplements or substitutes human labour that is
enabling and removing, avoids drudgery or stresses that adversely affect human mental faculties leading to
errors, imprecision and hazards and eventually loss of efficiency. It also means automation and controls that
assure quality, hygiene. Agricultural mechanisation in a limited sense relates to production agriculture.
The growth of the mechanisation in India has followed the same general pattern found worldwide.
Farm operations requiring high power inputs and low control are mechanized first (tillage, transport, water
pumping, milling, threshing, etc.). Farm operations requiring medium levels of power and control are
mechanized next (seeding, spraying, intercultural operations, etc.). Farm operations requiring high degree of
control and low power inputs are mechanized last (transplanting, planting of vegetables, harvesting of fruits and
vegetables, etc.). This is because any power intensive work, can be done faster mechanically and at a lower cost.
Whereas converting human knowledge into machine knowledge is difficult and costly.
Farm mechanisation has been helpful to bring about a significant improvement in agricultural
productivity. Thus, there is strong need for mechanisation of agricultural operations. The factors that justify the
strengthening of farm mechanisation in the country can be numerous. The timeliness of operations has assumed
greater significant in obtaining optimal yields from different crops, which has been possible by way of
mechanisation. The large and medium scale manufacturers have well organised distributors and dealers through
out the country to undertake advertising and product promotion in their respective territories, conduct product
awareness training programmes for the prospective customers, provide after-sales-service to the customers
including free services, repair and maintenance and supply of parts. Therefore, this organised sector has the
whole of the country as their market due to which their production volumes are large, and their information feed
back about their product performance, improvements required in design, production processing or quality, and
the new requirements of the farmers to undertake product developments.
Very few small-scale industries have established their marketing network and therefore provide service
support in their premises. In the absence of standardization of parts and components farmers are compelled to
carry their machines to the manufactures for repair and replacement of parts and components. Due to this, their
market size is limited to their proximity and they are not able to develop their businesses. With this background,
2. Factors Influencing The Choice Of Promotional Practices Of Agricultural Equipment Manufacturers
www.iosrjournals.org 79 | Page
the present research is attempted to study the factors influencing the choice of promotional practices of
agricultural equipment manufacturers in Tamil Nadu.
II. Methodology
Among the different states in India, Tamil Nadu has been purposively selected for the present study.
The dealers of agricultural equipments have been selected by adopting random sampling technique through pre-
tested and structured questionnaire. The questions are measured by using Likert five point scale (1 represents
strongly disagree and 5 represents strongly agree). The data and information is collected from the 400 dealers of
agricultural equipments and pertain to the year 2011-12. To accomplish the objective of the present study, the
descriptive statistics, ANOVA test, exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression have been employed.
III. Results And Discussion
3.1. Socio-Economic Profile of Dealers
The socio-economic profile of dealers was analyzed and the results are presented in Table-1. The
results show that about 82.25 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are males, while the rest of 17.75
per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are females. The results indicate that about 41.25 per cent of
the dealers of agricultural equipments belong to the age group of 31-40 years followed by 41-50 years (39.00
per cent), more than 50 years (13.00 per cent) and 21-30 years (6.75 per cent).
It is observed that about 57.25 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are graduates followed
by higher secondary (32.50 per cent), post graduates (8.25 per cent and secondary (2.00 per cent) education. It is
clear that about 91.50 of the dealers of agricultural equipments are married and the rest of 8.50 per cent of the
dealers of agricultural equipments are unmarried.
It is apparent that about 67.25 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments belong to the nuclear
family, while the rest of 32.75 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments belong to the joint family. The
results reveal that about 39.75 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are having the experience of 7-9
years followed by up to 4-6 years (33.00 per cent), 1-3 years (21.50 per cent) and more than nine years (5.75 per
cent). The results show that about 62.00 per cent of dealers of agricultural equipments are located in semi urban
area followed by rural (24.00 per cent) and urban (14.00 per cent).
