Jack Tuszynski presents "From Quantum Physics to Quantum Biology in 100 Years. How long to Quantum Medicine?" March 17 and 22, 2016 University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
This document discusses the potential role of quantum effects in biological processes like photosynthesis, olfaction, bird navigation, and consciousness. It describes how resonant energy transfer during photosynthesis may involve quantum superposition and coherence to efficiently transport excitation energy. For olfaction, it suggests that electron tunneling enabled by molecular vibrations could explain how different molecules with varying shapes but similar vibrations can smell alike. Regarding bird navigation, it proposes that cryptochrome proteins may experience quantum entanglement to detect magnetic fields. Finally, it presents the idea that consciousness could arise from quantum vibrations in microtubules orchestrated by synaptic inputs in the brain.
This document discusses particle accelerator cavities and electrodynamics. It explains that particle accelerators use electric fields to accelerate charged particle beams and magnetic fields to steer and focus them. Electrostatic accelerators directly use electric fields, while electrodynamic accelerators use oscillating electric fields to accelerate particles to higher energies. Radio frequency cavities operate as resonant circuits using oscillating electric fields from RF power sources to accelerate particle bunches in sync with the field oscillations. Superconducting RF cavities can achieve very high quality factors for particle acceleration. Common cavity types include quarter-wave and cylindrical pillbox designs.
It describes the definition of Planck's constant. Planck constant helps compute the discrete energy changes of a body by relating to the frequency of the photon. Planck constant explains the proportionality relationship between the photon's energy and the frequency.
For more information on this topic, kindly visit our blog article at;
https://jayamchemistrylearners.blogspot.com/2022/08/plancks-constant-chemistry-learners.html
This document discusses several basic concepts in MR physics:
1) When electrons flow in a wire or loop, they produce magnetic fields around them. Hydrogen protons in the body also act like tiny magnets when placed in a strong magnetic field.
2) At certain resonance frequencies, even small periodic forces can make a system oscillate at maximum amplitude through the absorption and storage of energy. Protons precess at their resonance frequency when placed in an MR scanner's magnetic field.
3) An MR signal is produced from the net magnetization of protons aligned by the main magnetic field when exposed to a radiofrequency pulse at the Larmor frequency. This forms the basis for MR image formation.
Waves transfer energy and have characteristics like amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and period. The principle of superposition means waves can interfere and add or subtract from each other. Sound waves are longitudinal waves that propagate through air and other materials. The Doppler effect causes changes in the perceived frequency of sound waves due to the motion of the source.
This document discusses the relationship between amplitudes and cosmology. Amplitude methods have led to advances in computing cosmological correlations through recursion relations and generalized unitarity. Observations of the CMB and large-scale structure have revealed properties of the primordial fluctuations, including near scale-invariance, adiabaticity, and Gaussianity. Models of inflation aim to explain these properties, and the effective field theory of inflation provides a framework to study fluctuations beyond slow-roll. Future experiments will further probe the initial conditions and search for signatures of the ultraviolet completion of inflation such as non-Gaussianity and tensor modes.
origin of quantum physics -
Inadequacy of classical mechanics and birth of QUANTUM PHYSICS
ref: Quantum mechanics: concepts and applications, N. Zettili
This document discusses the potential role of quantum effects in biological processes like photosynthesis, olfaction, bird navigation, and consciousness. It describes how resonant energy transfer during photosynthesis may involve quantum superposition and coherence to efficiently transport excitation energy. For olfaction, it suggests that electron tunneling enabled by molecular vibrations could explain how different molecules with varying shapes but similar vibrations can smell alike. Regarding bird navigation, it proposes that cryptochrome proteins may experience quantum entanglement to detect magnetic fields. Finally, it presents the idea that consciousness could arise from quantum vibrations in microtubules orchestrated by synaptic inputs in the brain.
This document discusses particle accelerator cavities and electrodynamics. It explains that particle accelerators use electric fields to accelerate charged particle beams and magnetic fields to steer and focus them. Electrostatic accelerators directly use electric fields, while electrodynamic accelerators use oscillating electric fields to accelerate particles to higher energies. Radio frequency cavities operate as resonant circuits using oscillating electric fields from RF power sources to accelerate particle bunches in sync with the field oscillations. Superconducting RF cavities can achieve very high quality factors for particle acceleration. Common cavity types include quarter-wave and cylindrical pillbox designs.
It describes the definition of Planck's constant. Planck constant helps compute the discrete energy changes of a body by relating to the frequency of the photon. Planck constant explains the proportionality relationship between the photon's energy and the frequency.
For more information on this topic, kindly visit our blog article at;
https://jayamchemistrylearners.blogspot.com/2022/08/plancks-constant-chemistry-learners.html
This document discusses several basic concepts in MR physics:
1) When electrons flow in a wire or loop, they produce magnetic fields around them. Hydrogen protons in the body also act like tiny magnets when placed in a strong magnetic field.
2) At certain resonance frequencies, even small periodic forces can make a system oscillate at maximum amplitude through the absorption and storage of energy. Protons precess at their resonance frequency when placed in an MR scanner's magnetic field.
3) An MR signal is produced from the net magnetization of protons aligned by the main magnetic field when exposed to a radiofrequency pulse at the Larmor frequency. This forms the basis for MR image formation.
Waves transfer energy and have characteristics like amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and period. The principle of superposition means waves can interfere and add or subtract from each other. Sound waves are longitudinal waves that propagate through air and other materials. The Doppler effect causes changes in the perceived frequency of sound waves due to the motion of the source.
This document discusses the relationship between amplitudes and cosmology. Amplitude methods have led to advances in computing cosmological correlations through recursion relations and generalized unitarity. Observations of the CMB and large-scale structure have revealed properties of the primordial fluctuations, including near scale-invariance, adiabaticity, and Gaussianity. Models of inflation aim to explain these properties, and the effective field theory of inflation provides a framework to study fluctuations beyond slow-roll. Future experiments will further probe the initial conditions and search for signatures of the ultraviolet completion of inflation such as non-Gaussianity and tensor modes.
origin of quantum physics -
Inadequacy of classical mechanics and birth of QUANTUM PHYSICS
ref: Quantum mechanics: concepts and applications, N. Zettili
Biomathematics is the branch of biology in which the mathematical expressions are used.
Here, we emphasize on mathematical models used in Biological phenomenas.
Piezoelectric materials generate an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress. Quartz was the first material discovered to exhibit piezoelectricity in 1880. There are naturally occurring and man-made piezoelectric materials including crystals, ceramics, and polymers. Piezoelectric materials are used in applications like sensors, lighters, motors, and sonar/ultrasound due to their ability to convert mechanical and electrical energy. They have pros like high output and stiffness but cons like signal decay over long cables or with static pressure.
Angular Momentum & Parity in Alpha decaysurat murthy
Angular momentum and parity play an important role in alpha decay. Alpha decay occurs when an alpha particle, which consists of two protons and two neutrons identical to a helium nucleus, tunnels through the potential barrier of the parent nucleus. The angular momentum of the alpha particle must be either even or odd depending on whether the initial and final nuclear states have the same or different parities. Measurements of the angular distribution of alpha particles can provide information about the possible values of orbital angular momentum involved in the decay process and help determine whether emission is more likely from the poles or equator of deformed nuclei.
This document discusses various types of artifacts that can appear on MRI scans. It describes artifacts as abnormal structures that appear due to limitations in MRI hardware or software rather than actual pathology. Common artifact types include motion artifacts from patient movement, aliasing from an insufficient field of view, chemical shift artifacts at fat-water interfaces, and magnetic susceptibility artifacts near metallic implants. Understanding the causes and appearances of artifacts is important for maintaining high quality MRI images and avoiding diagnostic errors.
Therapeutic ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to stimulate tissues below the skin's surface. It offers thermal and non-thermal effects. Thermal effects increase heat and metabolism through absorption of sound waves. Non-thermal effects are caused by cavitation, acoustic streaming, and microstreaming, which can affect cell membranes and permeability. Ultrasound beams have characteristics of frequency, wavelength, and velocity that change with distance from the transducer, creating non-uniform near and far fields.
Magnetic resonance imaging (mri) asit meher pptAsit Meher
The document provides an overview of MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). It discusses how MRI works by using strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body. It describes some of the key components of an MRI machine, including the superconducting magnet which generates the magnetic field, gradient coils which produce variations in the field, and RF coils which transmit/receive radio signals. It also touches on how the magnets need to be cooled to operate in a superconducting state to maintain the large magnetic fields required for MRI.
The new quantum theory proposes that photons have an eccentric nucleus of mass and charge that causes them to spin and travel in a sinusoidal wave path. This explains phenomena such as wave-particle duality and the formation of electromagnetic waves. Photons generate electric and magnetic fields as they spin due to the movement of their off-center nucleus, and interference occurs when photons' angular momentums constructively add. The theory aims to replace the temporary solution of wave-particle duality with a unified model of photons exhibiting both wave and particle properties due to their spinning eccentric nucleus.
Over 160 authentic Romani spells are contained in 162 pages. Groups of gypsy spirits with instructions on how to invoke them for various purposes, including love, wealth, protection, clairvoyance, and offerings.
There is 160 real gypsy spells for love, protection, defense against witchcraft, sex, scrying, job, health, well-being.
Gypsy amulets and gypsy astrology (signs), two methods of divination (dukkering).
How to set up a gypsy magic altar, among other things.
Dr Pawan Kumar presented on MRI principles, techniques, and reading. MRI works by using a strong magnetic field to align proton spins in the body. Radiofrequency pulses excite the protons, causing them to emit signals as they relax back to equilibrium. These signals are used to form MRI images. Key hardware includes magnets, gradient coils, and RF coils. MRI contrast depends on tissue T1 and T2 relaxation times and the chosen TR and TE parameters. Different sequences like T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and FLAIR are used to highlight various tissues and pathologies. Contrast agents can also be used to improve tissue contrast on MRI scans.
This document provides an overview of spin torque and spin torque nano-oscillators. It begins with an introduction to spin dynamics and the Larmor equation. It then covers magnetotransport and how ferromagnets act as spin filters. It explains how spin-polarized currents can exert a spin momentum transfer torque on the magnetization via reflection or transmission of non-collinear spins. This spin torque effect can compensate magnetic damping and cause magnetization to precess, leading to spin torque nano-oscillators that generate microwaves. The document provides a thorough tutorial on spin torque physics and dynamics.
A dimensionless quantity described as a fundamental physical constant characterizing the coupling strength of the electromagnetic interaction. Introduced by Sommerfeld in 1916 to describe the spacing of splitting of spectral lines in multi-electron atoms, it is formed from four physical constants: electric charge, speed of light in vacuo, Planck's constant and electric permittivity of free space.
The inverse fine structure constant (=137.035999...) represents the spin precession whirl no. of the electron. The electron exhibits a slight precession due to an imbalance of electrostatic and magnetostatic energy levels. Electric charge is a result of this spin precession and represents a loop closure failure (torsion defect) similar to topological charge.
Rest mass results from quantum wave interference due to precession. Hence, electric charge, rest mass and the fine structure constant are interrelated and directly calculable.
MRI is the preferred imaging modality for evaluating the brain as it does not use ionizing radiation. Basic MRI sequences include T1-weighted, T2-weighted, FLAIR, and DWI images which provide anatomical and functional information. Advanced techniques such as perfusion imaging, DTI, and spectroscopy provide additional data. Contrast agents can help identify lesions and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. Proper patient screening and positioning are important to obtain diagnostic images and ensure patient safety in the MRI scanner.
Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon where the quantum properties of two or more particles become linked in such a way that measuring one particle instantly affects the other, even if they are separated by a large distance. Einstein referred to this as "spooky action at a distance" as it appears to contradict relativity. When the spin of one entangled particle is measured, the other particle will automatically resolve to the opposite spin instantaneously. This effect seems to allow faster-than-light communication, though the exact mechanism remains unclear. Potential applications include quantum computing and teleportation.
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in the Modern Physics module, including light as an electromagnetic wave described by Maxwell's equations, light behaving as both a wave and particle as described by the photoelectric effect, the development of quantum theory and models of the atom, mass-energy equivalence expressed by Einstein's famous equation E=mc2, and the probabilistic and non-local nature of quantum physics. The module concludes with a discussion of Schrodinger's cat as an illustration of quantum superposition.
Physics is the study of matter, energy, and the interaction between them. It seeks to understand the fundamental mechanisms of nature through observation, experimentation, and theoretical analysis. Physics is an ancient and broad field that has many branches including astrophysics, atomic and molecular physics, biophysics, condensed matter physics, cosmology, geophysics, mechanics, statistical mechanics, theoretical physics, and thermodynamics. Each branch studies a particular domain through the application of physical laws.
This document discusses nonlinear optics and the dynamical Berry phase. It introduces nonlinear optics and summarizes early experiments. It then discusses how the Berry phase is related to nonlinear optical effects like second harmonic generation (SHG). Computational methods are presented for calculating SHG and other nonlinear optical properties from first principles using time-dependent density functional theory and the dynamical Berry phase. Examples of applying these methods to study SHG in semiconductors are provided.
1) The document discusses the photoelectric effect and its implications, including Einstein's explanation using light quanta.
2) It describes early experiments by Hertz, Lenard and others that showed light behaving as particles rather than waves.
3) Key points are that the maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons depends on light frequency, not intensity, challenging classical wave theory.
Quantum computing uses quantum mechanics phenomena like superposition and entanglement to perform operations on quantum bits (qubits) and solve certain problems much faster than classical computers. One such problem is integer factorization, for which Peter Shor devised an algorithm in 1994 that a quantum computer could solve much more efficiently than classical computers. While quantum computing is still in development, it has the potential to break popular encryption systems like RSA and simulate quantum systems. Practical implementations of quantum computing include ion traps, NMR, optical photons, and solid-state approaches. Quantum computing could enable applications in encryption-breaking, simulation, and cryptography, among other areas.
Gravitational collider physics uses binary black hole mergers to probe ultralight bosons through their effect on gravitational waves. Bound boson fields form "gravitational atoms" around black holes that can undergo transitions when perturbed by an orbiting companion. This leads to distinctive signatures in the gravitational waves like floating or sinking orbits and sharp features in the frequency evolution. Ionization of the cloud can also significantly shorten the merger time. Precise waveform modeling is still needed to apply these effects in gravitational wave searches.
MRI has become an integral imaging tool over the last 20 years. It uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues without exposing patients to ionizing radiation. Different pulse sequences (T1, T2, proton density etc.) along with contrast agents allow MRI to characterize soft tissues and pathology. It is commonly used to image the brain, spine, joints, soft tissues, and for angiography. Recent advances include diffusion MRI, spectroscopy, and functional MRI. MRI has good soft tissue contrast but is more expensive than other modalities.
Information Medicine Presentation at SAND 2015 by Nisha Manek, M.D.BillTiller
This presentation was given at the Science & Non Duality Conference (SAND) in San Jose, CA.
SAND is dedicated to bringing together the complementary pathways of human inquiry: the scientific method and spiritual practices. In this sense, the mission of SAND is to bring a consciousness inclusive science.
The document proposes an academic program in Quantum Biology at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Rajasthan. It discusses the need for interdisciplinary education to solve complex problems. IIT Rajasthan aims to establish connections between technology, society, and humanities. The proposed Quantum Biology program would address fundamental unexplained phenomena in biology using principles of quantum mechanics. It would eliminate boundaries between academic domains through a multidisciplinary curriculum integrating existing centers of excellence. The undergraduate and postgraduate programs would include core courses in quantum mechanics, biology and other fields to produce interdisciplinary scientists and engineers. Research would focus on theoretical and experimental investigations of quantum effects in biological processes like photosynthesis and bird navigation.
Biomathematics is the branch of biology in which the mathematical expressions are used.
Here, we emphasize on mathematical models used in Biological phenomenas.
Piezoelectric materials generate an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress. Quartz was the first material discovered to exhibit piezoelectricity in 1880. There are naturally occurring and man-made piezoelectric materials including crystals, ceramics, and polymers. Piezoelectric materials are used in applications like sensors, lighters, motors, and sonar/ultrasound due to their ability to convert mechanical and electrical energy. They have pros like high output and stiffness but cons like signal decay over long cables or with static pressure.
Angular Momentum & Parity in Alpha decaysurat murthy
Angular momentum and parity play an important role in alpha decay. Alpha decay occurs when an alpha particle, which consists of two protons and two neutrons identical to a helium nucleus, tunnels through the potential barrier of the parent nucleus. The angular momentum of the alpha particle must be either even or odd depending on whether the initial and final nuclear states have the same or different parities. Measurements of the angular distribution of alpha particles can provide information about the possible values of orbital angular momentum involved in the decay process and help determine whether emission is more likely from the poles or equator of deformed nuclei.
This document discusses various types of artifacts that can appear on MRI scans. It describes artifacts as abnormal structures that appear due to limitations in MRI hardware or software rather than actual pathology. Common artifact types include motion artifacts from patient movement, aliasing from an insufficient field of view, chemical shift artifacts at fat-water interfaces, and magnetic susceptibility artifacts near metallic implants. Understanding the causes and appearances of artifacts is important for maintaining high quality MRI images and avoiding diagnostic errors.
Therapeutic ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to stimulate tissues below the skin's surface. It offers thermal and non-thermal effects. Thermal effects increase heat and metabolism through absorption of sound waves. Non-thermal effects are caused by cavitation, acoustic streaming, and microstreaming, which can affect cell membranes and permeability. Ultrasound beams have characteristics of frequency, wavelength, and velocity that change with distance from the transducer, creating non-uniform near and far fields.
Magnetic resonance imaging (mri) asit meher pptAsit Meher
The document provides an overview of MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). It discusses how MRI works by using strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body. It describes some of the key components of an MRI machine, including the superconducting magnet which generates the magnetic field, gradient coils which produce variations in the field, and RF coils which transmit/receive radio signals. It also touches on how the magnets need to be cooled to operate in a superconducting state to maintain the large magnetic fields required for MRI.
The new quantum theory proposes that photons have an eccentric nucleus of mass and charge that causes them to spin and travel in a sinusoidal wave path. This explains phenomena such as wave-particle duality and the formation of electromagnetic waves. Photons generate electric and magnetic fields as they spin due to the movement of their off-center nucleus, and interference occurs when photons' angular momentums constructively add. The theory aims to replace the temporary solution of wave-particle duality with a unified model of photons exhibiting both wave and particle properties due to their spinning eccentric nucleus.
Over 160 authentic Romani spells are contained in 162 pages. Groups of gypsy spirits with instructions on how to invoke them for various purposes, including love, wealth, protection, clairvoyance, and offerings.
There is 160 real gypsy spells for love, protection, defense against witchcraft, sex, scrying, job, health, well-being.
Gypsy amulets and gypsy astrology (signs), two methods of divination (dukkering).
How to set up a gypsy magic altar, among other things.
Dr Pawan Kumar presented on MRI principles, techniques, and reading. MRI works by using a strong magnetic field to align proton spins in the body. Radiofrequency pulses excite the protons, causing them to emit signals as they relax back to equilibrium. These signals are used to form MRI images. Key hardware includes magnets, gradient coils, and RF coils. MRI contrast depends on tissue T1 and T2 relaxation times and the chosen TR and TE parameters. Different sequences like T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and FLAIR are used to highlight various tissues and pathologies. Contrast agents can also be used to improve tissue contrast on MRI scans.
This document provides an overview of spin torque and spin torque nano-oscillators. It begins with an introduction to spin dynamics and the Larmor equation. It then covers magnetotransport and how ferromagnets act as spin filters. It explains how spin-polarized currents can exert a spin momentum transfer torque on the magnetization via reflection or transmission of non-collinear spins. This spin torque effect can compensate magnetic damping and cause magnetization to precess, leading to spin torque nano-oscillators that generate microwaves. The document provides a thorough tutorial on spin torque physics and dynamics.
A dimensionless quantity described as a fundamental physical constant characterizing the coupling strength of the electromagnetic interaction. Introduced by Sommerfeld in 1916 to describe the spacing of splitting of spectral lines in multi-electron atoms, it is formed from four physical constants: electric charge, speed of light in vacuo, Planck's constant and electric permittivity of free space.
The inverse fine structure constant (=137.035999...) represents the spin precession whirl no. of the electron. The electron exhibits a slight precession due to an imbalance of electrostatic and magnetostatic energy levels. Electric charge is a result of this spin precession and represents a loop closure failure (torsion defect) similar to topological charge.
Rest mass results from quantum wave interference due to precession. Hence, electric charge, rest mass and the fine structure constant are interrelated and directly calculable.
MRI is the preferred imaging modality for evaluating the brain as it does not use ionizing radiation. Basic MRI sequences include T1-weighted, T2-weighted, FLAIR, and DWI images which provide anatomical and functional information. Advanced techniques such as perfusion imaging, DTI, and spectroscopy provide additional data. Contrast agents can help identify lesions and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. Proper patient screening and positioning are important to obtain diagnostic images and ensure patient safety in the MRI scanner.
Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon where the quantum properties of two or more particles become linked in such a way that measuring one particle instantly affects the other, even if they are separated by a large distance. Einstein referred to this as "spooky action at a distance" as it appears to contradict relativity. When the spin of one entangled particle is measured, the other particle will automatically resolve to the opposite spin instantaneously. This effect seems to allow faster-than-light communication, though the exact mechanism remains unclear. Potential applications include quantum computing and teleportation.
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in the Modern Physics module, including light as an electromagnetic wave described by Maxwell's equations, light behaving as both a wave and particle as described by the photoelectric effect, the development of quantum theory and models of the atom, mass-energy equivalence expressed by Einstein's famous equation E=mc2, and the probabilistic and non-local nature of quantum physics. The module concludes with a discussion of Schrodinger's cat as an illustration of quantum superposition.
Physics is the study of matter, energy, and the interaction between them. It seeks to understand the fundamental mechanisms of nature through observation, experimentation, and theoretical analysis. Physics is an ancient and broad field that has many branches including astrophysics, atomic and molecular physics, biophysics, condensed matter physics, cosmology, geophysics, mechanics, statistical mechanics, theoretical physics, and thermodynamics. Each branch studies a particular domain through the application of physical laws.
This document discusses nonlinear optics and the dynamical Berry phase. It introduces nonlinear optics and summarizes early experiments. It then discusses how the Berry phase is related to nonlinear optical effects like second harmonic generation (SHG). Computational methods are presented for calculating SHG and other nonlinear optical properties from first principles using time-dependent density functional theory and the dynamical Berry phase. Examples of applying these methods to study SHG in semiconductors are provided.
1) The document discusses the photoelectric effect and its implications, including Einstein's explanation using light quanta.
2) It describes early experiments by Hertz, Lenard and others that showed light behaving as particles rather than waves.
