The document discusses gas turbines, which are internal combustion engines characterized by a compressor and turbine setup, and it covers their theory of operation, types, applications in vehicles and marine environments, and advantages and disadvantages. Key applications include use in jet engines, turboprops, and new technologies for hybrid electric vehicles like the Jaguar C-X75. It also outlines the Brayton cycle, efficiency considerations, and historical and modern uses, including naval vessels and commercial ships.

1. A GAS TURBINE
Prepared By: Anup Mahato

2. CONTENT
 INTRODUCTION
 THEORY OF OPERATION
 BRAYTON CYCLE
 TYPES OF GAS TURBINE
 SCALE JET ENGINE
 MICROTURBINES
 GAS TURBINE IN SURFACE VEHICLE
 MARINE APPLICATION
 NON-MILITARY MARITIME
 TURBOFAN
 TURBOPROP
 ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE
 CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal
combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled to
a downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between.
A typical axial-flow gas turbine turbojet, the J85

4. THEORY OF OPERATION
• Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor,
where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high
pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of
the fuel increases the temperature. The products of
the combustion are forced into the turbine section.
There, the high velocity and volume of the gas flow is
directed through a nozzle over the turbine's blades,
spinning the turbine which powers the compressor
and, for some turbines, drives their mechanical output.
The energy given up to the turbine comes from the
reduction in the temperature and pressure of the
exhaust gas.

5. BRAYTON CYCLE
• The Brayton cycle is a thermodynamic
cycle that describes the workings of the gas
turbine engine, basis of the airbreathing jet
engine and others.

6. EFFICIENCY

7. TYPES OF GAS TURBINE
• Jet engines
• Turboprop engines
• Aeroderivative gas turbines
• Amateur gas turbines
• Auxiliary power units
• Industrial gas turbines for power generation
• Compressed air energy storage
• Turboshaft engines
• Radial gas turbines
• Scale jet engines (micro-jets)

8. SCALE JET ENGINE

9. MICROTURBINES
Also known as:
Turbo alternators
Turbogenerator

10. GAS TURBINES IN SURFACE VEHICLES
• Gas turbines are often used
on ships, locomotives, helicopters, tanks, and to a
lesser extent, on cars, buses, and motorcycles.
• A key advantage of jets and turboprops for
aeroplane propulsion - their superior
performance at high altitude compared to piston
engines, particularly naturally aspirated ones - is
irrelevant in automobile applications. Their
power-to-weight advantage, though less critical
than for aircraft, is still important.

11. PASSENGER ROAD VEHICLES
More recently, there has been some interest in the
use of turbine engines for hybrid electric cars. For
instance, a consortium led by micro gas turbine
company Bladon Jets has secured investment from
the Technology Strategy Board to develop an Ultra
Lightweight Range Extender (ULRE) for next
generation electric vehicles.

12. CONCEPT CARS
• Jaguar C-X75 concept car. This electrically
powered supercar has a top speed of 204 mph
(328 km/h) and can go from 0 to 62 mph (0 to
100 km/h) in 3.4 seconds. It uses Lithium-ion
batteries to power 4 electric motors which
combine to produce some 780 bhp. It will do
around 100 miles on a single charge of the
batteries but in addition it uses a pair of
Bladon Micro Gas Turbines to re-charge the
batteries extending the range to some 560
miles

13. Jaguar C-X75 concept car

14. RACING CARS
• Rover and the BRM Formula One team joined forces to
produce the Rover-BRM, a gas turbine powered coupe, which
entered the 1963 24 Hours of Le Mans, driven by Graham
Hill and Richie. It averaged 107.8 mph (173 km/h) and had a
top speed of 142 mph (229 km/h).
Rover-BRM

15. MOTORCYCLES
MTT Turbine SUPERBIKE appeared in 2000 (hence the designation of Y2K
Superbike by MTT) and is the first production motorcycle powered by a
turbine engine - specifically, a Rolls-Royce Allison model 250 turbo shaft
engine, producing about 283 kW (380 bhp). Speed-tested to 365 km/h or
227 mph.
Y2K MTT

16. MARINE APPLICATIONS
Naval
Gas turbines are used in many naval vessels, where they are valued for their
high power-to-weight ratio and their ships' resulting acceleration and ability to get
underway quickly. The first gas-turbine-powered naval vessel was the Royal Navy's
Motor Gun Boat MGB 2009 (formerly MGB 509) converted in 1947.
The Gas turbine from MGB 2009

17. NON-MILITARY MARITIME
 Gas turbines have been used
experimentally to power seagoing
commercial vessels since about 1949 (Anglo
Saxon Petroleum oil tanker "Auris").
In July 2000 the Millennium became the
first cruise ship to be propelled by gas
turbines, in a Combined Gas and Steam
Turbine configuration. The liner RMS Queen
Mary 2 uses a Combined Diesel and Gas
Turbine configuration.

18. TURBOFAN
Large jetliners use what are known
as turbofan engines, which are nothing more than
gas turbines combined with a large fan at the front of
the engine.
The turbofan is basically the combination of two
engines, the turbo portion which is a conventional
gas turbine engine.
The low specific thrust/high bypass ratio turbofans
used in today's civil jetliners (and some military
transport aircraft) evolved from the high specific
thrust/low bypass ratio turbofans used in such
[production] aircraft back in the 1960s.

19. Animation of a 2-spool, high-bypass turbofan.
A. Low pressure spool
B. High pressure spool
C. Stationary components
1. Nacelle
2. Fan
3. Low pressure compressor
4. High pressure compressor
5. Combustion chamber
6. High pressure turbine
7. Low pressure turbine
8. Core nozzle
9. Fan nozzle

20. TURBOPROP
 A turboprop engine is similar to a turbofan, but instead of a fan there is a
conventional propeller at the front of the engine. The output shaft
connects to a gearbox to reduce the speed, and the output of the
gearbox turns the propeller.
A turboprop engine in operation

21. ADVANTAGES OF GAS TURBINE
ENGINES
Very high power-to-weight ratio, compared to
reciprocating engines;
Smaller than most reciprocating engines of the
same power rating.
Moves in one direction only, with far less
vibration than a reciprocating engine.
Fewer moving parts than reciprocating engines.
Low operating pressures.
High operation speeds.
Low lubricating oil cost and consumption.
Can run on a wide variety of fuels.

22. DISADVANTAGES OF GAS TURBINE
ENGINES
Cost is very high
Less efficient than reciprocating engines at
idle speed
Longer startup than reciprocating engines
Less responsive to changes in power demand
compared to reciprocating engines

23. THANK YOU