Table-1. Socio-Economic Profile of Dealers
Particulars Frequency Per cent
Gender
Male 329 82.25
Female 71 17.75
Age( Years)
21-30 27 6.75
31-40 165 41.25
41-50 156 39.00
>50 52 13.00
Educational Qualification
Secondary 8 2.00
Higher Secondary 130 32.50
Graduation 229 57.25
Post Graduation 33 8.25
Marital Status
Married 366 91.50
Unmarried 34 8.50
Family Type
Joint 131 32.75
Nuclear 269 67.25
Experience(Years)
1-3 86 21.50
4-6 132 33.00
7-9 159 39.75
> 9 23 5.75
Location
Urban 56 14.00
Semi-Urban 248 62.00
Rural 96 24.00
3.2. Reasons for the Choice of Promotional Practices of Agricultural Equipments by the Manufacturers
The reasons for the choice of promotional practices of agricultural equipments by the manufacturers as
perceived by the dealers was analysed and the results are presented in Table-2. The results show that about
77.50 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are strongly agreed with the promotional measures are
3. Factors Influencing The Choice Of Promotional Practices Of Agricultural Equipment Manufacturers
www.iosrjournals.org 80 | Page
targeting the ultimate consumers followed by agree (16.25 per cent), neutral (2.50 per cent), disagree (2.25 per
cent) and strongly disagree (1.50 per cent). The results indicate that about 47.50 per cent of the dealers of
agricultural equipments are strongly agreed with the promotional measures are targeting the distributors
followed by agree (41.25 per cent), strongly disagree (5.00 per cent), neutral (3.50 per cent) and disagree (2.75
per cent).
It is very clear that about 26.00 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are neutral with the
promotional measures are targeting the dealers followed by strongly agree (23.75 per cent), disagree (21.50 per
cent), strongly disagree (16.25 per cent) and agree (12.50 per cent). It is observed that about 31.00 per cent of
the dealers of agricultural equipments are disagreed with the promotional measures are targeting the industrial
buyers followed by strongly disagree (27.00 per cent), neutral (21.25 per cent), agree (11.50 per cent) and
strongly agree (9.25 per cent).
It is apparent that about 28.50 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are neutral with the
promotional objective is to inform consumers in an effort to increase their level of awareness followed by
disagree (24.25 per cent), agree (20.25 per cent), strongly disagree (14.25 per cent) and strongly agree (12.75
per cent). The results show that about 43.25 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are agreed with
the objective of promotional elements is to persuade the consumers to buy the product followed by disagree
(34.00 per cent), neutral (9.25 per cent), disagree (8.25 per cent) and strongly disagree (5.25 per cent).
The results indicate that about 49.00 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are agreed with
the promotional measures are used to stresses brand differences followed by strongly agree (35.25 per cent),
neutral (6.25 per cent), disagree (5.00 per cent) and strongly disagree (4.50 per cent). It is very clear that about
25.25 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are agreed with the promotional measures are used to
maintain existing buyers followed by neutral (23.75 per cent), strongly agree (18.25 per cent), disagree (18.00
per cent) and strongly disagree (14.75 per cent).
It is observed that about 34.00 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are strongly agreed
with the promotional measures are crucial to remind buyers of the equipment’s existence followed by agree
(30.50 per cent), neutral (30.25 per cent), strongly disagree (3.50 per cent) and disagree (1.75 per cent). It is
apparent that about 35.75 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are disagreed with the promotional
measures are important for the technical sophistication of the equipments and hence the amount of
understanding required using it followed by neutral (25.00 per cent), agree(16.00 per cent), strongly agree(14.25
per cent) and strongly disagree(9.00 per cent).
The results show that about 29.25 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are strongly agreed
with the promotional elements encourage the consumers to try the equipments followed by agree (26.75 per
cent), disagree (19.50 per cent), neutral (16.50 per cent) and strongly disagree (8.00 per cent). The results
indicate that about 39.25 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are strongly agreed with the
promotional measures are used to establish the seller’s reputation followed by agree (26.25 per cent), neutral
(16.75 per cent), strongly disagree (10.25 per cent) and disagree (7.50 per cent).
It is very clear that about 29.00 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are strongly
agreed with the promotional measures are important to enhance the decision making of customers followed by
neutral(26.25 per cent), agree (25.00 per cent), disagree (13.75 per cent) and strongly disagree (6.00 per cent). It
is observed that about 32.00 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are strongly agreed with the
promotional measures are very helpful in encouraging demand followed by agree (25.25 per cent), neutral
(22.50 per cent), disagree (12.50 per cent) and strongly agree (7.75 per cent).
