This document summarizes a study on the rice value chain in Jamalpur district, Bangladesh. Key findings include:
1) Farmers were the first value-adding actors, producing paddy and adding on average 7.13% value through drying, storing, and marketing.
2) Paddy traders, including farias and beparis, collected paddy from farmers and mills, adding 6.03% value on average.
3) Rice millers were the highest value-adding actors, processing paddy into rice and adding 313.78 BDT per quintal on average.
4) Constraints across the value chain included high costs, lack of credit and market information, and poor
India Hydroponics Market : Prospects, Trends Analysis, market Size and Foreca...shubhampatil386
The report on India Hydroponics Market is a customer intelligence and competitive study of the India market. Moreover, the report provides deep insights on demand forecasts, market trends, and, micro and macro indicators in India market. Also, factors that are driving are restraining the Hydroponics Market are highlighted in the study.
A session on "Digitalization of Agriculture" at Entrepreneurship Conclave organized by Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay.
India Hydroponics Market : Prospects, Trends Analysis, market Size and Foreca...shubhampatil386
The report on India Hydroponics Market is a customer intelligence and competitive study of the India market. Moreover, the report provides deep insights on demand forecasts, market trends, and, micro and macro indicators in India market. Also, factors that are driving are restraining the Hydroponics Market are highlighted in the study.
A session on "Digitalization of Agriculture" at Entrepreneurship Conclave organized by Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay.
Summer Internship Report- 2019 (Bestech Seeds India Pvt. Ltd.)HemantMeena50
“A study of Promotion strategies adopted by Bestech Seed India Pvt. Ltd. regarding demand generation of Bajra at Sawai Madhopur, Bharatpur, Sikar districts of Rajasthan.”
Mango - The king of Fruits.
This PowerPoint Presentation was prepared on Mango Cultivation, Production of mango, Cost of Production, Related Industries, People involved with mango production, Problems and Solution of the mango Production.
All the data have been collected from the Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics 2015, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
A Brief presentation about Seed Marketing and Industry. It helps to understand what is Seed Marketing and Industry & why is this important in Seed Science & Technology as well as in Agriculture. Importance of Seed Marketing & Industry, Growth and current status of Seed Industry. Central level Seed Marketing Structure.
Sales and Distribution Management of Bayer Crop Science Limited Dr. Asokendu Samanta
Abstract: Go-to-market systems, with multiple marketing channels that link suppliers with their customers, have radically evolved beyond simple advertising or salesperson marketing channels. The present report discusses on the sales and distribution management of Bayer Crop Science Limited, who has been producing various products in the filed of crop protection for more than a century. Data on sales and distribution of Bayer are collected through a face to face interview (shown in Appendix) with the Manager, Sales and Support of Bayer. The pros and cons of the system are discussed, critically analyzed and findings are listed in conclusions.
Summer Internship Report- 2019 (Bestech Seeds India Pvt. Ltd.)HemantMeena50
“A study of Promotion strategies adopted by Bestech Seed India Pvt. Ltd. regarding demand generation of Bajra at Sawai Madhopur, Bharatpur, Sikar districts of Rajasthan.”
Mango - The king of Fruits.
This PowerPoint Presentation was prepared on Mango Cultivation, Production of mango, Cost of Production, Related Industries, People involved with mango production, Problems and Solution of the mango Production.
All the data have been collected from the Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics 2015, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
A Brief presentation about Seed Marketing and Industry. It helps to understand what is Seed Marketing and Industry & why is this important in Seed Science & Technology as well as in Agriculture. Importance of Seed Marketing & Industry, Growth and current status of Seed Industry. Central level Seed Marketing Structure.
Sales and Distribution Management of Bayer Crop Science Limited Dr. Asokendu Samanta
Abstract: Go-to-market systems, with multiple marketing channels that link suppliers with their customers, have radically evolved beyond simple advertising or salesperson marketing channels. The present report discusses on the sales and distribution management of Bayer Crop Science Limited, who has been producing various products in the filed of crop protection for more than a century. Data on sales and distribution of Bayer are collected through a face to face interview (shown in Appendix) with the Manager, Sales and Support of Bayer. The pros and cons of the system are discussed, critically analyzed and findings are listed in conclusions.