3) Key points are that the maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons depends on light frequency, not intensity, challenging classical wave theory.
Quantum computing uses quantum mechanics phenomena like superposition and entanglement to perform operations on quantum bits (qubits) and solve certain problems much faster than classical computers. One such problem is integer factorization, for which Peter Shor devised an algorithm in 1994 that a quantum computer could solve much more efficiently than classical computers. While quantum computing is still in development, it has the potential to break popular encryption systems like RSA and simulate quantum systems. Practical implementations of quantum computing include ion traps, NMR, optical photons, and solid-state approaches. Quantum computing could enable applications in encryption-breaking, simulation, and cryptography, among other areas.
Gravitational collider physics uses binary black hole mergers to probe ultralight bosons through their effect on gravitational waves. Bound boson fields form "gravitational atoms" around black holes that can undergo transitions when perturbed by an orbiting companion. This leads to distinctive signatures in the gravitational waves like floating or sinking orbits and sharp features in the frequency evolution. Ionization of the cloud can also significantly shorten the merger time. Precise waveform modeling is still needed to apply these effects in gravitational wave searches.
MRI has become an integral imaging tool over the last 20 years. It uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues without exposing patients to ionizing radiation. Different pulse sequences (T1, T2, proton density etc.) along with contrast agents allow MRI to characterize soft tissues and pathology. It is commonly used to image the brain, spine, joints, soft tissues, and for angiography. Recent advances include diffusion MRI, spectroscopy, and functional MRI. MRI has good soft tissue contrast but is more expensive than other modalities.
Information Medicine Presentation at SAND 2015 by Nisha Manek, M.D.BillTiller
This presentation was given at the Science & Non Duality Conference (SAND) in San Jose, CA.
SAND is dedicated to bringing together the complementary pathways of human inquiry: the scientific method and spiritual practices. In this sense, the mission of SAND is to bring a consciousness inclusive science.
The document proposes an academic program in Quantum Biology at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Rajasthan. It discusses the need for interdisciplinary education to solve complex problems. IIT Rajasthan aims to establish connections between technology, society, and humanities. The proposed Quantum Biology program would address fundamental unexplained phenomena in biology using principles of quantum mechanics. It would eliminate boundaries between academic domains through a multidisciplinary curriculum integrating existing centers of excellence. The undergraduate and postgraduate programs would include core courses in quantum mechanics, biology and other fields to produce interdisciplinary scientists and engineers. Research would focus on theoretical and experimental investigations of quantum effects in biological processes like photosynthesis and bird navigation.
Punit Virk Transforming Pathology: Biotechnology as a positive feedback loop ...Kim Solez ,
Punit Virk presents Transforming Pathology: Biotechnology as a positive feedback loop for the evolution of anatomical pathology at Pathology-2015 in New Orleans, July 15, 2015
Consciousness as holographic quantised dimension mechanicsIstvan Dienes
This document presents a new theory called the Consciousness-Holomatrix Principle (CHM) which aims to provide a unified framework for understanding consciousness. It proposes that consciousness arises from any physical system's ability to self-observe or self-interact, forming an observer-observed-observation structure. The CHM views reality as interacting quantum fields, including the brain, where objective and subjective quantities are exchanged. Logical structures in the mind undergo transformations that can be described by the same mathematics as fundamental physical processes. The CHM thus seeks to describe both logical and physical processes with a single framework involving logical operators, spaces, and "branes" that parallel concepts in physics. This provides a way to understand consciousness and its
This document discusses a new theory called matrix logic proposed by August Stern. Matrix logic treats logic in a novel way by using vectors and tensors as logical primitives, rather than scalar values. This allows logic to be described using the same mathematical frameworks used in physical theories. Matrix logic unifies different logic theories and enhances computational power. It also provides a way to directly describe logical processes and intelligence using the language of physics. This suggests cognition and consciousness may be quantized and described fundamentally through numbers, opening new avenues for studying intelligence and fundamental interactions through a unified logical and physical framework.
Birgitta Whaley (Berkeley Quantum Computation) at a LASER http://www.scaruffi...piero scaruffi
1) Quantum mechanics plays a role in various biological processes like photosynthesis, bird navigation, smell, and ion channels.
2) Quantum biology has long been studied since the 1930s when quantum effects were first probed in biological structures.
3) Modern tools of quantum science allow unprecedented study of structure and dynamics across biological time and size scales, revealing quantum effects like coherence in light harvesting complexes involved in photosynthesis.
The rapidly increasing interest in the quantum properties of living matter stimulates a discussion of the fundamental properties of life as well as quantum mechanics. In this discussion often concepts are used that originate in philosophy and ask for a philosophical analysis. In the present work the classic philosophical tradition based on Aristotle and Aquinas is employed which surprisingly is able to shed light on important aspects. Especially one could mention the high degree of unity in living objects and the occurrence of thorough qualitative changes. The latter are outside the scope of classical physics where changes are restricted to geometrical rearrangement of microscopic particles. A challenging approach is used in the philosophical analysis as the empirical evidence is not taken from everyday life but from 20th century science (quantum mechanics) and recent results in the field of quantum biology. In the discussion it is argued that quantum entanglement is possibly related to the occurrence of life. Finally it is recommended that scientists and philosophers should be open for dialogue that could enrich both. Scientists could redirect their investigation, as paradigm shifts like the one originating from philosophical evaluation of quantum mechanics give new insight about the relation between the whole en the parts. Whereas philosophers could use scientific results as a consistency check for their philosophical framework for understanding reality.
accepted for publication in Acta Philosophica
This document discusses the latest findings in theoretical physics and consciousness research that could provide a foundation for a unified theory or "super-metatheory". It suggests that new understandings in physics point to reality being a field of consciousness, and that string theory uses higher mathematical concepts that reflect the multidimensional nature of consciousness. The author proposes that the logical structure of human consciousness may be the basis for a unified theory integrating all sciences, religions and philosophies.
Rescue anyone in immediate danger, activate the alarm by calling the operator and pulling the alarm, and contain the fire by closing doors and windows in the affected area. Extinguish the fire with the proper extinguisher if possible.
This document discusses various approaches to understanding consciousness from the perspectives of neurophysiology, psychology, philosophy, spirituality, physics, and logic. It proposes that consciousness may be understood as a topological energy field where thoughts are topological excitations or knots. Reality itself is proposed to be a quantum holographically projected information matrix structured and cognized by logical membranes or "L-branes" created in the projection process.
István Dienes Lecture For Unified Theories 2006Istvan Dienes
The document proposes a model called the Consciousness-Holomatrix to describe the physics of consciousness and logical mind. It suggests that consciousness is a topological energy field where thoughts are topological structures. Physical models and matrix logic are used to develop this idea. Consciousness and physical reality may be two holographically mapped fields within a quantum holographic Holomatrix that represents all information and is projected by logical membranes (L-branes) created in the projection process.
OBC | Quantum physics out of equilbrium: A new paradigm of computation and in...Out of The Box Seminar
Tomaž Prosen, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Quantum physics out of equilbrium:
A new paradigm of computation and information
http://obc2012.outofthebox.si/
The document discusses new ways to teach and engage people in quantum physics through visual means like 3D animations, design, and applied art. It describes the creation of resources like websites and videos that use graphics and illustrations to explain quantum phenomena simply. The goal is to make quantum physics accessible and appealing to general audiences, high school students, and teachers. This involves collaborations between physicists, designers, and artists to develop new formats for outreach and education.
This document discusses quantum biochemistry and the effective fragment molecular orbital (EFMO) method. The EFMO method blurs the boundary between linear scaling quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics, and polarizable force fields. It involves calculating properties of molecular fragments individually and then combining them to model intermolecular interactions through induced dipoles, allowing efficient modeling of large systems. Recent applications of EFMO to reaction barrier calculations showed good agreement with experiment. Further developments could include modeling solvent effects, open shell systems, vibrational frequencies, and more efficient geometry optimizations.
72nd ICREA Colloquium "What can and cannot be said about randomness using qua...ICREA
What can and cannot be said about randomness using quantum physics
It is usually said that quantum physics is, contrary to classical physics, intrinsically random. The intrinsic randomness of quantum physics follows from the fact that it is possible to observe correlations among quantum particles for which there exists no classical and deterministic model. The observation of these correlations, however, requires some assumptions about the setup. In particular, it requires some initial randomness, which makes the whole argument apparently circular.
We discuss how it is possible to relax this circularity and conclude that an intrinsic form of randomness with no classical analogue does exist in the quantum world.
This PowerPoint was one very small part of my Ecology Interactions Unit from the website http://sciencepowerpoint.com/index.html .This unit includes a 3 part 2000+ Slide PowerPoint loaded with activities, project ideas, critical class notes (red slides), review opportunities, challenge questions with answers, 3 PowerPoint review games (125 slides each) and much more. A bundled homework package and detailed unit notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow.
Areas of Focus within The Ecology Interactions Unit: Levels of Biological Organization (Ecology), Parts of the Biosphere, Habitat, Ecological Niche, Types of Competition, Competitive Exclusion Theory, Animal Interactions, Food Webs, Predator Prey Relationships, Camouflage, Population Sampling, Abundance, Relative Abundance, Diversity, Mimicry, Batesian Mimicry, Mullerian Mimicry, Symbiosis, Parasitism, Mutualism, Commensalism, Plant and Animal Interactions, Coevolution, Animal Strategies to Eat Plants, Plant Defense Mechanisms, Exotic Species, Impacts of Invasive Exotic Species.
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thank you again and best wishes.
Sincerely,
Ryan Murphy M.Ed
www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
During the Scientific Revolution, Francis Bacon and other natural philosophers developed inductive reasoning as an alternative to the deductive method that had been in use since Aristotle's time. Today, both methods are used by those trying to understand the universe in which we live.
This document contains information about a team of 5 students and milestones in quantum physics. It discusses J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron, Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect using the photon model, and key observations about the photoelectric effect that classical physics could not explain but quantum theory could.
Quantum Field Theory and the Limits of KnowledgeSean Carroll
A seminar, given to philosophers, on how quantum field theory allows us to delineate known from unknown in fundamental physics, and why the laws of physics underlying everyday phenomena are known.
Basics of Quantum Mechanics: - Why Quantum Physics? -ShivangiVerma59
The document provides an overview of the basics of quantum mechanics. It discusses key differences between classical and quantum mechanics, including that quantum particles can act as both particles and waves due to wave-particle duality. The four main postulates of quantum mechanics are outlined: 1) every system is described by a state function, 2) the state function defines probability distributions, 3) observables are represented by operators, and 4) the time development of state functions is governed by the Schrodinger equation. Key quantum phenomena like the photoelectric effect and Heisenberg uncertainty principle are also summarized.
Quantum mechanics is the science of the very small that explains the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic level. Some key aspects of quantum mechanics include wave-particle duality, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, Schrodinger's wave equation, quantum superposition, quantum entanglement, and more. Many experiments such as the double slit experiment provide evidence of these quantum effects.
Quantum mechanics provides a mathematical description of the wave-particle duality of matter and energy at small atomic and subatomic scales. It differs significantly from classical mechanics, as phenomena such as superconductivity cannot be explained using classical mechanics alone. Key aspects of quantum mechanics include wave-particle duality, the uncertainty principle, and discrete energy levels determined by Planck's constant and frequency.
1. The document introduces quantum mechanics and its importance in describing phenomena at the nanoscale and for systems where classical mechanics fails, such as atoms and molecules.