Table-2. Reasons for the Choice of Promotional Practices of Agricultural Equipments by the
Manufacturers
Reasons for Promotional Practices Strongly
Agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
Disagree
Total
The promotional measures are targeting the ultimate
consumers
310
(77.50)
65
(16.25)
10
(2.50)
9
(2.25)
6
(1.50)
400
(100.00)
The promotional measures are targeting the distributors 190
(47.50)
165
(41.25)
14
(3.50)
11
(2.75)
20
(5.00)
400
(100.00)
The promotional measures are targeting the dealers 95
(23.75)
50
(12.50)
104
(26.00)
86
(21.50)
65
(16.25)
400
(100.00)
The promotional measures are targeting the industrial
buyers
37
(9.25)
46
(11.50)
85
(21.25)
124
(31.00)
108
(27.00)
400
(100.00)
The promotional objective is to inform consumers in an
effort to increase their level of awareness
51
(12.75)
81
(20.25)
114
(28.50)
97
(24.25)
57
(14.25)
400
(100.00)
The objective of promotional elements is to persuade the
consumers to buy the product.
136
(34.00)
173
(43.25)
37
(9.25)
33
(8.25)
21
(5.25)
400
(100.00)
The promotional measures are used to stresses brand
differences.
141
(35.25)
196
(49.00)
25
(6.25)
20
(5.00)
18
(4.50)
400
(100.00)
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The promotional measures are used to maintain existing
buyers.
73
(18.25)
101
(25.25)
95
(23.75)
72
(18.00)
59
(14.75)
400
(100.00)
The promotional measures are crucial to remind buyers of
the equipment’s existence.
136
(34.00)
122
(30.50)
121
(30.25)
7
(1.75)
14
(3.50)
400
(100.00)
The promotional measures are important for the technical
sophistication of the equipments and hence the amount of
understanding required using it.
57
(14.25)
64
(16.00)
100
(25.00)
143
(35.75)
36
(9.00)
400
(100.00)
The promotional elements encourage the consumers to try
the equipments.
117
(29.25)
107
(26.75)
66
(16.50)
78
(19.50)
32
(8.00)
400
(100.00)
The promotional measures are used to establish the
seller’s reputation.
157
(39.25)
105
(26.25)
67
(16.75)
30
(7.50)
41
(10.25)
400
(100.00)
The promotional measures are important to enhance the
decision making of customers.
116
(29.00)
100
(25.00)
105
(26.25)
55
(13.75)
24
(6.00)
400
(100.00)
The promotional measures are very helpful in
encouraging demand,
128
(32.00)
101
(25.25)
90
(22.50)
50
(12.50)
31
(7.75)
400
(100.00)
The promotional measures help the buyer for right
purchase.
117
(29.25)
114
(28.50)
90
(22.50)
39
(9.75)
40
(10.00)
400
(100.00)
The sales promotions encourage repeat purchase from
satisfied first-time triers.
123
(30.75)
107
(26.75)
72
(18.00)
50
(12.50)
48
(12.00)
400
(100.00)
The promotional practices assist in moving a equipment
through the channel of distribution.
91
(22.75)
114
(28.50)
98
(24.50)
47
(11.75)
50
(12.50)
400
(100.00)
The promotional practices help wholesalers to encourage
orders and provide sales assistance and this increases
purchase of equipment.
107
(26.75)
110
(27.50)
93
(23.25)
66
(16.50)
24
(6.00)
400
(100.00)
The manufacturer directs its promotional mix to
customers to encourage them to ask retailers for the
equipment.
137
(34.25)
94
(23.50)
92
(23.00)
43
(10.75)
34
(8.50)
400
(100.00)
The promotional practices provide consistent message
across all customers.
165
(41.25)
99
(24.75)
75
(18.75)
37
(9.25)
24
(6.00)
400
(100.00)
The promotional practices increase the sales volume. 164
(41.00)
137
(34.25)
71
(17.75)
14
(3.50)
14
(3.50)
400
(100.00)
The promotional practices create effective demand for
equipments.
