1. EU environmental policy and
enlargement: challenges
and opportunities
EU Delegation to the Republic of Serbia
DG Environment
2. Increased awareness about the ecological problem of
economic development
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm,
1972)
Report of the Club of Rome on “the limits of growth”
Eco-movement in Western Europe
Summit Conference of Head of State and Government
(Paris, 1972) opened the way
Pressure of public opinion, political will at high-level and
absence of deep-rooted national policies
A common environmental policy in the EU:
The birth
3. Common market of pollution
Risk of distortion of competition
(avoid environmental dumping)
Common environmental problems
require common solutions
Trans-boundary aspects of
environmental protection
The European Institutions are better
placed to regulate based on long-
term strategies and programmes
A common environmental policy
Why?
4. Legal base
- Single Act (1987); Maastricht Treaty
- Lisbon Treaty
- 300 Directives, Regulations, Decision and ECJ
case law = the ACQUIS
- 80% of Member State ENV Law is EU Law
Public Consent
- 70 % of EU citizens rank environmental
protection as priority
EU environmental policy
Legal Base and Public Consent
5. Principle of precautionary and preventive
action (eg: Environmental Impact Assessment, Strategic
Environmental Impact Assessment)
Principle of Public Participation and Information
Principle “polluter pays”
It refers to expenditure and charges, in order to avoid
transfer of costs
(Eg: Environmental Liability Directive with regard to prevention and
remedying environmental damage, Environmental Crime
Directive on the protection of environment through criminal law)
A common environmental policy
The main principles – Horizontal legislation
6. EU’s 6th Environmental Action Program (2002 – 2012)
focuses on 4 priority issues
Tackling climate change by reducing GHG according to the
objectives of Kyoto Protocol
Nature and biodiversity by protecting and restoring the structure
and functioning of natural systems
Environment and health by achieving a quality of environment which
does not endanger human health
Sustainable management of natural resource by decoupling
resource use from economic growth
EU’s 7th Environmental Action Program under review
A common environmental policy:
The 6th EAP
7. Sustainable use and
management of
natural resources &
waste
6th EAP
Climate change
Nature &
biodiversity
Soil
Environment, health
& quality of life
Urban
environment
AirPesticides
Resources
Recycling
Marine
environment
6th EAP: overview
8. 8 sectors
Horizontal
Air quality
Water quality
Waste management
Nature protection
Industrial pollution control
Chemicals
Noise
(some are not covered by this presentation i.e. soil, spatial
planning, fiscal instruments)
EU environmental policies
The sectors
9. EU Environmental Policies
AIR SECTOR
Air Pollution causes 500,000 premature death p.a.
in the EU alone and € billions in damage to public
health, water, soil, ecosystem and infrastructure.
SO2 NOx VOCNH3PM
Health AcidificationEutrophication Ozone
CAFE policy targets for 2020
10. Fight against air pollution
Ambient Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC defines the management objectives
and principles of a common strategy on air quality objectives for ambient air.
Establishes Limit Values for the Main Pollutants
i.e. particulate matter (PM), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen
dioxide (NO2), Benzene and lead and its compounds;
Separate legislation for pollutants such as VOC, sulphur in fuels , heavy metals etc.
National Emmission Ceilings Directive 2001/81/EC (under review). Caps
total emmissions for 4 established pollutants for member states
EU environmental policies
Air sector
11. How EU air quality legislation works
Mobile
Sources
IED incl. the
4 below
stationary
sources
National
emissions
ceilings
IPPC LCP’s
RoadNon-road Fuels Quality
CAFE Directive
Incl. 1st-3rd
1St Daughter
2nd Daughter
3rd Daughter
Exchange
Information
4th Daughter
Immission
(concentration) Emissions
Incineration VOC’s
13. How EU air quality legislation works
Transport emissions of
air pollutants for EEA 31
(acidifying substances,
ozone precursors and
particulates), 1990-2005
14. Changes in loss of life expectancy in the EU in 2000 and in the interim objective in
2020
2000 Strategy in 2020
Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution
15. CO2 -21%
EU's Energy & Climate Change Package foresees to reach by 2020
- 20% reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels;
- Raising the share of EU energy consumption produced from renewable
resources to 20%;
- A 20% improvement in the EU's energy efficiency.
SO2 -32 %
NOx -12 %
PM -7 %.
from the baseline of kyoto treaty
Air Quality - Climate Change links
16. Quality objectives for European waters
Water plays the essential role in the natural ecological balance
and is oxygen for life, industry, fishing, recreational activities
etc.