2. It discusses how quantum mechanics was developed due to failures of classical mechanics and outlines some early discoveries that contributed to quantum mechanics, such as Planck's blackbody radiation law and Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom.
3. The document focuses on energy quantization in quantum systems and uses the example of the quantized emission spectrum of hydrogen atoms to illustrate this phenomenon of discrete energy levels.
1) The document outlines key concepts from Einstein's theory of special relativity including reference frames, the Michelson-Morley experiment, postulates of relativity, Lorentz transformations, length contraction and time dilation.
2) It discusses experimental evidence for concepts like time dilation from observations of muon decay lifetimes and provides equations for length contraction, time dilation, velocity addition and relativistic mass.
3) The twin paradox is introduced as a thought experiment exploring time dilation between twins where one takes a high speed journey into space and back while the other remains on Earth. Accelerations are identified as the resolution for why the traveling twin ages less.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on quantum physics. It introduces key concepts in quantum mechanics like wave functions, Schrodinger's equation, and the observer effect. Some quantum phenomena are explained briefly, like quantum superposition, tunneling, and spin. Applications of quantum physics are discussed, including quantum computing and technologies like lasers. Sources for further learning about quantum mechanics online are also provided.
Quantum mechanics describes the behavior of matter and light on the atomic and subatomic scale. Some key points of the quantum mechanics view are that particles can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties, their behavior is probabilistic rather than definite, and some properties like position and momentum cannot be known simultaneously with complete precision due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Quantum mechanics has successfully explained various phenomena that classical physics could not and led to important technologies like lasers, MRI machines, and semiconductor devices.
Quantum physics arose to explain phenomena that classical physics could not, such as:
1. The spectrum of blackbody radiation, explained by Planck's hypothesis that energy is quantized.
2. The photoelectric effect, where Einstein proposed light is made of discrete quanta called photons.
3. The stability of atoms, resolved by Bohr's model where electrons can only orbit in discrete energy levels.
Classical physics made incorrect predictions for these phenomena, failing to account for their probabilistic and quantized nature. Quantum theory overthrew classical physics by introducing fundamental principles like the wave-particle duality and the probabilistic nature of measurements.
This document summarizes research on violating local realism with macroscopic ensembles of atoms. The key points are:
1. The research aims to show violations of local realism for an entangled state of two collections of a large number of "two-level" atoms, going beyond previous experiments using microscopic particles.
2. The hypothesis is that collective atomic states in collections of a definite number of two-level atoms can exhibit violations of local realism for any number of atoms, including macroscopic numbers.
3. The results include figures evaluating correlation functions for the system, which fall outside the bounds predicted by local realism theories and support violations of Bell's inequality even with macroscopic ensembles.
Quantum physics, also known as quantum mechanics or quantum theory, is a fundamental branch of physics that has revolutionized our understanding of the smallest particles and the fundamental nature of the universe. It represents a departure from classical physics, which had been the prevailing framework for describing the behavior of matter and energy for centuries. Quantum physics delves into the realm of the incredibly small, where particles like electrons and photons exhibit behaviors that challenge our intuition and defy classical notions of determinism.
At the heart of quantum physics lies the concept of quantization, which posits that certain physical properties, such as energy levels, angular momentum, and position, are quantized, or come in discrete, indivisible units. This fundamental departure from classical physics leads to a host of intriguing phenomena, including wave-particle duality, superposition, and entanglement, all of which have profound implications for our understanding of the cosmos and the development of modern technology.
In this exploration of quantum physics, we will journey into the fascinating world of subatomic particles and explore the principles and theories that underpin this enigmatic field. We will unravel the mysteries of wave-particle duality, understand the significance of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, and delve into the concept of quantum entanglement. Along the way, we will also explore the practical applications of quantum physics, from quantum computing to quantum cryptography, highlighting its profound impact on the way we perceive and interact with the physical world.
13
the behaviour of a complex system is determined by the behaviour
of its constituent parts. The whole is equal to the sum of its parts.
This allows one to break up a complex problem into simpler sub-
problems and solve them separately using the methods of mathe-
matical analysis.
So in summary, the main concepts of classical physics are:
continuity, determinism and the possibility of an analytical
approach based on dividing a complex system into its constituent
parts. Is this system of concepts logically perfect?
Yes, it is perfect. These concepts have stood the test of time and
experience. They form a consistent and harmonious whole.
But let us consider the following. Is it possible
Basic and fundamental of quantum mechanics (Theory)Halavath Ramesh
Quantum mechanics arose in the early 20th century to explain experimental phenomena that classical mechanics could not, such as black body radiation and the photoelectric effect. The document discusses the origins and fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics, including the dual wave-particle nature of matter and light, the uncertainty principle, and Schrodinger's formulation of quantum mechanics using wave functions and his time-independent equation. It explains that wave functions provide probabilistic information about finding particles in particular regions rather than definite trajectories, replacing Bohr's orbital model.
Classical mechanics and quantum mechanics are sub.pdfaquastore223
Classical mechanics and quantum mechanics are subfields of the branch of physics
called mechanics, that deal with two realms of size, the big and the small, respectively. The
border between big and small has not be scientifically defined yet, but almost every object we
deal with can be assigned to a respective group (i.e. galaxies, stars, planets, people, ants, and dust
particles are all big. Atoms, quarks, photons and electrons are all small). Classical mechanics is a
set of physical laws and their corresponding equations that describe/govern the motion and
interaction of big bodies within the universe. These equations are Galilean invariant which
means they do not apply to non-inertial reference frames. Classical mechanics is sometimes still
called Newtonian mechanics because it\'s basis is on the work of Isaac Newton. Classical
mechanics is an approximation of General Relativity in a weak gravitational field. Quantum
Mechanics is a set of physical laws and their corresponding equations that describe/govern the
motion and interaction of small bodies within the universe. Quantum mechanics as we know it is
the Copenhagen Interpretation which has a set of several main principles . There are two widely
taught formulations of QM, the wave formulation (Schrodinger), and the matrix formulation
(Heisenberg). In the most general sense, the equations that describe a baseball being thrown
cannot describe an electron in an accelerator. Likewise, the equations for the electron cannot
describe the baseball. There is a small caveat here though, the quantum statistical expectation
value of the position and momentum obey Newton\'s laws on average.
Solution
Classical mechanics and quantum mechanics are subfields of the branch of physics
called mechanics, that deal with two realms of size, the big and the small, respectively. The
border between big and small has not be scientifically defined yet, but almost every object we
deal with can be assigned to a respective group (i.e. galaxies, stars, planets, people, ants, and dust
particles are all big. Atoms, quarks, photons and electrons are all small). Classical mechanics is a
set of physical laws and their corresponding equations that describe/govern the motion and
interaction of big bodies within the universe. These equations are Galilean invariant which
means they do not apply to non-inertial reference frames. Classical mechanics is sometimes still
called Newtonian mechanics because it\'s basis is on the work of Isaac Newton. Classical
mechanics is an approximation of General Relativity in a weak gravitational field. Quantum
Mechanics is a set of physical laws and their corresponding equations that describe/govern the
motion and interaction of small bodies within the universe. Quantum mechanics as we know it is
the Copenhagen Interpretation which has a set of several main principles . There are two widely
taught formulations of QM, the wave formulation (Schrodinger), and the matrix formulation
(Heisenberg). In.
Introduction to quantum mechanics and schrodinger equationGaurav Singh Gusain
Classical mechanics describes macroscopic objects while quantum mechanics describes microscopic objects due to limitations of classical theory. Quantum mechanics was introduced after classical mechanics failed to explain experimental observations involving microscopic particles. Some key aspects of quantum mechanics are the photoelectric effect, blackbody radiation, Compton effect, wave-particle duality, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and Schrodinger's wave equation. Schrodinger's equation describes the wave function and probability of finding a particle.
Quantum theory describes reality on the smallest scales and has led to many modern technologies. It describes phenomena like particles existing in multiple places at once, which contradicts classical notions of physics. Quantum mechanics emerged in the early 20th century through the works of scientists like Heisenberg, Schrodinger and Planck, and provides the basis for chemistry, biology, electronics and more. The Islamic perspective is that Allah is simultaneously everywhere in the universe and closer than our jugular vein, demonstrating a duality consistent with quantum theory.
The paper proposes a model of a unitary quantum field theory where the particle is represented as a wave packet. The frequency dispersion equation is chosen so that the packet periodically appears and disappears without changing its form. The envelope of the process is identified with a conventional wave function. Equation of such a field is nonlinear and relativistically invariant. With proper adjustments, they are reduced to Dirac, Schroedinger and Hamilton-Jacobi equations. A number of new experimental effects are predicted both for high and low energies.
This document provides an overview of the basics of quantum mechanics. It discusses how classical mechanics explains macroscopic phenomena while quantum mechanics is needed to explain microscopic phenomena. The key differences between classical and quantum mechanics are examined from the classical point of view of particles with trajectories and the quantum point view. The concept of particle-wave duality in quantum mechanics is introduced along with examples like the photoelectric effect. Blackbody radiation is used as an example to illustrate the inadequacies of classical physics and the need for a new quantum theory.
The document provides an overview of the EPR paradox proposed by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen in 1935. The key points are:
1) The EPR paradox uses a thought experiment involving two entangled particles to argue that quantum mechanics provides an incomplete description of physical reality.
2) By measuring properties of one particle, corresponding properties of the distant entangled particle can be known instantaneously, appearing to violate relativistic constraints on information transfer.
3) While Einstein believed there were "hidden variables" not accounted for in quantum mechanics, experiments have verified quantum mechanics and shown that measurements do not reveal pre-existing states.
Similar to Jack Tuszynski From Quantum Physics to Quantum Biology in 100 Years. How long to quantum medicine? (20)
Kim Solez The Ethics of Pig to Human Transplants, Artificial Intelligence, an...Kim Solez ,
Kim Solez is an internationally renowned renal transplant pathologist and educator with over 30 years of experience. He has trained numerous students and published over 230 journal articles. Solez is passionate about advancing regenerative medicine through techniques like xenotransplantation and stem cell-generated organs to address the massive organ shortage. He believes artificial intelligence can help solve some of the complex challenges in making these approaches successful at scale.
Kim Solez DALL-E and Kidney Pathology Machine Fantasies Give Hint About What...Kim Solez ,
The document discusses the author's experience using DALL-E, an AI image generation model, to try generating images related to kidney pathology. The author notes that every prompt results in negotiation with DALL-E, as it has rules to prevent harmful outputs. The author imagines that future versions of DALL-E may be able to generate high-quality pathology images. The document also shares stories about the author's past work with the National Kidney Foundation and an artist named Philippe Hebert.
Kim Solez Clinical Trials, Fundamental DIscoveries and Teaching Renal Transpl...Kim Solez ,
This document discusses the history and importance of tubulitis as a marker for acute T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) in kidney transplant biopsies. It notes that Kim Solez first described tubulitis in 1985 in biopsies from a cyclosporine-treated protocol study. Tubulitis was later recognized as a crucial finding in the original 1993 Banff Classification article. The specificity of tubulitis for acute TCMR has made it a long-standing focus of morphometric analysis and machine learning in digital pathology. The success of identifying tubulitis has led to its continued importance in evaluating rejection over decades of clinical trials and transplant pathology practice.
Kim Solez How AI can improve human cooperation through suggesting followup ac...Kim Solez ,
The document discusses countering the idea of "AGI ruin", where artificial general intelligence makes humans obsolete. It suggests that instead of ruin, AGI could lead to unprecedented global cooperation that improves humanity. The best way for beneficial, cooperation-enabling ideas from AI to emerge is through a new type of large language model that possesses a true understanding of the world. Such an AI invention could win a Nobel Peace Prize if it helps increase human cooperation and avoids the lethal outcomes feared by some in the AI safety community.
