This document provides an overview of the SAE J1939 protocol for networking electronic control units in heavy-duty vehicles. J1939 uses the CAN bus standard and supports plug-and-play functionality. It defines standardized message formats, device names, and addresses to enable interoperability between components from different manufacturers. Specialized software tools can help developers work with J1939 without needing extensive protocol knowledge. These tools also facilitate testing components at all stages of development to find and address issues early.
This document lists AT commands for the ELM327 device, including the version the command was introduced, a description of the command, and the command group. It includes commands for general device functions, OBD operations, CAN bus, ISO, J1939, and other specialized functions. The commands allow configuring options like baud rate, protocol, headers, filtering, and more.
The document provides an overview of SAE J1939, a standard that defines how information is transferred across a network to allow vehicle ECUs to communicate. It discusses how J1939 uses Controller Area Network (CAN) protocols and frames to transmit data. Key aspects covered include physical layer specifications, arbitration processes, message priorities, and transport protocols for transmitting large amounts of data.
1939 is a standard defined by SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers). The SAE J1939 protocol specifications are defined for CAN bus, and J1939 stack is an embedded software code with layered architecture and is compliant with J1939 standard.
FEC-Forward Error Correction for Optics Professionals..www.mapyourtech.comMapYourTech
Forward error correction (FEC) adds redundancy to transmitted data to allow the detection and correction of errors without retransmission. FEC works by encoding data at the transmitter and decoding it at the receiver. It allows reliable data transmission over noisy communication channels and improves performance metrics like bit error rate. Common FEC codes include Reed-Solomon codes, which offer good error correction ability and are widely used in optical communication systems to improve transmission distance and efficiency.
This document provides an overview of the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP). It discusses how STP works to block redundant paths in a network to avoid loops, selecting a root bridge and root port. It also describes how RSTP improves upon STP by allowing ports to transition more quickly to the forwarding state through mechanisms like handshake protocols and edge port detection. The document contains examples and diagrams to illustrate key concepts in STP and RSTP operation.
The document discusses CAN bus, which is a channel that allows microcontrollers and electronic devices to communicate by sending and receiving messages in the form of electrical signals. CAN bus uses a protocol to govern message transmission and is widely used in automotive, industrial, and other applications. It provides organized communication between nodes and reduces wiring complexity compared to point-to-point connections. Each message transmitted on the CAN bus is encoded in a frame that includes fields like arbitration, data, and checksums to ensure reliable delivery.
This document provides an overview of transport layer protocols TCP, UDP, and SCTP. It discusses the history and evolution of TCP, including key developments like congestion control algorithms. UDP is described as a connectionless and unreliable protocol. SCTP is introduced as a protocol developed to transport telephony signaling over IP networks. It addresses limitations of TCP like head-of-line blocking and provides features like multi-homing and message orientation. The document defines SCTP terminology and describes its chunks, states, congestion control approach, and similarities to TCP. In summary, it serves as a high-level introduction to transport protocols with a focus on motivations and capabilities of SCTP.
This document lists AT commands for the ELM327 device, including the version the command was introduced, a description of the command, and the command group. It includes commands for general device functions, OBD operations, CAN bus, ISO, J1939, and other specialized functions. The commands allow configuring options like baud rate, protocol, headers, filtering, and more.
The document provides an overview of SAE J1939, a standard that defines how information is transferred across a network to allow vehicle ECUs to communicate. It discusses how J1939 uses Controller Area Network (CAN) protocols and frames to transmit data. Key aspects covered include physical layer specifications, arbitration processes, message priorities, and transport protocols for transmitting large amounts of data.
1939 is a standard defined by SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers). The SAE J1939 protocol specifications are defined for CAN bus, and J1939 stack is an embedded software code with layered architecture and is compliant with J1939 standard.
FEC-Forward Error Correction for Optics Professionals..www.mapyourtech.comMapYourTech
Forward error correction (FEC) adds redundancy to transmitted data to allow the detection and correction of errors without retransmission. FEC works by encoding data at the transmitter and decoding it at the receiver. It allows reliable data transmission over noisy communication channels and improves performance metrics like bit error rate. Common FEC codes include Reed-Solomon codes, which offer good error correction ability and are widely used in optical communication systems to improve transmission distance and efficiency.
This document provides an overview of the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP). It discusses how STP works to block redundant paths in a network to avoid loops, selecting a root bridge and root port. It also describes how RSTP improves upon STP by allowing ports to transition more quickly to the forwarding state through mechanisms like handshake protocols and edge port detection. The document contains examples and diagrams to illustrate key concepts in STP and RSTP operation.