116
(29.00)
100
(25.00)
91
(22.75)
45
(11.25)
48
(12.00)
400
(100.00)
The promotional measures play important for role to gain
low risk trial.
105
(26.25)
82
(20.50)
107
(26.75)
66
(16.50)
40
(10.00)
400
(100.00)
It is apparent that about 29.25 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are strongly agreed with the
promotional measures help the buyer for right purchase followed by agree (28.50 per cent), neutral (22.50 per
cent), strongly disagree (10.00 per cent) and disagree (9.75 per cent). The results show that about 30.75 per cent
of the dealers of agricultural equipments are strongly agreed with the sales promotions encourage repeat
purchase from satisfied first-time triers followed by agree (26.75 per cent), neutral (18.00 per cent) disagree
(12.50 per cent) and strongly disagree (12.00 per cent).
The results indicate that about 28.50 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are agreed with
the promotional practices assist in moving a equipment through the channel of distribution followed by neutral
(24.50 per cent), strongly agree (22.75 per cent), strongly disagree (12.50 per cent) and disagree (11.75 per
cent). It is very clear that about 27.50 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are agreed with the
promotional practices help wholesalers to encourage orders and provide sales assistance and this increases
purchase of equipment followed by strongly agree(26.75 per cent), neutral(23.25 per cent), disagree (16.50 per
cent) and strongly disagree (6.00 per cent).
It is observed that about 34.25 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are strongly agreed
with the manufacturer directs its promotional mix to customers to encourage them to ask retailers for the
equipment followed by agree (23.50 per cent), neutral (23.00 per cent), disagree (10.75 per cent) and strongly
disagree (8.50 per cent). It is apparent that about 41.25 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are
strongly agreed with the promotional practices provide consistent message across all customers followed by
agree (24.75 per cent), neutral (18.75 per cent), disagree (9.25 per cent) and strongly disagree (6.00 per cent).
The results show that about 41.00 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are strongly agreed
with the promotional practices increase the sales volume followed by agree (34.25 per cent), neutral (17.75 per
cent) disagree and strongly disagree (3.50 per cent). The results indicate that about 29.00 per cent of the dealers
of agricultural equipments are strongly agreed with promotional practices create effective demand for
equipments followed by agree (25.00 per cent), neutral (22.75 per cent), strongly disagree (12.00 per cent) and
disagree (11.25 per cent). It is very clear that about 26.75 per cent of the dealers of agricultural equipments are
neutral with the promotional measures play important for role to gain low risk trial followed by strongly
agree(26.25 per cent), agree(20.50 per cent), disagree (16.50 per cent) and strongly disagree (10.00 per cent).
In order to examine the difference in the reasons for the choice of promotional practices of agricultural
equipments by the manufactures, the Analysis of Variance is applied and the results are presented in Table-3.
5. Factors Influencing The Choice Of Promotional Practices Of Agricultural Equipment Manufacturers
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Table-3. Difference in Reasons for the Choice of Promotional Practices of Agricultural Equipments
Manufacturers
Source Degrees of Freedom SS MS F-Value Sig
Between Groups 22 6333.384 287.881
329.498 0.00Within Groups 9177 8017.903 0.874
Total 9199 14351.287
The F-value of 329.498 is significant at one per cent level indicating that there is a significant difference in
reasons for the choice of promotional practices of agricultural equipments by the manufactures. Hence, the null
hypothesis of there is no significant difference in reasons for the choice of promotional practices of agricultural
equipments by the manufactures is rejected.
3.3. Factor Analysis for the Choice of Promotional Practices of Agricultural Equipments by the
Manufacturers
In order to identify the factors determining the choice of promotional practices of agricultural
equipments by the manufactures, the exploratory factor analysis has been employed. The principal component
method of factor analysis was carried out with Eigen values greater than one through varimax rotation and the
results obtained through rotated component matrix are presented in Table-4.
There are eight independent groups which are extracted accounting for a total of 71.63 per cent of
variations on 23 reasons. The each of the eight factors contributes to 13.68 per cent, 11.88 per cent, 10.19 per
cent, 9.00 per cent, 7.39 per cent, 7.37 per cent, 6.21 per cent and 5.91 per cent respectively.
