Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes that children progress through four distinct stages as their minds develop: 1. Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years): Children learn about the world through senses and physical interaction. 2. Preoperational stage (2 to 7 years): Children develop language skills and symbolic thought but still struggle with logical reasoning. 3. Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years): Children can think logically about concrete events but not abstract concepts. 4. Formal operational stage (11 years onward): Children develop abstract thought and can consider hypothetical situations. Piaget's theory focuses on how children's cognitive structures develop through assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration

1. JEAN PIAGET
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
STAGES

2. SCHEME OF PRESENTATION
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Part 1 introduction
Part 2 Sensory motor Stage (0 – 2 y)
Part 3 Pre Operational Stage (2-7y/) Early
childhood
Part 4 Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 12y)
Later Childhood)
Part 5 Formal operational Stage (12 to 16y)
adolescence
Part 6 Cognitive Development in adulthood
and old age
Part 7 Application of JPCDT

3. Q.
Jack is Fairer than the Sarah
Jack is darker than Nicola
Who is the darkest?
Q. If the radius of the circle is 2, what is
the area of the square containing it?

4. Part 1 Introduction
 What is cognition
 What is development
 Who is Jean Piaget
 Principles of Jean Piaget’s cognitive
development theory.

5. 1.1What is Cognition

Cognition means knowing or understanding

Cognition consist of
intelligence, Perceiving, recognizing, recalli
ng, interpreting, reasoning.
Different approaches to cognitive development….


Piagetian Approach
Life Span Approach / Age Changes Shown
in intelligence test score in specific
cognitive processes, - memory and learning

6. 1.2 What is Development

Development is characteristic
changes in behavior that occur as
they progress through lifespan.
Major areas of human
development are ….
Physical Development .
 Social Development .
 Cognitive Development.


7. 1.3 Who is Jean Piaget (1896 1980)
A Swiss biologist, philosopher
and psychologist .
 Developed the most detailed and
comprehensive theory of
cognitive development in 1970s.
 He developed many of his ideas
through daily observation of few
subjects usually his 3 children
and a nephew.


8. Principles of JPCDT
Principles of JPCDT
Principles of JPCDT

Thinking of normal children is not just a
simpler version of thinking of adults. It is
qualitatively different.

According to JP, combination of assimilation
and accommodation results in adaptive
behavior- development of knowledge.

Third phenomenon that contributes
acquisition of knowledge is –Equilibrium.

9. 
Assimilation-modifying one’s environment so
that it fits into one’s already developed way of
thinking and acting.

Accommodation—modifying oneself so as to
fit in with existing characteristic of
environment.
Equilibrium – The tendency of the developing
individual to stay in balance intellectually
 by filling in gaps in knowledge
 by restructuring beliefs when they fail to test
out against reality.

10. He called his approach as genetic
epistemology as
 It focuses on origins
 Based on the study of nature and
acquisition of knowledge.
He concentrated upon thought.

11.  Scheme -- is specific way of knowing or
action sequences guided by thought.
 Operations– flexible mental actions that
can be combined with one another to
solve problems

12. 
Piaget does not explain in any significant
detail how cognitive development takes
place even at the level of formal operations.

He described relationship between modes
of thinking and age.

His approach reflects close observation
much like that of Darwin.

13. Part 2 Sensory motor Stage (0 – 2
y)


2.1 Lack of symbols
2.2 achievement of OP

14. 
Child merely senses things and act upon
then(sensory motor period)

They are concerned not with thinking about
things but rather with experiencing them
(Practical Intelligence)

First 2 months-- baby uses inborn reflexes to
interact and accommodate to the external world.
The inborn reflexes are—sucking and grasping.

2—5 months—coordinates activities of own
body and fine senses(Primary circular reaction)

15. 
5—9 months—seek out new stimuli in the
environment and begins intentional behavior
(Secondary circular reaction)

9m—1y – uses familiar means to obtains ends
beginning of OP. imitation of novel behavior.