The document discusses CAN bus, which is a channel that allows microcontrollers and electronic devices to communicate by sending and receiving messages in the form of electrical signals. CAN bus uses a protocol to govern message transmission and is widely used in automotive, industrial, and other applications. It provides organized communication between nodes and reduces wiring complexity compared to point-to-point connections. Each message transmitted on the CAN bus is encoded in a frame that includes fields like arbitration, data, and checksums to ensure reliable delivery.
This document provides an overview of transport layer protocols TCP, UDP, and SCTP. It discusses the history and evolution of TCP, including key developments like congestion control algorithms. UDP is described as a connectionless and unreliable protocol. SCTP is introduced as a protocol developed to transport telephony signaling over IP networks. It addresses limitations of TCP like head-of-line blocking and provides features like multi-homing and message orientation. The document defines SCTP terminology and describes its chunks, states, congestion control approach, and similarities to TCP. In summary, it serves as a high-level introduction to transport protocols with a focus on motivations and capabilities of SCTP.
F-Bus protocol allows communication between mobile devices and embedded systems using a data cable. It operates at a high speed of 115.2 kbps using an 8-bit data bus. The document describes how to connect a mobile phone to a PC using F-Bus and extract SMS messages and send commands to delete messages. It also explains the various layers and formats used in F-Bus including the point-to-point character mapping for packing 7-bit characters in SMS transmission.
This document discusses various data link control protocols. It begins by explaining how data is packaged into frames at the data link layer, using framing techniques like fixed-size and variable-size framing. The key responsibilities of the data link layer are then introduced as flow control and error control. Several protocols are presented that implement these functions on both noiseless and noisy channels, including the simplest protocol, stop-and-wait protocol, and various automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocols. Worked examples demonstrate how these protocols operate in different scenarios.
Forward Bit Error Correction - Wireless Communications Surya Chandra
As a part of my final project for wireless communications, I created a Matlab simulation for correcting the corrupted data bits (due to noise) at the receiver end using coding techniques, such as, redundancy check, hamming (7,4) code, interleaving and convolutional coding.
The document discusses various protocols used in data communication including peer-to-peer protocols, ARQ protocols, and sliding window protocols. Peer-to-peer protocols can operate between two communicating entities across a single hop or end-to-end across a network. ARQ protocols like stop-and-wait ARQ and go-back-N ARQ use acknowledgements and retransmissions to provide reliable data transmission. Sliding window protocols use sequence numbers and sender/receiver windows to implement flow control and allow multiple frames to be transmitted before receiving an acknowledgement.
The document discusses the history and development of the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus technology. It describes how CAN buses were developed in the 1980s to address the wiring harness problems resulting from increased electronics in automobiles. CAN buses allow microcontrollers and devices to communicate through a serial bus, supporting flexible messaging and error detection. The document outlines the key aspects of CAN bus design and how it became widely adopted in the automotive industry, particularly to support onboard diagnostics (OBD) through standardized diagnostic trouble codes.
The document provides an overview of the TCP/IP model and networking concepts like Ethernet, ARP, IP, TCP and ICMP. It describes each layer of the OSI model and how protocols like IP, TCP and ARP operate at different layers. Key points covered include IP and MAC addresses, Ethernet frame format, ARP request/reply, IP and TCP header formats, ICMP message types, TCP 3-way and 4-way handshake, and TCP/IP ports and sequence numbers.
This document discusses local area network (LAN) technologies, with a focus on Ethernet. It outlines the following objectives:
- Briefly discuss dominant wired LANs including Ethernet and other media types.
- Describe Media Access Control (MAC) and Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).
- Explain the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and bridges.
- Discuss switched Ethernet and virtual LANs (VLANs).
The document then provides details on Ethernet frames, MAC addresses, CSMA/CD, cabling standards and specifications.
This document summarizes forward error correction techniques. It discusses how FEC works by adding redundant data to transmitted messages to allow errors to be detected and corrected without retransmission. It then describes various types of FEC coding including block coding, convolutional coding, turbo codes, and low-density parity check coding. It also discusses how techniques like concatenating codes and interleaving can be used to further reduce errors.
TCP provides reliable byte stream delivery over unreliable IP networks using connection-oriented transmissions with sequencing and acknowledgment of data segments. It establishes connections between client and server applications, and delivers data as a continuous byte stream while maintaining reliability through retransmission of lost segments. The TCP header contains fields for port numbers, sequence numbers, acknowledgment numbers, flags, window size, checksum, and other fields to support its connection-oriented and reliable data transmission functions.
Dcf learn and performance analysis of 802.11 b wireless networkIJCNCJournal
Though WLAN wireless network has been widely deployed as the main split-flow deployment of the
communication network, little study emphasizes its performance as WLAN protocols were only designed for
the public communicating conveniently with each other. Actually that too much wireless access points
assembling together will cause self-interference to the whole WLAN network. This paper investigates the
distributed coordination function (DCF) learn and the performance study of 802.11b networks. Firstly, our
study illustrates the performance of its MAC layer and its fairness issues related to DCF. Next we propose
the details which should be paid attention to in deploying network services. Then, performance analyses
are evaluated by simulation and real test for a dense wireless network. Our main goal is to give proposals
to network operators how to design a WLAN network more standardized and orderly.