Analysis of Performance and Efficiency of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L...silasokech
Pearl millet commercialization has the potential to support the food insecure rural households residing in marginal areas of Kenya. Despite the numerous program attempts in improving its productivity and market potential within Mbeere district, thousands are still food insecure. Poor coordination, overcrowding of actors activities and limited marketing opportunities has resulted in weak market value chains and underdeveloped output markets which have diluted commercialization initiatives. This study examined the performance and efficiency of pearl millet market value chain in order to improve its competitiveness and productivity for the benefit of the farming communities in ASALs of Kenya. Specifically, this study analyzed the existing pearl millet market value chain and its efficiency, identified traders key marketing constraints and determined consumers’ willingness to pay for value added pearl millet products. A multistage sampling technique was used to collect information from 255 market actors using a semi structured questionnaire and analysis done using descriptive statistics, marketing margin analysis and Contingent valuation methodology. Result showed that majority of the actors had a mean age between 42- 52 years. Most producers (62.5%) were males while females (100%) concentrated in pearl millet marketing activities. Empirical findings showed that, producers share of the final consumer price was 23.3% with processors having a higher margin compared to traders and producers despite their limited functions. Transport cost, police bribes, border taxes, rent and commission charges formed major components of marketing costs. Most consumers (60%) were willing to pay a premium price of 42% above the normal market price of Kshs 100 for value added pearl millet products. Age, number of children below 12 years in a household, gender of household head, income and awareness were important factors that positively influenced consumers WTP premium prices.
Analysis of Rice Profitability and Marketing Chain: A CaseStudy of District S...sanaullah noonari
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate rice profitability and marketing in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur
Sindh. This study was based on primary data, which was collected from rice farming in study area. Analysis was done by using
statistical technique like means, comparison of means and frequency distribution etc. Results shows rice farmer’s on average
per acre spent a total cost of production of Rs.41910.00, this included Rs.15200.00, Rs.2350.00, Rs.2900.00, Rs.7460.00,
Rs.7400.00 and Rs.6600.00 on fixed cost, Land preparation, Seed and sowing, Farm inputs, Harvesting and threshing
marketing costs respectively on capital inputs. Rice farmers on average per acre gross return of Rs.80200.00, Rs.70200.00 on
rice grain and Rs.10000.00 on straw in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur Sindh. The rice farmers on an average per acre earned
during study, Rs.38290.00 on net income, Rs.80200.00 on gross income and Rs.41910.00 on total expenditure in taluka Pano
Akil district Sukkur Sindh. Rice farmers on an average per acre gross income Rs.108400.00 and total expenditure is
Rs.68310.00 in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur Sindh area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1: 1.58 from rice
growing in the study area. The selected rice farmers on a net income per acre earned Rs.38290.00and total expenditure
Rs.41910.00 in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur Sindh area therefore, they availed input output ratio of 1:0.91 from rice
growing in the study area.
Keywords: Rice, Profitability, Marketing Costs, Net Returns, Cost-Benefit Ratio
Social Business Model for Agricultural Services Mobile Platform, Philippines,...Eric Stryson
Participants on GIFT's 30th Global Young Leaders Programme (YLP), in partnership with IRRI - International Rice Research Institute, proposed a new business model to provide an information services platform for rice farmers in the Philippines and elsewhere.