1y – 18m – varies efforts, and discover through
active experimentation. (Tertiary circular
reaction)

18m—2y— that has been carried through
sensory and motor is increasingly carried on
internally(symbolic thought). Attains OP. Shows
signs of reasoning.

18. 2.1 Lack of symbols

Up to 8 months – do not carry around in
their head the symbols or images of
objects, they have no representational
ability.

Eg: when toy is shown, the baby wriggled
with delight. But when it is hidden, she
immediately lost interest.

19. 2.2 Achievement of OP
12m onwards the understanding that an
object continues to exist even when it is
not directly available to the sense.
 It marks the end of sensorimotor period.
 Eg:When the toy is hidden, baby search
for it.
 They carry images of rattle, balls, and
other things in their head—perhaps the
beginning of thinking.


21. 2.3 significance of sensorimotor
stage

In the absence of mother a child of
middle of sensorimotor stage searches
for mother.(separation anxiety)

22. Part 3 Pre Operational Stage (27y) Early childhood



3.1 Concept of ego centrism
3.2 Concept of centration
3.3 Development of Language

23. 
It is characterized by unsystemic thinking—
child does not understand the use of symbols
and basic operations.

Children learn without the use of reasoning
(Intuitive thinking).

Events are not linked by logic( Illogical
thinking)
Eg: If children drop a glass that then
breaks, they have no sense of cause and effect.
They believe that the glass was ready to
break, not that they broke the glass.

24. 
Later in their development, there may be
episodes children suddenly seem to spot the
logical gap.

Reason from particular to
particular(Transductive reasoning)
Eg: tea and oranges both are orange color

Events that occur together are thought to
cause one another(Phenomenalistic causality)
Eg: thunder cause lightning, bad thoughts
cause accidents

25. 
Fail to recognize operations of chance and
luck
Eg: why do you have a such a long nose
when you are so short

Can name objects, but not class of
objects(primitive concepts)
Eg: all men are daddy

Unable to think in flexible way that involve
reversibility (Rigid irreversible thinking)
Eg: cannot understand broken bones
amend, blood loss in accident is replaced

26. 
The tendency to endow physical events and
objects with life like psychological attributes
such as feelings and emotions (Animistic
thinking)

Cannot grasps the sameness of an object in
different circumstances.
Eg: the same doll in a carriage, a crib or a chair
is perceived to be three different things.

Things are represented in terms of their
function.
Eg: child defines a bike as to ride, a hole to dig

27. 
Believe that punishment for bad deed is
inevitable(Immanent Justice).

Cannot deal with moral dilemmas
Eg: who is more guilty the person who
breaks one dish on purpose, the person who
breaks ten dishes by accident.

Engage in symbolic play.

28. 3.1 concepts of ego centrism

Preoperational thought is characterized by
egocentric thought, because the child is
unaware of others perspective.
Perceptual egocentrism—child do not realize
that other people see things from a view
point different from theirs. (seen in 2—4 age)
Eg: young girl, playing hide and seek, shuts
her eyes and says ―ha ha can’t see me‖
Three mountain test


29. 
Cognitive egocentrism—children find it
difficult to understand other people don not
know their thoughts. In communicating with
other children often forget to put themselves
in the role of listener and to adapt their
message to that person.
Eg: they do not listen to a command to be
quiet because their brother has to study

31. 3.2 concept of centration

Preoperational thought also focuses on a single,
striking feature of an object or events, a tendency
called centration.

Conservation of identity in terms of length, mass,
numbers etc is not present.
Eg: two tall jars, one low wide jar,

Child reasons in terms of dominant perceptual
experience, no operation involved. ( do not use
knowledge in making judgments )

Because they are unable to think in flexible ways
that involve reversibility

32. 3.3 development of language

Gradually, the child’s representational ability
become more sophisticated and most
important children to use language to
communicate ideas to other.

Early object identity concept may be related to
the self identity concept, gender identity.
Eg. Mirror image experiment

Children use a symbol or sign to stand for
something, which starts as playful exercise
(Semiotic function).

33. Children use a symbol or sign to stand
for something, which starts as playful
exercise (Semiotic function).

34. 3.4 significance of preoperational
stage

Steady unfolding of the child’s intellect occurs by
means of appropriate stimulation in the form of
explorations.