Objective: Good ecological and chemical status of all Community
waters by 2015. Only 50% will achieve this status
Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC
Establishes management principles with ri
river basin management plans at the center.
Calls for cost covering water pricing which
includes cost of wastewater treatment.
EU environmental policies
The water sector
17. Water quality and Control of discharges into the
aquatic environment regulated for/by
Water Quality Standards Directive Surface Waters
Drinking Water, Bathing Water, Fish Water, Shellfish Water
Directives
Groundwater Directive 2006/118/EC
Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive 91/271/EC
Dangerous Substances to Water Directive
2006/11/EC prohibits or restricts the discharge of
toxic substances
Nitrates Directive 91/676/EEC protects waters against pollution
caused by nitrates from agricultural sources
EU environmental policies
The water sector
18. Efforts to combat sea pollution
- Sea pollution is very dangerous because of the consequences
for fundamental biological and ecological balance
Marine Strategy Directive 2008/56/EC establishes a framework for
UE action in the field of marine environmental policy (prevention of
risk, mutual assistance, compensation for damage in accordance
with polluter-pays principle etc.)
EU environmental policies
The water sector
19. Fight against industrial pollution
Directive 2010/75/EU on Industrial
Emissions. Regulates approx. 50,000 potentially
polluting installations ranging from
cement plants to large pig farms
- Introduces concept of Integrated Permitting i.e. one permit
for emissions into water, air, soil and other media and use of
Best Available Technology (BAT).
- Introduces minimum compulsory inspection cycles
EU environmental policies
Industrial emissions
20. Prevention of industrial hazards
Seveso Directive 96/82/EC and its updates Seveso II and
Seveso III on the control of major-accident hazards involving
dangerous substances. Regulates approx. 10,000 installations
producing, using or storing chemicals, explosives and other
hazardous substances
Requires definition of prevention policies for each
establishment, safety reports to identify accident
hazards, external emergency plans for approval by
by competent authority. Strong focus on public information.
EU environmental policies
Prevention of Accidents and Preparedness
21. Voluntary instruments
EMAS regulation (EU Eco-Management and Audit
Scheme )
management tool for companies and other organisations to
evaluate, report and improve their environmental performance.
EU Ecolabel
helps identify products and services that have a reduced
environmental impact throughout their life cycle, from the
extraction of raw material through to production, use and
disposal
Green Public Procurement
process whereby public authorities seek to procure goods,
services and works with a reduced environmental impact
throughout their life cycle when compared to goods, services
and works with the same primary function that would otherwise
be procured.”
EU environmental policies
Environmental governance
22. EU environmental policies
Waste management
Growth of waste: Between 1994 and 2005, EU
domestic waste increased by 19.4%.
Toxic substances contained in waste (3 billions tons/year in EU) are
hazardous for man and environment, as they can pollute water and appear
in food chain; recycled waste help overcome Europe’s scarcity in raw
materials
The EU is aiming for a significant cut in the amount of rubbish generated,
through new waste prevention initiatives, better use of resources, and
encouraging a shift to more sustainable consumption patterns.
Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC
Landfills Directive 1999/31/EC aims at reducing he
adverse effects of waste disposal in landfills
Shipments of Waste Regulation (EC) 1013/2006
23. Management of waste – specific rules for
disposals
Packaging Waste 94/62/EC
Sewage Sludge Directive 86/278/EC on the protection of the
environment and in particular of the soil, when sewage
sludge is used in agriculture
PCB/PCT Directive 96/59/EC on disposal of polychlorinated
biphenyls and polychlorinated terphenyls
RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC,
WEE Directive 2002/96/EC
and ELVs Directive 2000/53/EC
EU environmental policies
Waste management
25. Some Targets in EU Waste Legislation
Min. recovery Min. recycling Collection rate
Packaging 2008 60% 55%
Cars 2015 95% 85% 100%
Electronics
2006
2019
70%
85%
50% Min. 4 kg per inhabitant per year
20 kg per inhabitant year
Batteries
2011
50% - 75%
(efficiency)
2012 25%
2016 45%
Tyres 2006 0 landfill of tyres
2006 reduction to 75% of the 1995 level
Bio waste diverted from landfills
2009 reduction to 50% of the 1995 level
2016 reduction to 35% of the 1995 level
New targets 2015 Separate collection: at least paper/metal/plastic/glass
(WFD) 2020 50% household waste
2020 70% construction and demolition waste
27. Prevention of chemical hazards
Good safeguards in EU law regarding special purpose
chemicals but little knowledge about > 100,000 chemical
substances in every day products
New Approach since 2006 rests on two pillars
REACH - Registration, Evaluation, Authorization,
Restriction of Chemicals
CLP - Classification, Labelling and Packaging Directive
introduced in 2008.