The extent of adoption of the market intelligence among the summer cabbage gr...inventionjournals
The cultivation of vegetables, which is done mainly for marketing purpose, is known as commercial vegetable cultivation. Having achieved self-sufficiency in production led agriculture, India have to focus on market oriented Agriculture, which generate additional value to the farm produce, income and employment for farmers. Market oriented agriculture means adding value may be in terms of on-farm and offfarm income and employment generation by the production of agriculture and product. Commodity marketing research is an essential item in the marketing continuum. Price forecasts, preferences for consumers and industries, cost of storage, transport, etc. collectively known as market intelligence and to be disseminated at the time of sowing and harvesting. Market intelligence is life blood of the market, therefore, it has great importance in market oriented cultivation. The present study was confined to “Ex-Post facto” research design. Present study was conducted to measure the extent of adoption of market intelligence regarding market oriented cultivation of summer cabbage teacher made tests were developed. Six practices in market intelligence namely, grading, packaging, transportation, demand, sources to know selling price and marketing channel were selected for adoption. Study revealed that majority (79.27 per cent) of the respondents had medium to high level of overall adoption of market intelligence. More than half of the respondents had adopted grading, transportation and marketing channel practices, while demand, source to know selling price and packaging practices were less adopted by the respondents. The independent variables viz., education, education of family, land holding, annual income and level of knowledge of the summer cabbage growers were established positively and highly significant association with their extent of adoption of market intelligence. Age of the summer cabbage growers was associated negative and highly significant with their extent of adoption of market intelligence. The size of family of the summer cabbage growers was failed to establish any significant association with extent of adoption of market intelligence regarding market oriented cultivation of summer cabbage
Maize seed marketing chains and marketing efficiency along supply chains of t...Premier Publishers
Remoteness, poor infrastructures, labor shortages, small quantities of seed at the producer level and few private seed traders are inherent problems in maize seed production and marketing in the hills of Nepal. Farm-saved seed, including seed exchange and private sector supply are the main sources of improved maize seeds in Nepal. Using the primary data collected from 200 respondents across 20 hilly districts of Nepal, this paper analyzes marketing chains and the efficiency of marketing of improved maize seed along the supply chains.
The results show five major maize seed marketing chains. Chain I involved producers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers; Chain II involved producers, collectors, wholesalers and consumers; Chain III involved producers, collectors, retailers and consumers; Chain IV involved producers, collectors and consumers; and Chain V involved producers and consumers. A total of 64.3 tons of improved maize seed was marketed through the identified chains. Chain II was the most important supply chain, accounting for 38.8per cent of total marketed seeds; while Chain I was the least important, accounting for 4.3per cent. Producers’ share on consumer price was highest in Chain V (100per cent) and lowest in Chain III (66per cent). Transportation cost accounted for the highest amount (average 47.5per cent). Highest margin of profit (NRs 6.5/kg) was taken by retailers and lowest by collectors (NRs 2.5/kg). Highest marketing efficiency with a magnitude of 7.24 was observed in Chain V and lowest with a magnitude of 0.9 in Chain I.
An Economic Study of Production and Marketing of Wheat Crop in Block Amnour D...ijtsrd
India is agriculture based country. Agriculture is the most important sector of Indian economy. In India agriculture sector account for about 15 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product 2020 2021. Ujjawal Kumar | Dr. Shiv Mangal Yadav | Dr. Om Prakash Maurya "An Economic Study of Production and Marketing of Wheat Crop in Block Amnour District Saran (Chhapra), Bihar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59784.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/59784/an-economic-study-of-production-and-marketing-of-wheat-crop-in-block-amnour-district-saran-chhapra-bihar/ujjawal-kumar
Measuring the cost of production and returns of hyv boro rice farmers :A stud...Kanok Chowdhury
This study is on the measurement of the cost and return of HYV boro rice farmers in comilla district. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that influence financial and economic profitability of HYV boro rice. In addition, this study highlights how cost of labor and commodities used in agriculture affect profitability and production of HYV boro rice crop in comilla district.
Rice Value Chain Analysis: Rice Seed Production as a Profitable Agribusiness ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study explored the rice value chain (RVC) in Nueva Ecija, value additions, found restrictions, and offered to upgrade solutions to improve the competitiveness of the rice industry and specific segments in the RVC using the value chain analysis (VCA) methodology. Farmers, paddy dealers, millers, wholesalers, wholesaler-retailers, and retailers in Nueva Ecija provided primary data. Workshops with stakeholders were also held to validate preliminary findings and identify upgrading strategies. The RVC begins with the provision of inputs for paddy production and concludes with the consumption of milled rice. The RVC is dominated by a traditional multi-layered supply chain with interconnected chain actors consisting of competing farmers, paddy traders, millers, and rice traders in each segment and, frequently, with the involvement of brokers in both paddy aggregation and rice distribution, thereby increasing marketing cost. The major constraints identified in the RVC included high production and marketing costs of paddy and rice due to low yield, high labor and material inputs, and a lack of critical infrastructure and market facilities (e.g., modern mills, dryers, cheap transport, and energy), resulting in high domestic paddy and rice prices and low competitiveness of the entire rice VC. To improve competitiveness, the rice industry should focus on developing and promoting yield-increasing, postharvest loss-reducing, and cost-cutting technologies, as well as those that improve overall RVC efficiency, such as investments in enabling infrastructure and facilities for transport, handling, storage, drying, and milling.