Rs(n,k)exploring n and k in reed solomon fec codeMapYourTech
The document discusses Reed-Solomon FEC coding. It explains that Reed-Solomon RS(n,k) encoding takes k data bytes and calculates n-k parity bytes to create an n-byte codeword. A Reed-Solomon decoder can correct up to t byte errors, where t=(n-k)/2. ITU G.975 and G.709 recommend Reed-Solomon RS(255,239) coding, which can correct up to 8 byte errors and provides a coding gain of around 6dB with a 7% overhead. The document also provides examples of calculating RS(n,k) parameters for an OTN frame.
The document describes the design and implementation of a MAC transmitter for transmitting UDP packets using finite state machine and Verilog coding techniques. The MAC transmitter converts 32-bit data to 4-bit data for transmission. The UDP packet data is used as the MAC frame data. The design includes modules for frame assembly, CRC generation, and a transmitter that monitors collisions and performs back-off. Simulation results show the transmitter transmits preambles, starts/end frames, CRC correctly and performs back-off when collisions occur reliably using Verilog coding.
The document discusses the evolution of Ethernet networking standards over time. It describes how IEEE Project 802 was started in 1985 to set standards for interconnecting equipment from different manufacturers. It then provides details on the original Standard Ethernet created in 1976 and its subsequent generations. The document also outlines changes to Standard Ethernet like bridging and switching. It discusses the Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet standards that succeeded Standard Ethernet by providing higher data rates of 100 Mbps and 1000 Mbps respectively.
The document describes the LTE random access procedure and attach process. It involves the following key steps:
1) The UE synchronizes with the eNB by receiving synchronization signals and acquiring system information.
2) The UE selects a random preamble and transmits it to the eNB to initiate the random access procedure.
3) The eNB responds with a random access response assigning resources for the UE to transmit an RRC connection request message.
4) Once connected, the UE can complete the attach procedure by transmitting an attach request message through the MME to the HSS for authentication and location update.
This document provides information about the Networks Laboratory course offered at Anjalai Ammal Mahalingam Engineering College. It includes the syllabus, list of experiments, objectives and outcomes of the course. The course aims to teach students socket programming, simulation tools, and hands-on experience with networking protocols. Some key experiments include implementing stop-and-wait and sliding window protocols, socket programming, simulating ARP/RARP, PING and traceroute, and studying routing algorithms. The course is intended to help students use simulation tools, implement protocols, and analyze network performance and routing.
This document discusses multiple access protocols for shared communication channels. It begins by explaining how data is framed and transmitted over shared links at the data link layer. It then covers three main categories of multiple access protocols: random access, controlled access, and channelization. Random access protocols like ALOHA and slotted ALOHA are described, as well as controlled access methods using reservation, polling, and token passing. Finally, channelization protocols for dividing access using frequency, time, or code (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA) are introduced. Examples are provided to illustrate load calculations and sequencing.
This document discusses Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which establishes a direct connection between two nodes over various physical link layers. PPP has several layers and frame types to negotiate options, authenticate users, and encapsulate network layer protocols like IP. It can also bundle multiple physical links together through Multilink PPP for increased bandwidth.
This document section discusses address mapping, error reporting, and multicasting at the network layer. It covers address mapping between logical and physical addresses using static or dynamic mapping. It also covers the ICMP protocol for error reporting and queries as a companion to IP, and the IGMP protocol for multicasting to allow hosts to join multicast groups. Examples and figures illustrate concepts like ARP, ICMP error messages, IGMP group management, and mapping IP multicast addresses to Ethernet addresses.
MPLS L3 VPN allows companies to offer Layer 3 VPN services with advantages like scalability, security, and support for duplicate IP addresses and different network topologies. The key components that enable this are VRF tables on PE routers that separate routing information for each customer to avoid duplicate IP issues, and MP-BGP which customizes VPN routing information using a Route Distinguisher, VPN label, and Route Target to support different VPN topologies. MPLS L3 VPN provides services like multi-homed sites for redundancy, hub-and-spoke networks, internet access with security, and extranets for inter-company communication.
- Switch 1 has the lowest bridge priority and becomes the root bridge. It initiates the Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) handshake process.
- Using RSTP's proposal-agreement handshake, the switches determine the root port, designated ports, and path costs to synchronize port states and roles across the network in a proactive manner.
- RSTP allows ports to rapidly transition between discarding, learning, and forwarding states, allowing the network to converge faster than STP by eliminating the listening and learning states.