Table-4. Factor Analysis for the Choice of Promotional Practices of Agricultural Equipments by the
Manufacturers
Reasons
Rotated Factors Loadings on
Factor-
I
Factor-
II
Factor-
III
Factor-
IV
Factor-
V
Factor-
VI
Factor-
VII
Factor-
VIII
The promotional measures are targeting
the ultimate consumers
-.77
The promotional measures are targeting
the distributors
.80
The promotional measures are targeting
the dealers
.81
The promotional measures are targeting
the industrial buyers
.76
The promotional objective is to inform
consumers in an effort to increase their
level of awareness
.75
The objective of promotional elements is
to persuade the consumers to buy the
product.
.69
The promotional measures are used to
stresses brand differences.
.87
The promotional measures are used to
maintain existing buyers.
.63
The promotional measures are crucial to
remind buyers of the equipment’s
existence.
.54
The promotional measures are important
for the technical sophistication of the
equipments and hence the amount of
understanding required using it.
.63
The promotional elements encourage the
consumers to try the equipments.
.77
The promotional measures are used to
establish the seller’s reputation.
.55
The promotional measures are important
to enhance the decision making of
customers.
.85
The promotional measures are very
helpful in encouraging demand,
.69
The promotional measures help the
buyer for right purchase.
.71
The sales promotions encourage repeat
purchase from satisfied first-time triers.
.80
The promotional practices assist in
moving a equipment through the channel
-.77
6. Factors Influencing The Choice Of Promotional Practices Of Agricultural Equipment Manufacturers
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of distribution.
The promotional practices help
wholesalers to encourage orders and
provide sales assistance and this
increases purchase of equipment.
-.69
The manufacturer directs its promotional
mix to customers to encourage them to
ask retailers for the equipment.
.77
The promotional practices provide
consistent message across all customers.
.61
The promotional practices increase the
sales volume.
.66
The promotional practices create
effective demand for equipments.
.55
The promotional measures play
important for role to gain low risk trial.
.58
Eigen Value 4.58 2.74 2.02 1.89 1.49 1.44 1.26 1.06
% of Variance 13.68 11.88 10.19 9.00 7.39 7.37 6.21 5.91
Cumulative % of Variance
13.68 25.56 35.75 44.75 52.14
59.51 65.72
71.63
Cronbach’s Alpha 0.74
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
Rotation converged in 10 iterations.
Factor-I: From the table, it is inferred that out of 23 reasons, five reasons have their high, relatively tightly
grouped factor loadings on factor-I.
This factor consists of:
The promotional measures are targeting the dealers (0.81)
The promotional measures are targeting the industrial buyers (0.76)
The promotional objective is to inform consumers in an effort to increase their level of awareness (0.75)
The objective of promotional elements is to persuade the consumers to buy the product.(0.69)
The promotional measures are used to maintain existing buyers.(0.63)
Hence, this factor is named as “CONSUMER FOCUS”.
Factor-II: is formed with:
The promotional measures are important to enhance the decision making of customers. (0.85)
The promotional measures are very helpful in encouraging demand (0.69)
The promotional practices create effective demand for equipments. (0.55)
The promotional measures play important for role to gain low risk trial. (0.58)
These variables are named as “DEMAND CREATION”
Factor-III: This factor includes:
The promotional measures are important for the technical sophistication of the equipments and hence
the amount of understanding required using it(0.63)
The promotional elements encourage the consumers to try the equipments. (0.77)
The promotional measures help the buyer for right purchase. (0.71)
These three variables are named as “EXPOSURE”
Factor-IV: This factor is formed with:
The sales promotions encourage repeat purchase from satisfied first-time triers. (0.80)
The promotional practices help wholesalers to encourage orders and provide sales assistance and this
increases purchase of equipment. (-0.69)
The promotional practices provide consistent message across all customers. (0.61)
This factor is named as “FAMILIARITY”
Factor-V: is formed with:
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The promotional practices assist in moving a equipment through the channel of distribution.(-0.77)
The manufacturer directs its promotional mix to customers to encourage them to ask retailers for the
equipment. (0.77)
These variables are named as “ENCOURAGEMENT”
Factor-VI: This factor includes:
The promotional measures are targeting the ultimate consumers (-0.77)
The promotional measures are used to establish the seller’s reputation. (0.55)
These three variables are named as “REPUTATION”
Factor-VII: This factor is formed with:
The promotional measures are targeting the distributors (0.80)
The promotional measures are crucial to remind buyers of the equipment’s existence. (0.54)
This factor is named as “EXISTENCE”
Factor-VIII: This factor includes:
The promotional measures are used to stresses brand differences. (0.87)
The promotional practices increase the sales volume. (0.66)
These three variables are named as “VALUE CREATION”
The Cronbach’s alpha of the scale was 0.74 indicating that each measure demonstrated acceptable
internal consistency. It is inferred that consumer focus, demand creation, exposure, familiarity, encouragement,
reputation, existence and value creation are the factors determining the choice of promotional practices of
agricultural equipments by the manufactures.