Kim Solez How AI can improve human cooperation through suggesting followup ac...Kim Solez ,
The document discusses the potential outcomes of artificial general intelligence (AGI), including Eliezer Yudkowsky's idea of "AGI ruin" where humans become obsolete. However, AGI could also lead to greater global cooperation that improves humanity. The best way for AI to generate ideas to help human cooperation would be through large language models that have a true understanding of the world. This could help avoid the worst outcomes of AGI and instead create a more positive future of improved human cooperation.
Slide deck for annual meeting of Transplant Regenerative medicine Community of Practice of American Society of Transplantation at noon in Room 204 in John B. Hynes Convention Center. Everyone welcome! Many exciting initiatives to discuss!
Kim Solez Xenotransplantation- The Rest of the Story April 8 2022 6.pptxKim Solez ,
Nephrology Grand Rounds Presentation at the University of Alberta discussing the big picture issues surrounding xenotransplantation and its relation to stem cell generated organs and bioengineered organs in the future
Kim Solez Hooking-Up Physical Forces Optimism and Dark Energy Presentation Se...Kim Solez ,
Kim Solez Banff New Media Institute Presentation, "Smart, Sexy, Healthy" ThinkTank, Sept 6 2001
Hooking-Up, Physical Forces, Optimism and Dark Energy: Imagery, Hope, and Health.
Kim Solez combining resources in tx and regen med make no small plansKim Solez ,
This document discusses the future of combining regenerative medicine and transplantation through three main points:
1. Regenerative medicine promises to address longstanding limitations of organ transplantation by providing an inexhaustible source of organs, immunosuppression-free transplantation, and organs on demand.
2. Transplant pathologists are becoming tissue engineering pathologists and playing a role in regenerative medicine through organizations like Banff conferences.
3. A First World Congress of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine is being planned to bring together organizations in these fields to discuss their common future, with the goal of having the meeting in Boston in April 2021.
Solez Yagi Farris Barisoni Digital transplant pathology white paper2Kim Solez ,
This document discusses several digital pathology projects being conducted by Yukako Yagi and her team at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. These include developing automated analysis of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) images using deep learning, generating 3D digital images of whole tissue blocks using micro-computed tomography, and evaluating the use of multiplex immunofluorescence staining compared to double immunohistochemistry staining. The goal is to advance computational pathology through innovative applications of digital pathology techniques.
Kim Solez Yukako Yagi Digital transplant pathology white paper1Kim Solez ,
This document discusses digital transplant pathology and proposes initial projects for a working group. It describes how digital pathology can help address declining interest in pathology as a specialty. Only 25 pathology departments were fully digitized in 2018, rising to 30 in 2019. The percentage of US pathology trainees who are US medical graduates has declined in recent years. The document proposes that the working group focus on practical examples and first projects involving digital transplant pathology.
Kim Solez Yukako Yagi Digital transplant pathology white paperKim Solez ,
This document discusses digital transplant pathology and proposes initial projects for a working group. It begins with background on digital pathology and its potential to address declining interest in pathology. Only 30 of over 1000 pathology departments worldwide were fully digitized in 2019. The document then discusses exponentially advancing technologies and influential figures in the field. It proposes that the working group focus on practical digital pathology examples and first projects related to transplant pathology. One such example discussed is automated fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) quantification from whole slide images using deep learning.
Kim Solez 384 years of banff spirit new june 26 2019Kim Solez ,
Kim Solez 384 years of Banff spirit new June 26 2019 The most remarkable slide is number 137. "By Spring of 2019 every erroneous statement we complained about had been reversed. We celebrated by creating a new video trailer on our YouTube channel on June 25 2019." How about that!
Kim Solez C3 GN case with 6-8 nm fibrils Congo Red negative Part IIKim Solez ,
The needle core biopsy of the patient's left native kidney showed C3 glomerulopathy with a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis pattern, which is a form of glomerulonephritis where there is proliferation of cells and increased thickness in the glomerular basement membrane of the kidney.
Kim Solez C3 GN case with 6-8 nm fibrils Congo Red negative Part IKim Solez ,
A 49-year-old female presented with decreased C4 and normal C3 levels. A kidney biopsy showed strong mesangial and vascular staining for C3 on immunofluorescence, but was negative for IgG, IgA, IgM, C1q, kappa, lambda, and albumin. This suggests a diagnosis of C3 glomerulopathy.
Kim Solez shortened slide set for opening reception Pittsburgh Banff meetingKim Solez ,
This document provides a timeline of events and influences in Kim Solez's life and career from 1895 to 2099:
- It outlines the origins of Kim's beliefs in gender and diversity from childhood experiences in the 1940s and highlights various mentors and influences over her career in nephrology pathology.
- Key developments include initiating the Banff Classification of Transplant Pathology in 1991 and directing digital pathology, artificial intelligence, and regenerative medicine research efforts to transition the field into the future.
- The timeline shows Kim's work to establish the future of nephrology through innovations in education, collaborations, and applying emerging technologies like digital pathology and artificial intelligence.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
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Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
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3. Basics of Quantum Mechanics
Classical mechanics (Newton's mechanics) and Maxwell's
equations (electromagnetic theory) can explain
MACROSCOPIC phenomena such as motion of billiard
balls or rockets.
Quantum mechanics is used to explain MICROSCOPIC
phenomena such as photon-atom scattering and flow of
the electrons in a semiconductor. But there are
macroscopic quantum effects in: superfluids,
superconductors, lasers and crystal dynamics (phonons)
QUANTUM MECHANICS developed postulates based on a
huge number of experimental observations. It has a
precise mathematical formalism of Hermitian operators
in Hilbert spaces
4. Basics of Quantum Mechanics
Microscopic physical systems can act as both particles
and waves WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY
Quantum state is a superposition of a number of
possible outcomes of measurements of physical
properties Quantum mechanics uses the language of
PROBABILITY theory
An observer cannot observe a microscopic system
without altering some of its properties (an observer
problem)
QUANTIZATION of energy is yet another property of
"microscopic" particles.
5. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
One cannot unambiguously specify the values of
particle's position and its momentum for a
microscopic particle, i.e.
Position and momentum are, therefore,
considered as incompatible variables (same for
angle and angular momentum; time and energy)
22
1
00 )()( h
x tptx
6.
7.
8. The Photoelectric Effect
A Photocell is Used to Study the Photoelectric Effect
Larger frequency, means smaller wavelength, and larger Energy=hf.
9. Additional experiments demonstrating quantum
nature of the microscopic universe
The Compton effect (photon-electron scattering)
Atomic absorption/emission spectra
Double slit experiments (electrons and photons)
Stern-Gerlach experiment (magnetic spin)
10. The First Postulate of QM
States of microscopic systems are represented by wave functions
STATE FUNCTIONS (square integrable).
First postulate of Quantum mechanics:
Every physically-realizable state of the system is described in
quantum mechanics by a state function that contains all accessible
physical information about the system in that state.
State function function of position, momentum, energy that is
spatially localized.
If 1 and 2 represent two physically-realizable states of the
system, then so is their linear combination
11. The Second Postulate of Quantum Mechanics
If a system is in a quantum state represented by a wavefunction ,
then
is the probability that in a position measurement at time t the
particle will be detected in the infinitesimal volume dV.
Note:
position and time probability density
According to the second postulate of quantum mechanics, the
integrated probability density can be interpreted as a probability that
in a position measurement at time t, we will find the particle
anywhere in space (i.e one= certainty)
dVPdV
2
2
),( tx
12. The Third Postulate of Quantum Mechanics -
Every observable in quantum mechanics is represented by an operator which is used to
obtain physical information about the observable from the state function. For an
observable that is represented in classical physics by a function Q(x,p), the corresponding
operator is ),( pxQ
.
Observable Operator
Position x
Momentum
xi
p
Energy
)(
2
)(
2 2
222
xV
xm
xV
m
p
E
13. Basics of Quantum Mechanics
- Fourth Postulate of Quantum
Mechanics -1926 Erwin Schrödinger proposed an equation that describes the evolution of a quantum-
mechanical system SWE which represents quantum equations of motion, and is of the
form:
t
itxxV
xm
txxV
xm
),()(
2
),()(
2 2
22
2
22
This work of Schrödinger was stimulated by a 1925 paper by Einstein on the quantum
theory of ideal gas, and the de Broglie theory of matter waves.
Note:
Examining the time-dependent SWE, one can also define the following operator for the
total energy:
t
iE
19. Quantum Mechanics and Life
Nature over 2B years of experimentation on Earth
must have taken advantage quantum mechanics
20. Quantum Mechanics and Life
• Where does quantum
weirdness fit in?
• Coherence
– superposition of states
• Entanglement
– “spooky action at a
distance”:
distant particles affecting
one another without
energy transfer
21. Quantum Mechanics and Life
Five Gifts of Quantum Mechanics to
Nature
Stability
Countability
Information
Information Processing
Randomness
23. But interactions matter:
hierarchies of systems form
Biochemistry
Chemistry
Condensed matter
Physics
Elementary particle
Physics
nucleic acids proteins
ions molecules
(valence is important)
quarks nucleons
electrons & protons solids
24. Combinatorial Barriers
Elsasser’s immense number
I = 10110
I = atomic weight of the Universe measured in
proton’s mass (daltons) time the age of the
Universe in picoseconds (10-12
s)
No conceivable computer could store a list of
I objects, and even if it could, there would be
no time to inspect it !
26. Energy/Affinity Scale
Covalent bond 90 kcal/mol at 1.5 Å
Ion-Ion 60 kcal/mol at 5 Å
Disulphide bond 40 kcal/mol at 2.2 Å
Salt bridge 4-7 kcal/mol at 2.8 Å
Ion-dipole 6 kcal/mol at 5 Å
Hydrogen bond 0.5-12 kcal/mol at 3-5 Å
VdW 1-4 kcal/mol at 3.5 Å
kT at 310K is ~0.6 kcal/mol
GTP/ATP hydrolysis (biological energy quanta):
3 kcal/mol-60 kcal/mol
27. Many discounted QM in biology because…
• Life is big (cells) in comparison to photons/electrons where QM is
applicable
• Life is hot (and active) in comparison to where QM works best in
cold isolated environments where it is currently studied [to keep QM
coherence]
• Life is wet in comparison to controlled QM experimental
environments where it is studied in a vacuum to avoid
environmental influences which decoheres QM effects
• Life is slow in comparison to QM events where it is measured in
milliseconds or less
• Life is complex, requiring billions of particle relationships/bonds in
comparison to simple QM relationships/entanglements involving <
100 particles
• Life is not fuzzy (yes/no) and real in comparison to the QM random
world which is probablistic multi value/states superpositions
• Life is real, local, and stable in comparison to Heisenberg QM
uncertainty and non-local realism
• Life brings out discrete realism/information and QM always reverts
to its fuzzy world
• … BUT Nature is the nanotech MASTER!!!!! … so it was soon
found out that IT can!! since QM works in the nano-world
of BIO
28. • Collective dynamics of many freedom degrees.
• Life – a metastable state.
• Various types of local and global order.
• Structural and dynamic hierarchy, successive levels.
• Biological complexity – order without repetition.
• Short- and long-range correlations and interactions.
• Living organisms are open, irreversible, disipative systems.