Assessment of Supply Chain Management of Sesame Seed in Pakokku Township, Mag...Premier Publishers
This study was carried out to examine the market performance of stakeholders along the sesame seed supply chain. The primary data were collected from 89 sesame farmers from four villages in Pakokku Township by using simple random sampling method and 11 traders or wholesalers at the crop exchange center in Pakokku, 5 sesame oil millers in Pakokku, 3 Mandalay wholesalers and 4 Yangon exporters were purposively selected in 2016-2017. Benefit and cost ratios in Pakokku were 1.22, it means that if the famer invest one MMK in sesame seed production, they will gain 0.22 MMK. Wholesalers and Chinese commission agents in Mandalay sell raw sesame products directly through the Muse exchange center, which is located on the border of Myanmar and China. Exporters in Yangon sell raw sesame products to Japan, Taiwan, and roasted sesame powder to Korea via Yangon port. The wholesalers/traders derive the greatest marketing margin and profit from the Sahmon Nat variety sold in Pakokku and Mandalay. The sesame supply chain was very weak in the study areas because of the profit by transacting the sesame without value adding and without any negotiating power by farmers.
This study was analyzed value chain analysis of sesame in Bench Maji Zone of Southwestern, Ethiopia. It was specifically aimed to address the research gaps by, identifying the major value chain actors and mapping the value chain, and identifying major factors affecting market outlet choices of sesame producers in Meinit Goldya and Guraferda Districts. For addressing these objectives the study used both primary and secondary data obtained from field survey and desk review. Multistage random sampling technique was used to draw 270 sesame producers. Descriptive statistics and econometric method of data analysis were used to analyze the data. The major value chain actors for sesame marketing in the districts were producers, wholesalers, rural collector, cooperatives, broker/commission agents, retailers, local consumers, ECX, exporters and non-governmental organizations. The multivariate probit model results indicated that Years of experiences, Coop membership, household size, Education level, Land under sesame, Quantity supply, participating in training and distance to nearest market significantly influenced sesame producer’s choice of market outlet. Depending on results of this study recommend that strengthening farmers sesame cooperative and enhancing the financial capacity of cooperative, improving accessibility of Transport services and developing infrastructure, improving farmers’ knowledge through adult education as well as their experience sharing with other sesame producing farmers, improving productivity through strengthening supportive institutions(extension service provider) motivating sesame producing farm household to participate different training. Therefore, those important socioeconomic and institutional factors which are mentioned above must take into account to improve the productivity of sesame in the study area.
Price Spread, Marketing Channel of Banana in Southern Tamil Naduijtsrd
India is the largest producer of banana in the world. In India Banana ranks second next to Mango in area and production, occupying an area of about 83 lakh hectares with an annual production of 46.26 lakh tons. The important banana growing states are Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, West Bengal, Bihar and Gujarat. However, the present production of banana in the country is highly inadequate. It is estimated that, the present annual per capita consumption of banana in India is 50 kg per head which is very low compared with other progressive banana growing countries such as Jamaica, Congo, Equator, Kenya and Uganda. Thus there is an immense scope of increasing banana production in the country. Banana is cultivated in an area of over 8037 hectares in Tuticorin District. This district is one of the major cultivators of banana in the state next to Trichy district. Srivaikuntam and Tiruchendur Taluks are the major cultivators of banana in the district. A major portion of this crop is marketed to other districts / neighbouring state, Kerala. The present study is to assessing the marketing channel of banana, two taluks namely Srivaikundam and Alwarthirunagari were selected for the study. We have interviewed 30 farmers [15 farmers of each block] and 20 intermediaries. There were three marketing channel through which banana was marketed in the study area. Banana is harvested and marketed throughout the year in the region. The banana producers can sell their produce either through pre harvest contract or commission agents and wholesaler. The retailers buy the banana from the above intermediaries. Dr Rajendran T | S.T.Pradeepkumar | M.Suruthi"Price Spread, Marketing Channel of Banana in Southern Tamil Nadu" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2284.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/market-economy/2284/price-spread-marketing-channel-of-banana-in-southern-tamil-nadu/dr-rajendran-t
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This research was aimed to perceive and analyze the relationship between fish farmers, value chain scheme, value and price margin, business feasibility, and strategy to strengthen the production of aquaponics catfish farming. This research employedqualitative and quantitative method (mix method analysis). The respondents of this research were fish farmers who were in charge in nursery stage, grow-out stage, and as collecting traders.