Orphanage children who are not allowed to play
have decline in cognitive development.

The child’s curiosity is not just a nuisance or
amusing characteristic it is a impetus to
intellectual development.

Preoperational child benefit more from role playing
than by verbal description.

35. Part 4
Concrete Operational Stage (7 to
12y)
Later Childhood
4.1 Syllogistic Reasoning

4.2 Concept of Conservation and
reversibility


36. 
It is characterized by appearance of systemic
reasoning—thought process are logical and
reversible (flexible).

But is limited to a child’s area of concrete
experience—real world of objects and events.

They can think clearly about things that are
real, but not very clear about more hypothetical
propositions and also cannot grasp the broad
meaning of abstract concepts such as freedom,
integrity and truth.

37. 
They can regulate themselves

They begin to develop a moral sense
and a code of values.

They are able to reason and follow
rules and regulations.

38. 4.1 Syllogical thinking

Logical conclusions are formed from two
premises.
Eg: all horses are mammals (premise 1)
All mammals are warm blooded (premise 2)
Therefore all horses are warm blooded
(conclusion)

39. 4.2 Concept of conservation
of constants and reversibility

These are characteristic features of operational
stage

Conservational of constants--- is ability to
recognize that although the shape of objects may
change, the objects still maintain or conserve
other characteristics (length, area, mass) that
enable them to be recognized as same.

Reversibility—the capacity to understand the
relation between things, to realize that one things
can turn into another and back again.

40. 
Eg: two longer beaker one wide short beaker
with marble with marble child counts and
proves both are same
Other examples—for length, area
Muller—Lyer illusion
Subtraction—addition, multiplication—
division
 Child considers other factors besides the
dominant perceptual experience.
 At the end of this stage –child is capable of
reversing the transformation in mind.



42. 
Can solve problems that require
classification, ordering and sequencing.

Children can now see things from some
one else’s perspective.

Invention of alternate strategies.
Eg: two ways of getting to the store

43. Organize the world using hierarchies—a
given thing can fall some where on more
than one dimension at the same time. ( coordination of part-whole hierarchical
classification)
Eg: picture of seven people- two adults and
five children
 Dimension of people VS non people
 Dimension of children Vs adults
 Flexible operations allow them to think in
terms of hierarchy involving two dimensions
on broader than the other.


44. 4.2Significance of concrete
operational stage

Children who become overly invested
in rules may show obsessive
compulsive behavior: children who
resist a code of values often seem
willful and reactive .

45. Part 5 Formal operational
Stage (12 to 16y)
adolescence





5.1 Abstract Thinking
5.2 Hypothetical Thinking
5.3 Deduction and induction
5.4 Inter Propositional Logic
5.5 Reflective Thinking

46. 
It is the capacity for reasoning apart from
concrete situations—can imagine
possibilities inherent in operation.

Young persons thinking operates in a
formal, highly logical, systematic and
symbolic manner.

As the formal operations develop, the
adolescent moves beyond conventional
standards of morality toward construction of
his own moral principles.

47. 5.1 Abstract thinking


The general feature of formal operational
thought is ability to think terms of abstract
concepts that link concrete objects or action
together.
e.g. what is the purpose of the law
keeping people from stealing helping people
live in harmony

what they like about their mother—she fixes
me chili she care

abstract thinking is shown by adolescents
interest in variety of issues—philosophy,
religion, ethics and politics

48. 5.2 hypothetical
thinking

Thinking about how things might be if certain
changes took place. Hence, they will be able to
judge the reasonableness of a purely
hypothetical line of reasoning—can reason
entirely in abstract terms.
Eg. I am glad I don’t like onions, if liked them I
would always be eating them, and I hate onions .
9y -- onions taste awful, onions are aren’t so bad
12y-- if I liked they wouldn’t be unpleasant .