EU environmental policies
Chemicals
28. Prevention of chemical hazards
REACH
- 30,000 chemicals already in use registered by 2018
- No data – No Market
- Progressive substitution of dangerous chemicals
- Limitation of vertebrate animal testing
CLP
- Same hazards should be described and labelled in the same
way all around the world.
EU environmental policies
Chemicals
29. Protection of flora and fauna
60% of the Earth’s ecosystem services have been degraded in the
last 50 years. In the EU, 88% of fish stocks are fished beyond
maximum sustainable yields. 38% of bird species are threatened.
According to economists, each year we lose 3% of GDP due to the loss of
biodiversity. That costs the EU €450 billion year after year. Compared to
these figures, investing €5.8 billion per year in Natura 2000 is a bargain
EU's Concept - Protection of natural habitats and species - with the Natura
2000 network of protected areas at the centre (at present 18% of EU land
area)
EU environmental policies
Nature protection
30. Main Legal Acts
Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC provides for the establishment of a
European ecological network of special conservation areas “Natura
2000”
Wild Birds Directive 2009/147/EEC (codification of the previous
79/406) provides for the conservation of wild birds
CITES Regulation EC/338/97 implement the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna but
covers a wider field (4 classes of species, various degrees of
protection, from monitoring to total ban)
FLEGT Regulation 2173/2005 establishing a license scheme for
imports of timber
Seals Regulation (EC) 1007/2009
Zoo Directive 1999/22/EC on keeping wild animals in zoo
EU environmental policies
Nature protection
31. Efforts to combat noise pollution
- Serious direct as well as indirect health effects, for example
damage to hearing or sleep and later mental disorder, as well as
increasing blood pressure
Environmental Noise Directive 2002/49 relating to the
assessment and management of environmental noise
EU environmental policies
Noise
32. Enlargement process: the main stages
..
.
Application for Membership
Opinion of the Commission
Serbia - Candidate Status 1/03/2012
Opening of Accession Negotiations
Accession Negotiations
Signature of Accession Treaty
Ratification of Accession Treaty
Accession
.
Stabilisation and Association Agreement
33. Environmental Policies
EU Assistance to Serbia
COMPARATIVE INDICATORS (Base Years for Data, 2006-2010)
Definition of Units Serbia EU 27 Serbia
as % EU27
GENERAL
Population Million 7.5 502.5 1.49%
GDP/Capita € 4,528 23,296 19.44%
Inflation Dinars/€ 6% 2% n/a
Household Income €/HH 5,208 19,000 27.41%
HH Expenditure on Utilities * % 16.10% 18.30% 87.98%
Expenditure on Environment % of GDP 0.40% 1.76% 22.73%
ENVIRONMENTAL
Drinking Water Supply % of Population Served 77% 93% 82.80%
Purified % of Population Served 68% 100% 68.00%
Urban Wastewater Collected % of Population Served 62% 93% 66.67%
Treated % of WasteWater Treated 10% 87% 11.49%
Municipal Solid Waste Collected % of Population Served 60% 99% 60.61%
Compliant Treatment (Lfill/Incin) % of MSW 12.45% 99% 12.58%
Recycled % of MSW 4% 43.50% 9.20%
Energy Intensity Kg Oil/€ . of GDP 225 167.00 134.73%
Emmissions Nox Kg/Capita 27.73 20.59 134.71%
Emmissions SO2 Kg/Capita 65.33 11.62 562.35%
Emmissions CO2 Tons/Capita 5.13 9.90 51.82%
* Accordi ng to the 2010 EU s urvey, EU 27 HH expendi ture on Hous i ng a nd Uti l i ti es a mounts to 33,1% a nd thi s does not di fferenti a te
between Hous i ng cos ts "per s e" a nd Uti l i ti es . In a 2006 s urvey, Hous i ng cos ts a re es ti ma ted a t 14,8% of HHI. In thi s Ta bl e we ha ve
ma de a "bes t project es ti ma te" for onl y uti l i ti es combi ni ng thes e two s ources .