3.4. Influence of Factors Determining the Choice of Promotional Practices for Agricultural Equipments on
Annual Sales
In order to examine the influence of factors determining the choice of promotional practices for
agricultural equipments on annual sales, the multiple regression has employed and the results are presented in
Table-5. The factors derived through factor analysis are considered as independent variable and the annual sales
of agricultural equipments are considered as dependent variable.
The results indicate that the coefficient of multiple determination (R2
) is 0.69 and adjusted R2
is 0.67
indicating the regression model is moderately fit. It is inferred that about 67.00 per cent of the variation in
dependent variable (Annual Sales) is explained by the independent variables (Factors Determining the Choice of
Promotional Practices for Agricultural Equipments). The F-value of 7.482 is significant at one per cent level
indicating that the regression model is good fit.
Table-5. Influence of Factors Determining the Choice of Promotional Practices for Agricultural
Equipments on Annual Sales
Factors Affecting Loyalty
Programmes
Regression Coefficients t-value Sig
Intercept 1.023**
2.728 .011
Consumer Focus(X1) .672**
3.824 .010
Demand Creation(X2) .625**
3.592 .012
Exposure(X3) .284 1.218 .214
Familiarity (X4) .656**
3.829 .012
Encouragement (X5) .318 1.114 .492
Reputation (X6) .545**
3.746 .011
Existence (X7) .223 1.152 .346
Value Creation (X8) .601**
3.416 .011
R2
0.69
Adjusted R2
0.67
F 7.482 0.01
N 400
Note: **
Significance at one per cent level
8. Factors Influencing The Choice Of Promotional Practices Of Agricultural Equipment Manufacturers
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The results show that consumer focus, demand creation, familiarity, reputation and value creation are
positively influencing the annual sales of agricultural equipments at one per cent level of significance.
Therefore, the null hypothesis of there is no significant influence of factors determining the choice of
promotional practices for agricultural equipments on annual sales is rejected.
IV. Conclusion
The most of the dealers of agricultural equipments are males and the majority of the dealers of
agricultural equipments belong to the age group of 31-40 years. The most of the dealers of agricultural
equipments are graduates and the majority of the dealers of agricultural equipments are married. The most of the
dealers of agricultural equipments belong to the nuclear family and the majority of the dealers of agricultural
equipments are having the experience of 7-9 years and the most of the dealers of agricultural equipments are
located in semi urban area. The results show that that there is a significant difference in reasons for the choice of
promotional practices of agricultural equipments by the manufactures as perceived by the dealers of agricultural
equipments.
The exploratory factor analysis indicates that consumer focus, demand creation, exposure, familiarity,
encouragement, reputation, existence and value creation are the factors determining the choice of promotional
practices of agricultural equipments by the manufactures. The multiple regression analysis shows that consumer
focus, demand creation, familiarity, reputation and value creation are positively influencing the annual sales of
agricultural equipments at one per cent level of significance.
It is recommended that the manufacturers should formulate the promotional measures in order to
increase the awareness levels of both dealers and farmers. The manufacturers should formulate the promotional
measures not only attract the farmers and also dealers in order to increase the dealership and also sales. The
promotional measures should also address the technical sophistication of the equipments and hence the amount
of understanding required for using them will improve considerably. The manufacturers should create demand
for their equipments through proper promotion mix strategies in order to make stakeholders familiar with their
equipments and also keep their reputations.
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