Howard Gardner is an American psychologist who was born in 1943 in Scranton, Pennsylvania. He is known for his theory of multiple intelligences which identifies eight types of intelligence: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist. Gardner received many honors for his work including a MacArthur Fellowship and being the first American to receive the University of Louisville's Grawemeyer Award in Education. His theory of multiple intelligences challenged the traditional view that intelligence is a single general ability and that it can be adequately assessed by standard intelligence tests.