Value Stream Analysis of Vegetable Supply Chain in Bangladesh: A Case Studyijmvsc
Bangladesh is primarily an agricultural country. Agriculture plays a vital role in its economy in terms of
food safety, value addition, export earnings and employment. Bangladesh weather and soils are suitable for
a variety of harvests cultivation. More than 100 vegetables are produced in this country. Various types of
vegetables are grown in rural Bangladesh in small homesteads and large agricultural land both for the
own consumption and commercial purpose. Commercial vegetable trading has an integrated supply chain
system which depends on some intermediaries and their activities to take the vegetables from producers to
consumers. The main problem is consumer pays two to three times more than the producers’ margin. The
main objectives of this paper are to investigate the existing vegetable supply chain through value stream
analysis and to identify different stakeholders and their activities, and also to illustrate various cost and
price movement towards different stages of the supply chain. Based on the questionnaire different data are
collected from farmers, different market actors, and consumer and finally problems regarding vegetable
value chain are identified. In the existing situation, producers have no control over the vegetable supply
chain, product pricing; rather they are strongly influenced by market syndicates. In order to make the
problems of the existing supply chain network more understandable different analysis is conducted in this
paper. Finally a new network is proposed to the vegetable supply chain.
Estimating productivity gap and contribution of wheat productionsanaullah noonari
Shaheed Benazirabad farmers were divided into groups named high yield group, medium yield group and low
yield group. The farmers applied an average of 45.27 kg, 45.82 kg and45.18 kg seed per acre respectively.
Though, there is not a very large difference in average seed used by both farmer groups but the later used less
quantity of wheat seed per acre to some extent. The impact of different factors on these groups was measured
through multiple liner regression models. It was found that there exists a yield gap of 17.84 mounds per acre
between high yield group and research station. The yield gap between medium and high group was 8.02 Mds per
acre while the yield gap between medium group and low yield group was 5.93 Mds per acre. The standard error
of estimates F-statics and R-square for high yield group was 0.0623, 2.470 and 0.398 respectively, for medium
yield group 0.0314, 3.231 and 0.486 respectively and for low yield group 0.056, 1.342 and 0.345 respectively.
The other objective of the study was to calculate the growth rate of wheat in District Shaheed Benazirabad
Sindh. The exponential function was used to calculate the growth rate. It was found during study that the growth
rate of wheat in Pakistan was 2.59%, 2.94% growth of wheat in Sindh and in District Shaheed Benazirabad was -
1.17%, 9.75% respectively.
Keywords: Wheat, Productivity, yield gap, F-statics, R-square, Benazirabad, Pakistan.
analysis and determinants of profit efficiency of cassava farmersIJEAB
A study on the analysis and determinants of profit efficiency of cassava farmers in Cross River State, Nigeria was carried out using the stochastic frontier profit function of Cobb-Douglas functional form. Data for the study were collected from primary sources with the aid of a set of structured and pre-tested questionnaires. For the determinants of profit efficiency, the minimum and maximum profit efficiency was 0.14 and 0.91 respectively with mean profit efficiency of 0.65. The mean profit efficiency implies that farmers were able to obtain 65% of their potential profit from a unit mix of inputs. In other words, about 35% of the profit is lost to inefficiency of management. Thus in the short run, there is a scope for increasing profit from cassava production by 35%. Age (0.37), education (0.67) and household size (0.58) had positive impact on profit inefficiency. The analysis of profit inefficiency effect showed a significant gamma (γ = 0.86). This implies that 86% deviation from maximum profit obtainable was as a result of inefficiency of the farmers rather than random error or variability. The signs and significance of the estimated coefficients in the inefficiency model have important implication on profit efficiency of the farmers. It is recommended that farmers should be encouraged to invest in cassava production for its profitability and economic value, inputs should be made available and at affordable prices especially improved varieties of cassava cuttings and cassava farmers should be encouraged to receive training on proper agronomic practices and usage of inputs to enhance profit efficiency of input use.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 preview
Value chain analysis
1.