• They are self-organized, optimal systems (->homeostasis), with
cooperative interactions.
• Nonlinear interactions, highly integrated dynamics.
• Such features – to some degree in various complex non-living
systems – but only organisms join them altogether.
Features of life unsolved by molecular
biology
29. Quantum Mechanics and Life
Quantum computers
use entanglement
and coherence
These states are
fragile
environmental
decoherence
keep cold & isolated
Biological systems
too “warm and wet”
Or are they?
30. Physiological Quantum Effects
• Light detection by the human eye
• Resonant recognition of aromatic
molecules in olfaction (sense of smell)
• Bird navigation
• Photosynthesis
• Mitochondrial Metabolism
• Consciousness (?)
31.
32. Quantum biology
• N.Bohr, W. Heisenberg, E. Schrodinger, J. von Neumann, C. von
Weizsacker, W. Elsasser, V. Weisskopf, E. Wigner, F. Dyson, A. Kastler,
and others – QM essential for understanding life.
• Quantum biology (QB): “speculative interdisciplinary field that links
quantum physics and the life sciences” (Wikipedia) –Some directions
:
– Quantum metabolism.
– “Biophoton” (ultraweak emission) statistics.
– Photosynthesis, light harvesting
– Solitons (Davydov), phonons, conformons, plasmons, etc.
– Decoherence, entanglement, quantum computation.
– Long-range coherent excitations – Froehlich.
– QED coherence in cellular water – Vitiello,Preparata, Del Giudice.
33. • Herbert Fröhlich postulated a dynamical order based on correlations
in momentum space, the single coherently excited polar mode, as the
basic living vs. non-living difference. Assumptions:
• (1) pumping of metabolic energy above a critical threshold;
• (2) presence of thermal noise due to physiologic temperature;
• (3) a non-linear interaction between the freedom degrees.
Physical image and biological implications:
• A single collective dynamic mode excited far from equilibrium.
• Collective excitations have features of a Bose-type condensate.
• Coherent oscillations of 1011-1012 Hz of electric dipoles arise.
• Intense electric fields allow long-range Coulomb interactions.
• The living system reaches a metastable minimum of energy.
• This is a terminal state for all initial conditions (e.g. Duffield 1985);
thus the genesis of life may be much more probable.
Fröhlich’s long-range coherence in living systems
34. Morphogenetic fields
• 1912:AlexanderGurwitsch introduced for the first time in biology the idea of a
field as a supracellular ordering principle corresponding to spatial but immaterial
factors of morphogenesis.
• Kraftfeld,a field in which a force is exerted.
• Gurwitsch tried to solve the biological problem of morphogenesis: How living
tissues transform and transfer information about the size and shape of different
organs.
• Chemical reactions do not contain spatial or temporal patterns a priori, and that
is why Gurwitsch looked for a "morphogenetic field".
• Geschehensfeld,afield in which events, occur in an integrated, coordinated
manner.Gurwitsch, A.G. (1912). Die Vererbung als Verwirklichungsvorgang,
Biologisches Zentralblatt, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 458-486.
35. Modern bioelectromagnetic field
concepts
• 1970 Presman:Review on Soviet research in bioelectromagnetism stimulated the
breakthrough and beginning of modern theories
• Non-equilibrium thermodynamics Organisms as open systems that exchange
energy, matter and information –how they establish a stable state far from
equilibrium A.Gurwitsch, E.Bauer, V.Vernadsky, and L.Bertalanffy.
• Contributions to modern concepts
• Negative entropy Organisms preserve their high order by feeding on negentropy
(highly-organized energy) from the environment Erwin Schrodinger, Albert Szent
Gyorgyi, Ilya Prigogine.
• Ilya Prigogine introduced his theory of dissipative structures, a discovery that
won him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1977
• •Herbert Frohlich introduced his concept of biological coherence.
36. Anatomy of the Intelligent Cell
Gunther Albrecht-Buehler, NWUniv Chicago
37. Centriole-Mitochondria Connection (G.
Albrecht-Buehler)
The control center detects objects and
other cells objects by pulsating near
infrared signals.
Cells have ‘eyes’ in the form of
centrioles. They are able to detect
infrared signals and steer the cell
movements towards their source.
Percentage of cells that removed the
light scattering particle as a function
of wavelength. The near infrared
wavelength, between 800 and 900
nm, is most attractive.
Extension of surface
projections towards the
pulsating light source.
38. Centrioles
Basal bodies and centrioles
consist of a 9-fold arrangement
of triplet microtubules. A molecular
cartwheel fills the minus end of the cylinder;
it is involved in initiating the assembly of the structure.
The cylinders – now called cetrioles – are always found in
pairs orientated at right angles. Dense clouds of sattelite
material associated with the outer cylinder surfaces are
responsible for the initiation of cytoplasmatic microtubules.
40. Quantum Metabolism
Metabolic activity is localized in the biomembranes
(1.) Plasma membrane Uni-cells
(2.) Thylakoid membrane Chloroplasts in plants
(3.) Inner membrane Mitochondria in animals
41.
42. Evidence for quantum coherence
•Engel 2007: Quantum Beating: direct evidence of quantum
coherence
•Lee 2007: “correlated protein environments preserve
electronic coherence in photosynthetic complexes and allow the
excitation to move coherently in space”
•Sarovar 2009: “a small amount of long-range and multipartite
entanglement exists even at physiological temperatures.”
•What does this mean for other biological systems?
44. Photosynthesis
Light energy absorbed by light harvesting
complexes (LHC)
LHCs transfer energy to photosynthetic reaction
centers (RCs)
RCs chemically store some energy (ie. ATP)
Remaining energy removes electrons from water
or sulphates.
Electrons used to turn CO2 into organic
compounds.
45. Photosynthesis
LHCs are pigment-protein antennas,
Densely packed chromophores efficient at
transporting excitation energy in
disordered environments (~99%)
Chromophore number and spacing vary
but separations on the scale of 15˚A
46. FMO Complex in C. Tepidum
From a New Zealand
hot spring.
Grow in dense mats
over hot springs that
contain sufficient
hydrogen sulfide
LHCs made of bacterio
-chlorophylls (Bchls)
49. Quantum Search Algorithms
Mohseni et. al.
investigated
quantum
search
algorithms in
FMO based on
the Cho et. al.
Hamiltonian
50. single-celled algae have a light-harvesting
system where quantum coherence is
present.
A UNSW Australia-led team has discovered how cryptophytes that survive in very low
levels of light are able to switch on and off a weird quantum phenomenon that occurs
during photosynthesis.
51. Quantum Entanglement
Evidence for the existence of entanglement in
the FMO complex for picosecond timescales
Prediction of entanglement is experimentally
verifiable because of these timescales.
Evidence for the beneficial role of quantum
coherence in LHC excitation transport.
Entanglement a by-product of quantum
coherence.
52. Quantum Beating and Coherence
Superposition states formed during a fast
excitation event
allows the excitation to reversibly sample relaxation
rates from all component exciton states,
efficiently directs the energy transfer to find the most
effective sink.
The system is essentially performing a single
quantum computation
Analogous to Grover’s algorithm,
Hamiltonian describing both relaxation to the lowest
energy state and coherence transfer
53. Extensions
Penrose and Hameroff suggest quantum
computations in microtubules as playing a
role in higher brain functions
“Aromatic" ring structures provide regions
of delocalizable/ polarizable electrons and
electronic excited states.
Tryptophan has an "indole ring" giving it a
high electron resonance and fluorescence
indole rings may take part in energy
transfer (photon exchange).
Unexplained 8 MHz non-thermal radiation
from microtubules.
Tryptophan path in tubulin and MT
Spacing ~ 20 Ang
54. A lattice of seven tubulin dimers as found in the microtubule
lattice. Red lines connect tryptophans, and rectangles show
four possible winding patterns.
(The work of Alexander Nip, Université de Montréal.)
55. • In photosynthesis coherent energy transferred between
chromophoric chlorophyll molecules.
• Tubulin possesses a unique arrangement of chromophoric
tryptophan amino acids.
• Spacing comparable to photosynthetic units.
Chromophore Network in Tubulin
55
56. Dipole Interactions in Tubulin
• Chromophores transfer energy via transition dipole moments.
• Tryptophan may be excited by 260 - 305 nm light (UV range)
• Possesses a transition dipole moment of ~ 5.5 - 6 Debye
• Non-negligible dipole coupling strengths
Vmn = ((5.04m2
)
( ˆmm × ˆmn -3( ˆmm × ˆRmn )( ˆmn × ˆRmn ))
Rmn
3
H = emam
t
am + Vmn (
n<m
8
å
m=1
8
å am
t
an + an
t
am )
56
58. Excitation Coherence in Tubulin
• Diagonalization of the Hamiltonian Matrix yields the excitation
energies and distribution.
• Values indicate a significant delocalization of the excitation over
several tryptophan residues.
• Quantum and local field corrections of protein environment taken into
account. 58
DecreasingEnergy
<10%
10-20%
20-30%
30-40%
40-50%
50-60%
60-70%
70-80%
80-90%
90-100%
59. Regulation of the Metabolic Pathway
Regulated by several Mechanisms:
•Product Inhibition
•Feedback Inhibition
•Reactant Activation
A lot of redundancy among pathways
60. Electron Transport Chain – Oxidative
Phosphorylation
•Movement of electrons from NADH to terminal electron acceptor through
Redox reactions
•Release of energy as electron moves from high to low Redox potential
facilitates movement of H+ across the mitochondrial inner membrane
•Movement of H+ back across membrane through ATPase results in ATP
synthesis from ADP
61. Energy consumption in
organisms history
1. Laplace and Lavoisier (1780)
Respiration is a form of combustion
Metabolic rate could be measured by the amount of heat
produced by the organism
• Rubner (1904)
i. Body size and metabolic rate of domesticated animals
ii. Body size and life span
1. Kleiber (1940)
Systematic study of the relation between basal
metabolic rate and body size
62. Body Size – Metabolism
Allometric Relation
Y = α Wβ
W = body size
The Parameter Y
a) Measures of physiological time:
I. Respiratory Cycle
II. Cardiac Cycle
b) Measures of metabolic activity:
I. Basal metabolic Rate
II. Field metabolic Rate
III. Maximal metabolic Rate
Y = Physiological time : β ~ 1/4
Y = Basal metabolic rate:
uni-cells: β = 3/4
plants: 2/3 < β < 1
animals: 2/3 < β < 3/4
63. Problems
What is the mechanistic basis for these
scaling rules?
Issues to be addressed
1. Variation in proportionality constant
α (Birds) > β (Mammals)
1. Variation in scaling exponents
β (Plants) > β (Animals)
β (Large mammals) > β (Small birds)
64. Quantum Metabolism
Metabolic activity has its origin in biochemical
processes which occur within biomembranes.
The theory integrates three classes of
phenomena:
i. The chemiosmotic coupling between the electron
transfer process and ADP phosphorylation
ii. The storage of this metabolic energy in vibrational
modes among the molecular components of the
membrane
iii. The quantization of the energy stored in the
membrane
65. QM: molecular phenomena
1. Chemiosmotic coupling: Mitchell (1970)
Process with ADP phosphorylation
Coupling of electron transport
• Energy storage: Froehlich (1968)
Storage of metabolic energy in the dipolar
oscillation modes
among the molecular components
• Energy quantization: After Debye (1912)
Analogies between: coupled oscillations of atoms
in
crystalline solids and coupled oscillations of
molecules
in biomembranes
66.
67. Results – e vs. V0, T = 300 K
• Only Type IIB behaviour
below e of 7.8.