35. Environmental Policies
EU Assistance to Serbia
Serbia: Summary of the Cost Benefit Analysis of Applying the Acquis (2012)
COST-BENEFIT RESULTS OF APPLYING THE ACQUIS
Based on Medium Range Benefits and EAS Project Cost Assessment
expressed in € million
BENEFITS COSTS
WATER 7.891 5.552
WASTE 2.705 2.796
AIR & INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION 14.737 1.992
ALL OTHER NOT MONETISED 244
TOTAL BENEFITS 25.333 10.584
37. TPs BG CY CZ EE HU LT LV MA PL RO SI SK
Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs)
2009 2006 2007 2008 2004 2005 2009 2007
Sulp. content fuel 2011 2006
Inciner. W. (old) 2005
Inciner. W. (new) 2008 2006
Shipment Waste 2009 2007 2011
Packaging 2014 2005 2005 2005 2006 2007 2009 2007 2013 2007 2007
Waste Electrical and
Electronic Equipment
(WEEE)
2008 2008
Landfills 2014 2009 2004 2012 2017
Asbestos 2004
Urban Water Waste
Treatment Directive
(UWWTD)
2014 2012 2010 2010 2015 2009 2015 2007 2015 2018 2015 2015
Disch. Dang. S. 2007 2007 2009 2006
Drinking Water 2013 2015 2005 2015
Birds 2008
Large Combustion
Plants (LCP) (old)
2004 2005 2007
Large Combustion
Plants (LCP) (new)
2014 2007 2015 2015 2017 2017
Integrated Pollution
Prevention and
Control (IPPC)
2011 2010 2010 2015 2011 2011
Examples of transition periods
38. Environmental Policies
EU Assistance to Serbia
Serbia : Time Schedule to Achieve Strategic Goals NEAS
TIMELINE
GOALS
SHORT TERM MEDIUM TERM LONG TERM
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
2020 -
2025
2025 -
2030
Transposition
Full cost-recovery tariffs
Reformed PUCs
Secured co-financing
Reformed institutions
39. Environmental Policies
EU Assistance to Serbia
Since 2000 approx. € 700 million in grants
(CARDS, IPA)
Approx. 30 % of EU Grant Assistance
Improved legislation, administrative
capacity and better water, air and waste
management for > 1.000,000 citizens
41. Environmental Policies
EU Assistance to Serbia
Example: Air protection
Air quality does not meet Serbian = EU air quality standards in Serbia's 8
agglomerations (cities and towns)
Sources of pollution are thermo power plants, district heating plants, traffic
and others.
EU supports air protection legislation, air quality monitoring, air quality
assessment and development of cleaner air plans. Examples - Belgrade,
Novi Sad and Bor.
EU investment focuses on the power sector clean up in
locations such as Obrenovac
By 2013 - 65% of Serbian Thermal Power Plants will meet EU
standards as regards Particulate Matter - the single most
health damaging air pollutant.
42. Environmental Policies
EU Assistance to Serbia
Example: Water Supply and Protection
Drinking water quality is still problematic in parts of rural Serbia. Use of
septic tanks (groundwater pollution) and surface water pollution is one of
several reasons why some drinking water schemes do not meet Serbian =
EU/WHO micro biological standards.
EU assistance is funding drinking water schemes, waste water collection
and wastewater treatment plants in locations such as Petrovac na Mlavi,
Indija, Sabac and Subotica.
500,000 citizens benefit from completed EU projects.
Planned projects for an additional 800,000 people.
43. Environmental Policies
EU Assistance to Serbia
Example : Waste Management
70% of household waste is collected, 15 % landfilled to EU standard
3000 wild dumpsites await closure
Average recycling of household waste is 7%- 8%
Hazardous waste management system in early stages of development
EU assistance supports amongst others regional waste
management schemes including construction of landfills,
collection equipment, waste separation lines and promotes now
also waste separation at source.
Waste Management schemes have been completed in Uzice, Pirot,
Sremski - Mitrovica serving close to 700,000 citizens
44. Resources include all material and
natural resources, from food, timber,
and biodiversity in the widest sense,
to energy, metals, soil, water,
minerals, our atmosphere and land.
Resource Efficiency is about:
Sustainable management and use of
resources throughout their life cycle
Producing more value with less
material and consuming differently,
within our planet’s natural limits.
EnvironmentEnvironment
The Life-cycle
SourceSource SinkSink
Extraction:Extraction:
16 tons16 tons
Disposal:Disposal:
6 tons6 tons
GrowingGrowing
technospheretechnosphere
To physical stock:To physical stock:
10 tons10 tons
Threats to ecosystem services !Threats to ecosystem services !
A common environmental policy
Towards a resource efficient economy