2. Submitted to
Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science
In
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
(AGRIBUSINESS AND MARKETING)
3. Examination Roll No. 11 AEM-JJ02 M
Registration No. 33554
Session: 2006-07
Semester: January-June, 2013
DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS AND MARKETING
BANGLADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
MYMENSINGH-2202
May, 2013
4. Rice is the staple food of Bangladesh. The territorial area of this country is very
small compared to its vast population. So it was very essential to increase rice
production for feeding the rapid increasing people.
Bangladesh is a poor country where about 28 million people live below poverty line.
So it is very important to keep the rice price at a reasonable price. But farmers and
rice marketing actors are need to be paid well. Moreover, rice price is also a
politically important issue. Considering all these reason this study has been
conducted to identify and analyze the value chain of rice marketing .
Value Chain: Value chain can be defined as value addition is to economically add
value to a product and form characteristics more preferred in the market place.
Rice Value Chain: Rice value chain concentrates on the linkages between each of
the actors (rice miller, Faria, Bepari, wholesaler, retailer, and consumer) along with
the value chain, from input supplies up to the ultimate consumers including
marketing and processing actors.
5. This study was a prototype research in Bangladesh. This will help new researcher to
have a base for identifying new scope and areas to be researched indeed.
Objectives
Based on some specific objective this study has been conducted. These were as follows:
i. To estimate the value addition of rice by the different actors.
ii. To examine the activities related to value addition of rice by different actors.
iii. To identify the constraints and opportunities in rice value chain and to recommend
measures for improvement.
Limitations
There were some limitations like shortage of manpower, funds, time, inconvenience of
some respondents etc.
In spite of having these limitations this study was an attempt to cover all the areas re
research.
6. Supply Chain
Anna (2006) stated supply chain as the art and science of managing and controlling the
flow of goods, energy, information and other resources like products, services and
people, from the source of production to the marketplace.
Alam (2005) identified three distinct channels in the supply chain of rice mills in
Bangladesh. These are rice processing channel, imported machinery channel and
rice mill equipment production channel.
Value chain
Porter, (1985) defined value chain is a chain of activities. Products pass through all
activities of the chain in order and at each activity the product gains some value.
Minten et. al. (2011) found that the lack of availability of high yielding varieties of the
highest-quality (fine) rice leads to important costs in the rice value chain, resulting
from the conversion of low paddy quality to high rice quality.
Mustafa et.al. (ongoing) in their study on “Improving Food Security through Value
Chain Management: A Study of Rice Value Chain in Bangladesh“ intended to link
the concepts of value chain management and food security, a linkage that has
received little research attention, particularly in the context of Bangladesh.
There are some studies on value chain of vegetables and fisheries in Bangladesh but
studies on rice value chain in Bangladesh are scanty.
Supply chain and value chain are often thought to be the same thing. In fact, supply
chain and value chain are two different concepts.
7. Study Area
The selected study area
was Jamalpur district.
Among seven upazilas
two specific upazilas,
namely, Dewangonj and
Islampur are chosen for
this study. These two
upazilas were selected
purposively because of
having previous
experience of the
researcher about these
areas.
Fig: Study Area (Dewangonj and
Islampur Upazila of Jamalpur District)
8. Selection of Period of Study
The present study covered six months
period that started from January 2012
to July 2012. Data were collected
during the period from February 2012
to April 2012 through direct interviews
with farmers, paddy traders, rice
millers and rice traders using a
structured survey schedule. Data were
collected for the previous Aman
season.
Sample Size
Preparation of the Survey
Schedule
Different interview schedules were
prepared for different actors. Farmer’s
interview schedule included questions
related to various aspects of
production, marketing and various
value adding activities at farm level.
Trader`s schedule included questions
related to volume of sales, place of
sales, price and the marketing cost and
various value adding activities.
Miller`s survey schedule included the
cost structure of paddy collection,
milling costs, disposal cost of finished
products (i.e. rice, bran, husk, broken
rice) etc.