49. 5.3 deduction and induction

Deduction—reasoning from abstract
general principles to specific
hypothesis that follow from these
principles

50. 
Induction—the complementary
process of observing a number of
specific events or instances and
inferring an abstract, general
principle to explain those instances

51. 
Hypothetical and abstract thinking
make sophisticated deduction and
induction possible.

Deductive reasoning is more
complicated than inductive
reasoning.

52. 5.4 Interpropositional logic

It is the ability to judge whether
propositions are logically connected to
another regardless of whether
propositions are true.
Eg.. all college students are green
Sylvia is a college student
Therefore, Sylvia is green.

53. 5.5 Reflective thinking

The process of evaluating or testing your own reasoning.

It allows the person to be his or her own circle(evaluate from
the perspective of outsider and to find errors and correct
them)

It also make the adolescent a powerful experimenter and
problem solver.

54. 
Can reflect on their own and other
person’s thinking, they are susceptible
to self-conscious behavior.

Emergence of skills for dealing with
permutations and combinations

Can grasp the concept of probabilities.

Language is complex

55. 5.6Application of formal
operations

Development depends not only on
maturation but also the task involved
and on environmental stimulation.

Adolescent turmoil result from
normal development coming to grip
with newly acquired abilities to deal
with the unlimited possibilities of the
world

56. Part 6 Cognitive Development
in adulthood and old age

6.1 Piagetian perspective in
adulthood

6.2 Piagetian perspective in old age

6.3 Life span cognitive perspective in
adulthood and old age

57. 6.1 Piagetian perspective in
adulthood

Reasoning may operate differently in
adults than adolescents.

Adolescents hypothetical reasoning is
playful where as adults put it in the
dimensions of real life (realistic
thinking)--- may be a real advance that
goes beyond formal operations'.

58. 6.2 Piagetian perspective in old
age
The elderly do not do as well on many
tests as do adolescence and younger
adults .
 The explanation most Piagetian tests are
designed for children
 So ,when training provided they show
marked improvement
 Performance can also be hampered by
health problems , educational limitations
and generational differences


59. 6.3life span cognitive
perspective in adultrs and
old age






Intelligence adults in different generations may
differ in their intellectual performance but a given
individual will probably change very little
throughout early and middle adulthood
True intellectual decline before the late fifties are
unusual
From late fifties on ,there is often a decline in
abilities that involves speed of response
Beyond 80 , performance declines of some sort
become the rule rather than an exception
Many of the intellectual limitations found in older
adults reflect obsolesce ( generational difference )
Outdated skills that can be upgraded with training
and experience

60. Learning and memory
In old age classical conditioning
takes longer
 Verbal learning declines
 Memory performance deficit
especially in encoding and retrieval


61. Creativity
In young age , they are creative in fields
where fresh insight is required
Eg: maths, physics
 In 40 and after ,fields where thoughtful
synthesis of accumulated knowledge
required
Eg : philosophy , history and literature
Past 65 , can be a time of real consolidation
 Ideas and skills developed over most of a
life time can be brought together to produce
new achievement


62. Part 7 Application of JPCDT




7.1 Psychiatric application
7.2 Implications for psychotherapy
7.3 Educational Application
7.4 Extension of Piagets Theory

63. 7.1 In psychiatry
Adults under stress , may regress cognitively
as well as emotionally .
 Their thinking can become preoperational
and sometimes animistic
 In psychotherapy , increasing emphasis on
the cognitive component of therapeutic
endeavor
 Cognitive approach to therapy focused on
thoughts , including automatic assumptions
,believes , plans , and intentions
Eg: Beck’s cognitive therapy
,developmentally based psychotherapy( by
Stanley Green Span )


64. 7.2 implications for education
1) discover method of education for
reasoning
 2) lecture assigned reading &
modeling
For conveying of specific socially
constructured content


65. 7.3: Extensions of Piagets
theory
Laurence Kohlberg’s stages of morality
 James Youniss theory of children’s
concept of other people ( social cognition )
,based on abstractions from interpersonal
interactions .
 Theory of mind
Awareness that others have internal
states and mental representations


66. REFERENCES
MORGAN &KING
MUNN
KAPLAN SYNOPSIS
THANK YOU