• A narrow range of
parameters are defined for
MTs capable of
information processing.
68.
69. L. Demetrius (2003) Quantum statistics and allometric scaling of organisms. Physica
A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 322:477-490.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75. Biological “Planck constant”: E=kf
• Human energy production: 1021 ATP molecules per second
• There are on the order of 3.5 × 1013 cells in the human body
• each cell has on the order of 103 mitochondria, so there are approximately 3.5 x10 16
mitochondria in the human body
• hence approximately 3 × 104 ATP production events per mitochondrion per second.
• net effect: conversion of 1 molecule of glucose into 38 molecules ATP.
• each ATP synthase operates at a rate of 600 ATP molecules/s, we estimate that each
mitochondrion has on average 50 ATP synthase enzymes.
• Consequently, the frequency of the oxidative phosphorylation reaction is
approximately 1,000 cycles per second for each complex.
• Using: E0 = κf where E0 ~ 10 -20 J is the biological energy quantum we conclude that the
biological equivalent of Planck’s constant is κ = 10-24 J s which, when compared to the
physical Planck’s constant h = 6.6 × 10−34 J/s, gives a ratio of κ/h = 1.8 × 1011.
• The physical Planck’s constant corresponds to a single atom, the biological constant
corresponds to a mitochondrion. There are approximately 1.9 × 1014 atoms per cell and
approximately 1000 mitochondria per cell, which gives 1.9 × 1011 atoms per
mitochondrial “sphere of influence” within the cell.
76. The Microtubule Cytoskeleton
Hameroff et. al., In: Toward a Science of
Consciousness pp. 507-540 (1996)
• Microtubules (MTs) form elaborate networks in neurons
• Learning/memory involves reordering of the MT cytoskeleton.
• Cognitive diseases (Alzheimer ’ s, Dementias, Bipolar Disorder,
Schizophrenia) show dysfunction in the neuronal MT cytoskeleton.
76
78. Challenge: integration of various levels
in a hierarchy
Building a bridge between
the molecular level (cytoskeleton)
the membrane level (synaptic activity, AP)
80. Source of UV Radiation
• Tryptophan requires UV radiation to be excited.
• Is there a UV source inside cells?
• Rahnama et. al. 2010 (arxiv.org/pdf/1012.3371)
points out:
– Absorption/emisison of tryptophan dependent on
tubulin conformation
– Microtubule polymerization is sensitive to UV
(Staxén et al. 1993)
– Mitochondria are sources of biophotons at this
wavelength (Vladimirov and Proskurnina 2009,
Hideg et al. 1991, Batyanov 1984)
– Microtubules co-localize with mitochondria
(Tuszynski, Microtubule Plenary, TSC 2011)
http://www.mitochondrion.info/
81. Quantum link to function
• Mitochondria provide UV source.
• TRP excitations influenced by:
– C-terminal tail positions
– Microtubule associated
proteins (MAPs)
– Post-translational
modifications
• Resulting TRP dipole could affect:
– C-terminal tail position
– MAP attachment
– Ionic currents around MTs
• Quantum computation in TRPs
could couple to MT-MAP
computations 81
83. Brain questions
• What makes the brain special?
• What is consciousness?
• Where is memory stored?
• What is the computational
power of the brain?
• Is information processing in the
brain classical, quantum, or
fractal resonant (or something
else)?
• How can the brain work with so
low power compared to
computers?
84. The Human Brain:
a computer cluster of computers
• 1011 neurons in our brains
• 1015 synapses operating at about 10 impulses/second
(CPUs have 108 transistors)
• Approximately 1016 synapse operations per second i.e.
at least 10 PF ( Blue Gene performs at 1015 FLOPS=1
PETAFLOP)
• Total energy consumption of the brain is about 25 watts
(Blue Gene requires 1.5 MW)
• Is there anything special inside each neuron?
• YES, probably another computer that has both classical
and quantum processors
http://www.merkle.com/brainLimits.html
85. Potential for Memory Storage,
Computation and Signaling in MTs
C-termini states (4 per dimer)
Electron hopping (4 per dimer)
Conformational changes/GTP states
(2 per dimer)
Phosphorylation states: 4 per dimer
Total: 128 states/ dimer
100 kB/MT or 1 GB/neuron
100 billion neurons: 1020 bits/brain
At microsecond transitions: 1026 flops=
100 yottaflops!!!
BlueGene 1015 flops = 1 Petaflop
86. Energy limitations on information processing in
the brain
• P = 25 W but 60% used by ribosomes on protein synthesis alone
• Approximately 70% of the rest used to maintain temperature, so we
assume that 3 W at most is used for information processing
• Cost of 1 bit is at least 3 10 -21 J, if ATP used, then 5 10 -20 J
• The amount of information processed then depends on the clocking
rate but ranges from 109 to to 10 10 bits/neuron/sec.
• The clocking time ranges from 1 ns for a microtubule exciton to
1 ms for protein conformational changes to 1 ms for action potentials
to 1 s for brain’s Libet pre-processing times.
So: the number of bits per time step per neuron can vary between:
1-10 (ns), 1000-10,000 (ms), 1,000,000-10,000,000 (ms) to billions (s)
Hierarchical model of information processing: Few fast transitions but
many processing units ( 1018 tubulins in brain)
Many slow transitions but few processing units (1011 neurons per brain)
87. Fractal organization on time and
spatial scales
Ghosh S., et al. Information 2014, 5:28-100.
.
Hierarchical model of information processing: Few fast (ns) transitions but many
processing units ( 1018 tubulins in brain)
Many slow (s) transitions but few processing units (1011 neurons per brain)
88. Brain has a bandwidth of 1030 Hz
(from 10-15 to 1015 Hz)
Anirban Bandhopadhyay.
90. Focusing on the Dendrite
Previous and
current study
future study
91. MTs and Neurodegenerative
diseases
A common feature: a deteriorating cytoskeleton:
Typical sequence of events:
DNA Mutation or PTM ->misfolding->aggregation ->loss of function->
Neurodegenration
Examples: AD, PD, CJD, ALS, HD, TBI
Bioengineered cytoskeletal protein products or pharmacological
agents can stabilize, or destabilize the existing cytoskeletal matrix,
and prevent neuronal degeneration resulting from multiple causes.
92. Alzheimer’s disease
Both the neuronal and cognitive consequences of cytoskeletal
protein disruption
Cortical neurons in AD brain accumulate hyperphosphorylated tau, a
MAP, which triggers the formation of neurofibrillary tangles.
Neurons in AD demonstrate impaired axonal transport and
compromised MT matrixes, even in the absence of neurofibrillary
tangles.
Beta amyloid protein accumulates in the ECM
93. 93
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
• Alzheimer’s disease (AD) characterized by b-Amyloid plaques
(bAPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs).
• NFTs formed from hyperphosphorylated MAP-tau.
• bAPs correlate with cell death, NFTs with memory impairment.
• Link between these unknown.
93
94. MT’s in Parkinson’s and
Huntington’s diseases
Mutations in genes for α-synuclein and parkin proteins lead to
familial Parkinson’s, and contribute to sporadic cases
Altered α-synuclein and parkin proteins result in impaired axonal
transport of dopamine-containing vesicles. Dopamine is released
and degraded into toxic by-products that kill dopamine-containing
neurons.
Huntington’s chorea: an autosomal dominant disorder caused by
mutations in huntingtin protein, characterized by polyglutamine
repeat expansion. Polyglutamine repeats in huntingtin protein
disrupt its binding to microtubules resulting in impaired axonal
transport.
95. Stroke and traumatic brain injury – The cytoskeleton is
disrupted following ischemia due to blood hemorrhage, occlusion, or
injury.
Epilepsy – Microtubule-associated protein, MAP2, shows decreased
phosphorylation in parts of brain where epileptic seizure activity is
prevalent. This is indicative of impaired cytoskeletal dynamics.
Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS) – Axonal transport is
compromised in this movement disorder as a result of cytoskeletal
disruption.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease – A cause of impaired axonal
transport may be stalled microtubules that assume a hyperstabilized
state due to mutated dynamin2 protein.
Multiple sclerosis – This demyelinating disease also involves
disruption of axonal cytoskeleton.
96. 96
What is Memory?
Ability to encode, store and
recall information.
Postulated to be represented by
vastly interconnected networks of
synapses in the brain.
Memories formed by changing
synaptic strengths (Hebbian
Theory / Synaptic Plasticity)
Supported by the paradigm of
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
How is this achieved on the
molecular level?
What is the underlying substrate?
96
97. Memory storage
Holographic: Lashley, Pribram: mouse studies
Fractal, resonant, tubulin: Anirban
Sheldrake: Memories not stored
in the brain at all
caterpillar study, slime mold, ants
Plants that learn.
Bacteria that learn.
Mice descendants that do mazes more
quickly
98. • Is memory localized? Persistence of long-term
memory after head regeneration
Memory Storage
Shomrat & Levin, Journal of Experimental Biology 216:3799-3810, 2013
98
99. • If we want to listen to our intuition or gut
feeling, what information are we accessing?
• Is this information holographic or localized?
Are microtubules involved to access it?
• Can we measure this ability?
– Galvanic skin response (lie detector)
– Heart rate variability
– Noninvasive nanosensor biofeedback
Memory, Intuition, Gut feeling
99
100. Capacity of Human Memory?
Von Neumann (1950) – 3x1020 bits
Total life experience -we agree
Anatomists (1970’s) – 1013-1015 synapses
allowing 1016 syn-ops/sec
Landauer (1986*) – 109 bits
assumed we retain 2 bits/sec of visual, verbal,
tactile, musical memory!
Human lifetime ~ 2.5 billion seconds
Thomas K. Landauer "How Much Do People Remember? Some Estimates
of the Quantity of Learned Information in Long-term Memory" Cognitive Science
10, 477-493, 1986
101. Historical Perspective
1 Human = 1019 bytes
# of Words ever written = about 1016 bytes
# of Words ever spoken = about 1019 bytes
Data on all Digital Media = 3x1019 bytes
http://www.lesk.com/mlesk/ksg97/ksg.html
102. 102
Cytoskeletal Involvement in
Memory
Synaptic plasticity:
neuronal differentiation, movement,
synaptogenesis and regulation.
All involve cytoskeletal remodeling.
Assembly/reorganization of Microtubules
(MTs) and MAP cross bridges
Directing motor proteins transporting
molecular cargo along MTs
MT-MAP alterations correlate with
memory formation.
Dysfunction affects learning/memory.
MT disrupting agents affect memory.
102
104. 104
Information Storage
• Phosphorylation conveys
information.
• Each CaMKII – MT event
conveys 64 - 5218 bits.
• Each kinase event releases
~20 kT
• Robust encoding
104
105. Memory storage
Long-term Potentiation (LTP):
synaptic strength
Craddock:
MT phosphorylation
“Cytoskeletal Signaling: Is Memory Encoded in Microtubule Lattices
by CaMKII Phosphorylation?” by Craddock, Tuszynski, Hameroff
(2012).
106. 106
Ca2+/Calmodulin Kinase II (CaMKII)
• Vital for memory (long term potentiation – LTP)
• Single point mutations cause memory impairment.
• Suggested as a molecular switch for memory.
• Records synaptic activity, retaining a ‘memory’ of past Ca2+
influx events in terms of activated phosphorylation states.
106
107. 107
CaMKII Phosphorylates MT
• CaMKII phosphorylates S/T residues in many protein substrates.
• Tubulin one target of CaMKII.