Rice traders` survey schedule included
cost of rice collection, operating costs
of business, sales cost, price of rice etc.
Value chain actors Sample size
Farmer 10
Paddy trader (Faria,
Bepari, Aratdar)
15
Rice miller 10
Rice trader 10
9. Method of Data Collection
The researcher himself collected the
data through face to face interview.
Before starting actual interviews the
purpose of the research was clearly
explained to the sample farmers,
traders and consumers.
Data Collection
The researcher had to collect primary
data by interviewing them with a
questionnaire. To get the correct data,
repeated visits to the respondents
were made to stimulate their memory.
Analytical Techniques
Gross return: GR=ΣQP.PP + Qs.Ps
where,
GR = Gross return from paddy/rice
(Tk/acre)
QP= Quantity of paddy (quintal/acre)
PP= Average price of paddy
(Tk/quintal)
Qs= Quantity of straw (quintal/acre)
Ps= Average price of straw
(Tk/quintal)
10. Net Return
π = Gross return - (variable cost + fixed cost)
Here, π = Net return (profit)
Market margins
Gross marketing margin (Tk/quintal) = Sale price (Tk/quintal) - Purchase
price (Tk/quintal)
Net margin (Tk/quintal) =Gross margin (Tk/Quintal) - Marketing cost
(Tk/quintal)
Value addition (%)= (Marketing Margin / Purchase price) x 100
Processing and Analysis of Data
The filled up interview schedules were scrutinized and edited in order to
remove any ambiguities and inconsistencies of collected data. The collected
data were then transferred to Excel-sheets, compiled and summarized.
Qualitative data were converted into quantitative ones by means of suitable
scoring.
11. Marketing Channels
Two different marketing channels were found most in the
study areas. First, paddy marketing channel which was -
paddy producers (farmers) to rice millers. Second, rice
marketing channel was millers to ultimate consumers.
Actors in paddy marketing channels included Farias,
Beparies and Rice millers and actors in rice marketing
channel included rice miller, Bepari or wholesaler and
retailer.
12. Value Chain Map of
the Study Area
Paddy traders collected
paddy from local farmers
of Islampur and
Dewangonj upazila and
supplied it to the rice
millers located in the same
upazilas. Major part of
paddy was assembled for
selling in local markets
such as Guthail,
Aamvodra, Battazor
Modon etc. On top of that
some large rice millers
were found who collected
paddy from Dinajpur,
Rangpur, Naogaon,
Bokshigonj etc.
13. Total variable input costs
was Tk. 21250.00 and which
was 75.22% of total costs.
Labour cost constituted the
highest and was about Tk.
14850.00 which was 52.57%
of total cost.
Fixed cost or rental value
land was on an average Tk.
7000.00 per acre of land.
Interest on operating capital
was 16%-25% depending on
types of lending authority.
Land rent and interest on
operating capital together
was about 24.78% of total
costs.
Generally it was found that
about 20 quintal paddy and
about 43 quintal straw were
obtained from one acre land.
Costs and Returns of Paddy Farmers
14. It was found that most of
the farmers were not aware
about the benefits of value
chain. The farmers were
engaged with some
traditional value adding
activities e.g. drying,
cleaning, storing etc. But
they had no idea about
modern value chain
activities.
Some large farmers
generally added about Tk
100.5per quintal paddy by
storing for few months in
the study area.
Value Addition by Farmer in Different Forms
16. The cost of rice miller can be
classified into three broad categories
i.e. marketing cost of paddy, milling
cost of paddy and selling cost of rice.
Among these three- marketing cost of
paddy was the largest and was about
Tk. 76.95 per quintal which was
24.52% of total cost. Total milling cost
was Tk. 67.38 per quintal of which
total variable cost was Tk. 51.88 per
quintal and total fixed cost was Tk.
15.15 per quintal. Milling cost was
21.47% of total cost. Total selling cost
of rice was Tk. 36.73 per quintal
which was 11.71% of total cost.
Rice millers are the highest value
adding actors in the rice value chain.
On average rice millers add value of
about Tk. 313.78 per quintal paddy.