• a,b-tubulin phosphorylated on S/T beyond residue 306.
• Phosphorylation alters MT interactions with MAPs.
107
Serine
Threonine
Positive
Negative
109. 109
Electrostatic Matching
• Field lines convergent
showing electrostatic
attraction.
• ~10 kT/e (6 kcal/mol at
310 K) attraction for single
kinase.
• Considerable binding
energy.
109
110. 110
Information Storage
• Phosphorylation conveys
information.
• Each CaMKII – MT event
conveys 64 - 5218 bits.
• Each kinase event releases
~20 kT
• Robust encoding
110
111. How does this affect neural function?
111
• PTMs may serve as tags
for MAPs to bind.
• Control:
• Neural structure
• Transport
• Synapse structure
• TRP excitation
114. Computational predictions and partial experimental conformation
exists for the binding of psychoactive drugs to tubulin which
suggests enhancement of cognitive functions by the action of these
drugs
This is consistent with the Hameroff hypothesis of the quantum
states of tubulin being involved (if not responsible) for mental
processes.
Anesthetics quench quantum hopping
Psychoactive drugs enhance quantum transitions
Our hypothesis: these compounds interact with the quantum
information processing in MTs
Mental Activity, Microtubules and Quantum Biology
116. What about Consciousness?
• Much harder to define.
• Related to brain function and memory.
• Penrose-Hameroff “Orch OR” most
comprehensive extended thcory
• Quantum computation in brain MTs.
• Anesthetics inhibit quantum states.
• But, isn’t biology too “warm and wet”
for quantum effects?
• Recently, quantum coherent energy
transfer shown photosynthetic systems.
• Can microtubules support similar
phenomena?
• Could anesthetics inhibit this
phenomena?
116
117. Anesthetic-Microtubule
Interactions?
Hypothesis: The microtubule (MT)
network in dendrites is related to
memory, and interaction with
anesthetics can influence
consciousness and alter memory
formation.
Anesthetics natural probe for
functional sites of consciousness
Memory formation and learning rely
on normal MT cytoskeleton
functioning
Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction
(POCD)
Exacerbation of diseases (Alzheimer’s,
FTD, Schizophrenia) following
anesthesia
http://www.brainleadersandlearners.com/wp-
content/uploads/2008/09/blog-brain-business2.
119. 119
What about anesthetics?
119
• Anesthetics provide analgesia, hypnosis, paralysis
and amnesia.
• Volatile anesthetics reduce polymerized MTs
• MT to macrotubule transformation by halothane.
• Halothane modifies colchicine-tubulin binding.
• Tubulin altered out to 3 days by desflurane.
• Tubulin altered out to 28 days by sevoflurane in rat.
• Halothane binds specifically to tubulin in humans
• Tubulin is changed by halothane and isoflurane in
rat.
• Of ~500 detectable proteins, tubulin among the
~2% affected by halothane, and ~1% altered by
isoflurane (1 of 3 affected by both)
• Location/ mechanism of interaction unknown
120. 120
• 47 Distinct Sites found
• 9 sites found to persist for more than 70% of the 5 ns simulation.
• Of these 9, key sites of interaction include:
– GTP binding site (responsible for dimer stability)
– Colchicine binding site (a MT depolymerizing agent)
– Vinca Alkaloid binding site (a MT depolymerizing agent)
– Putative zinc binding sites (involved in MT polymerization)
• Findings indicate only longitudinal/intradimer interactions are affected.
Putative Anesthetic Binding Sites
120
121. Anesthetics and Tryptophan Excitation
• Anesthetics possess a large dipole moment.
• Putative anesthetic sites lie as close as 7 Å to tryptophan
residues.
• Anesthetic dipole can influence tryptophan transition dipoles.
• Plausible that anesthetics interfere with potential energy transfer.
121
122. Quantum Psychology
The Development of a New Formalism: Second Quantization:
Transitions between Normal States of Mind (Maslow’s hierarchy of
needs)
Bosons and Fermions
Creation and annihilation operators
Commutator and anti-commutator algebras
Quantum energy states and the action of creators and annihilators on
energy eigenstates (excitation and de-excitation processes)
In mental states, the processes that either spontaneously or by
external intervention take the subject either to a higher level of mental
excitation or towards depression
Excitation in affective or psychotic terms
Coherent states and squeezed states
123. Psycho-Pathology
• The Development of a New Formalism: Q-Deformed Algebras and the
Distorted States of Mind in Mental Diseases
• q-bosons and q-fermions
• q-statistics
• the number of q deformations and the strength of deformation
• examples: an extension to quaternion values of the deformation parameter
• I= affective polarization (Fermi-Dirac statistics)
• J=cognitive efficacy (Superpositional probability)
• K=social integration (Bose-Einstein statistics)
• defining mental state axes in stages, (1) psychotic-non psychotic; (2)
affective-euthymic: (3) impulsive-controlled, (4) anxious – not anxious: (5)
autononous – enmeshed;
124. Connection to clinical psychiatry
• multidimensional classification systems taking account of quantum
statistics
• transitional states between normality and illness (even healthy people at
times can experience psychiatric problems
• transitional states grading severity of illness and predicting clinical course
• predictable and random effects determining clinical course and catastrophic
events
125. Future Goals
• To use quantum models to create a more adequate explanatory framework
for psychopathological phenomenology.
• To enlist quantum-formal actuarial tools for rigorous prospective estimation
of the impact of random and potentially predictable events on the evolution
of illness states and catastrophic events
• To use quantum statistics in actual risks assessments in a prospective and
hence more realistic context.
126. 126
The Problem with Embryology
Egon Schiele
Kneeling Male Nude (Self-
Portrait). 1910.
http://www.moma.org/exhibitions/schiele/artistwork.
html
Nikas, G., T. Paraschos, A. Psychoyos & A.H. Handyside (1994). The zona reaction in human
oocytes as seen with scanning electron microscopy. Hum. Reprod. 9(11), 2135-2138.
?
How did your spherically
symmetrical egg turn into
such a highly
asymmetrical shape?
1,000,000 µm = 1 meter
127. Staging of Axolotl Development
127
Top views
Side views
Bottom views
Side view
L R
Bordzilovskaya, N.P.,
T.A. Dettlaff, S.T.
Duhon & G.M.
Malacinski (1989).
Developmental-stage
series of axolotl
embryos. In:
Armstrong, J.B. &
G.M. Malacinski,
Developmental
Biology of the Axolotl,
New York: Oxford
University Press, p.
201-219.
128. 128
Staging of Axolotl Development
head
tail
right side
Timing, at 20oC:
Stage Time
in
hours
What’s
starting
2- 0 Synchronous
cleavage
2 0.6 2 cells
3 2 4 cells
8 16 Blastulation,
asynchronous
cleavage
10 26 Gastrulation
14 36 Neurulation
19 69 Neural tube,
eyes, somites
44 340 =
14 days
Mouth opens,
hatching
16
130. 130
Stages 36-44 of Axolotl Development
No increase in dry weight
since it was an egg!
131. 131
The Cell State
Splitter
MF =
microfilament ring
MT =
annular apical
microtubule mat
IF =
intermediate
filament ring
132. 132
The Unstable (Bistable) Mechanical Equilibrium
between the Microfilament Ring and the
Microtubule Mat in the Cell State Splitter
Gordon, R., N.K.
Björklund & P.D.
Nieuwkoop (1994).
Dialogue on
embryonic induction
and differentiation
waves. Int. Rev.
Cytol. 150, 373-
420.
MF ring is a torus of radius r and cross sectional area A,
empirically of constant volume V
Force F A
V = 2πrA, so
F 1/r, a hyperbola
133. 133
The Differentiation Tree
Embryogenesis may be
modelled as a bifurcating
sequence of tissues
generated as each tissue
is split into two new
tissues by pairs of
contraction and expansion
waves.
Unsolved problems:
1. What launches these
waves at specific times
and locations?
2. What confines their
trajectories?
3. What stops them?
134. 134
The Differentiation Tree is the Physical Embodiment
of Conrad Waddington’s Epigenetic Landscape
Held Jr., L.I. (1992). Models for Embryonic Periodicity, Basel: Karger.
135. 135
Nouri, C., R. Luppes, A.E.P. Veldman,
J.A. Tuszynski & R. Gordon (2008).
Rayleigh instability of the inverted one-
cell amphibian embryo [In: "Physical
Aspects of Developmental Biology"
special issue]. Physical Biology 5,
015006.
in collaboration with:
Institute of Mathematics & Computing
Science
University of Groningen
136. 136
Cortical Rotation
• Forced Cortical Rotation:
Direction of the last forced rotation determines the left-right symmetry.
Gerhart et al (1989)
Many observers report the alignment of
microtubules during and after the cortical rotation
137. 137
When an egg is inverted:
• 1. The egg will not develop at all.
• 2. It will develop but with colors of dorsal and vegetal .
regions exchanged.
We suggest that it has to do with the way the heavy fluid on
top sloshes down the inverted egg’s volume, Case 1 corresponds
to symmetric fluid flow. Case 2 to asymmetric flow.
One of the following happens:
Wakahara, et al (1984), Neff, et al (1986), Malacinski and Neff (1989),
138. 138
Working Hypothesis
• Cortical rotation aligns microtubules attached
to the inner surface of the cortex via global
torque T
• Microtubules drive the cortical rotation by
polymerization and/or motor molecules
attached to them, each contributing torque Ti,
with T = Ti
• This can be represented as a mean field Ising
model in which the mean field is precisely the
same as the local field
139. 139
ComFlo Computational Fluid
Dynamics Simulation
Symmetric sloshing of the heavier liquid (yolk) in the inverted egg. This particular case has too
low a viscosity.
140. 140
Summary
• Memory depends on the neuronal cytoskeleton.
• This basis yields:
– A molecular mechanism of synaptic plasticity and memory
encoding.
– A link between the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s Disease.
– A mechanism for the amnesiac affect of anesthetics.
• Quantum phenomena in microtubules could serve as a basis for
consciousness, and anesthetics could potentially inhibit this
phenomena.
140
141. Implications for Health and
Disease
Quantum coherence= a healthy state
Decoherence=transition to disease
Location of decoherence determines
“disconnection” from the rest of the organism;
canonical example: cancer
141
142. • Already doing this with EKG, EEG for
diagnostic purposes
Body: Bioelectric medicine
142
143. • Is this an avenue for non-invasive signals?
– Yes
• Able to deliver quality information on the
health of the body?
– Yes
• Able to detect disease at an early stage?
– That’s what we’re working on
Bioelectric medicine
143
146. • Hypothesized by Dr. James Oschman
• High-speed electric communication system
made up of biological wires in the body:
networks of:
– Microtubules
– Actin
– Collagen
The Living Matrix
Friesen et al. BioSystems 127:14-27, 2015
146
148. • Flexible, transient electronics
Nanotechnology advances
John A. Rogers Group
University of Illinois
148
149. • NanoFET (Nano Field Effect
Transistor)
• Intracellular electrical
recordings
• Charles M. Lieber group
(Harvard)
Nanotechnology advances
Tian and Lieber, Annu. Reb. Anal. Chem 6:31-51, 2013
149
150. • Nanosensors to measure health of body, in
terms of communication within cells and
between cells and between organs and tissues
(pictures of nanosensors)
• Possible explanation of acupuncture meridian
system, and 24 hour monitoring of this system
• Further understanding of microtubule to
understand possible quantum computation and
access to holographic information
• Better models to understand why processes
like NLP work
Bioelectronic future
150