17. CHAPTER-IV
Continues…
Rice traders have
limited opportunity to
add value among all
other value adding
actors. They could add
about Tk. 165.42 per
quintal extra value with
rice price. Purchasing
price of rice was on an
average Tk. 2710.42 per
quintal and selling
price was Tk. 2875.82
per quintal. Net margin
or profit of rice trader
was Tk. 109.58 per
quintal and the profit
was Tk. 1.1per kg.
19. 1. Farmers
•Value addition by drying
paddy was 7.97%.
•Value addition by storing was
7.64%.
•Average storing duration was 3
months.
•Value addition by marketing
paddy was 3.05%.
2. Paddy Traders:
a) Faria
b) Bepari
3.Rice Miller
4.Rice Traders
20. Constraints
Major constraints were as follows:
Farmers constraints were high input cost, shortage of capital and credit,
unavailability of modern technologies, improper market information,
bad transport system and frequent flood etc.
Paddy traders mentioned as their constraints were high transportation
cost due to bad road and infrastructure, lack of credit facilities, poor
market information system etc.
Most of the Rice Millers told about distorted electricity supply, shortage
of fund, bad transportation system and distorted marketing channel etc.
Rice traders mentioned instability of rice market, high cost of transport
etc. as their constraints.
21. Opportunities
The researcher found some opportunities to improve rice value
chain in Jamalpur district. These were as follows:
Farmers were changing their farming system subsistence to
commercial farming.
Road and transport facilities both were improving. This would
make the farmers and also the other value chain actors more
attentive about effective value chain.
Awareness about value chain would help the farmers to
cultivate rice more intensively and modern technologies would
be used. Rice millers would improve the quality of product by
grading, shorting etc.
Credit facilities will make the actors more conscious about value
chain indeed.
22. Summary
Farmers were the first value adding actors who produced paddy and
supplied it to the markets.
About 65-70% of the farmers in the western areas of both upazilas near the
Jamuna River mentioned the problem of early flood almost every year.
The paddy yield rate was found to be 50 quintal/acre of paddy.
Cost and return for 1 acre land
Total variable cost of production was Tk. 21,250.00 which was about 75.22%
of total cost. Average rental value for per acre of land for one season of rice
was Tk. 7,000.00. Land rent was about 24.78% of total cost. Gross cost was Tk.
28,250.00/acre for producing per quintal paddy it was Tk. 1412.50.
Gross return from paddy and straw was Tk. 32,320.00/acre.
On an average paddy was stored for three months. By drying paddy farmers
added about Tk 105.00/quintal. Farmers could add Tk 100.00/ extra value if
they were sold paddy in the markets instead of selling at farm gate. The
percentages of value addition through drying, marketing and storing were
7.97%, 7.64% and 6.94%, respectively. That means on an average farmers
add 7.13% value with paddy
23. Paddy traders were second types of actors in rice value chain.
Mainly the Farias and Beparies were the paddy traders. Paddy
traders collected paddy from local farmers of Islampur and
Dewangonj upazila and supplied to the rice millers in the same
areas. Major part of paddy was assembled for selling in local
markets named Guthail bazaar, Aamvodra bazaar, Battazor,
Modon bazaar etc. On top of that, some large rice millers
collected paddy from Dinajpur, Rangpur, Naogaon, Bokshigonj
etc.
Total marketing cost of paddy was 53.03 Tk./quintal which were
about 57% of value addition. Among the variable costs
transportation cost was the highest which was about Tk.
23.75/quintal. Total variable cost was Tk. 48.91 (92.24% of total
cost) and total fixed cost was Tk. 4.11 (7.76% of total cost).
Average purchase price of paddy was Tk. 1,425.00/quintal and
average selling price of paddy was Tk. 1510.83/quintal. Value
addition by the paddy traders was Tk. 85.83/quintal which was
6.03% of total.
Editor's Notes
Generally hectare and ton both are used by modern researchers as unit of land and rice amount measurement respectively. But Here acre (100 decimals) and quintal (100 kg) were used. There were two reasons for using acre and quintal< First reason was the respondent farmers were not so large scale producers. If the cost and return were converted into hectare and acre that might not reflected the original scenario. Second one was they respondent actors were accustomed with using mound (40 Kg) and Bigha (33 decilmal) and also acare (100 decimals) and quintal both types of unit for measurement.