F-Bus protocol allows communication between mobile devices and embedded systems using a data cable. It operates at a high speed of 115.2 kbps using an 8-bit data bus. The document describes how to connect a mobile phone to a PC using F-Bus and extract SMS messages and send commands to delete messages. It also explains the various layers and formats used in F-Bus including the point-to-point character mapping for packing 7-bit characters in SMS transmission.
This document discusses various data link control protocols. It begins by explaining how data is packaged into frames at the data link layer, using framing techniques like fixed-size and variable-size framing. The key responsibilities of the data link layer are then introduced as flow control and error control. Several protocols are presented that implement these functions on both noiseless and noisy channels, including the simplest protocol, stop-and-wait protocol, and various automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocols. Worked examples demonstrate how these protocols operate in different scenarios.
Forward Bit Error Correction - Wireless Communications Surya Chandra
As a part of my final project for wireless communications, I created a Matlab simulation for correcting the corrupted data bits (due to noise) at the receiver end using coding techniques, such as, redundancy check, hamming (7,4) code, interleaving and convolutional coding.
The document discusses various protocols used in data communication including peer-to-peer protocols, ARQ protocols, and sliding window protocols. Peer-to-peer protocols can operate between two communicating entities across a single hop or end-to-end across a network. ARQ protocols like stop-and-wait ARQ and go-back-N ARQ use acknowledgements and retransmissions to provide reliable data transmission. Sliding window protocols use sequence numbers and sender/receiver windows to implement flow control and allow multiple frames to be transmitted before receiving an acknowledgement.
The document discusses the history and development of the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus technology. It describes how CAN buses were developed in the 1980s to address the wiring harness problems resulting from increased electronics in automobiles. CAN buses allow microcontrollers and devices to communicate through a serial bus, supporting flexible messaging and error detection. The document outlines the key aspects of CAN bus design and how it became widely adopted in the automotive industry, particularly to support onboard diagnostics (OBD) through standardized diagnostic trouble codes.
The document provides an overview of the TCP/IP model and networking concepts like Ethernet, ARP, IP, TCP and ICMP. It describes each layer of the OSI model and how protocols like IP, TCP and ARP operate at different layers. Key points covered include IP and MAC addresses, Ethernet frame format, ARP request/reply, IP and TCP header formats, ICMP message types, TCP 3-way and 4-way handshake, and TCP/IP ports and sequence numbers.
This document discusses local area network (LAN) technologies, with a focus on Ethernet. It outlines the following objectives:
- Briefly discuss dominant wired LANs including Ethernet and other media types.
- Describe Media Access Control (MAC) and Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).
- Explain the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and bridges.
- Discuss switched Ethernet and virtual LANs (VLANs).
The document then provides details on Ethernet frames, MAC addresses, CSMA/CD, cabling standards and specifications.
This document summarizes forward error correction techniques. It discusses how FEC works by adding redundant data to transmitted messages to allow errors to be detected and corrected without retransmission. It then describes various types of FEC coding including block coding, convolutional coding, turbo codes, and low-density parity check coding. It also discusses how techniques like concatenating codes and interleaving can be used to further reduce errors.
TCP provides reliable byte stream delivery over unreliable IP networks using connection-oriented transmissions with sequencing and acknowledgment of data segments. It establishes connections between client and server applications, and delivers data as a continuous byte stream while maintaining reliability through retransmission of lost segments. The TCP header contains fields for port numbers, sequence numbers, acknowledgment numbers, flags, window size, checksum, and other fields to support its connection-oriented and reliable data transmission functions.
Dcf learn and performance analysis of 802.11 b wireless networkIJCNCJournal
Though WLAN wireless network has been widely deployed as the main split-flow deployment of the
communication network, little study emphasizes its performance as WLAN protocols were only designed for
the public communicating conveniently with each other. Actually that too much wireless access points
assembling together will cause self-interference to the whole WLAN network. This paper investigates the
distributed coordination function (DCF) learn and the performance study of 802.11b networks. Firstly, our
study illustrates the performance of its MAC layer and its fairness issues related to DCF. Next we propose
the details which should be paid attention to in deploying network services. Then, performance analyses
are evaluated by simulation and real test for a dense wireless network. Our main goal is to give proposals
to network operators how to design a WLAN network more standardized and orderly.
Rs(n,k)exploring n and k in reed solomon fec codeMapYourTech
The document discusses Reed-Solomon FEC coding. It explains that Reed-Solomon RS(n,k) encoding takes k data bytes and calculates n-k parity bytes to create an n-byte codeword. A Reed-Solomon decoder can correct up to t byte errors, where t=(n-k)/2. ITU G.975 and G.709 recommend Reed-Solomon RS(255,239) coding, which can correct up to 8 byte errors and provides a coding gain of around 6dB with a 7% overhead. The document also provides examples of calculating RS(n,k) parameters for an OTN frame.
The document describes the design and implementation of a MAC transmitter for transmitting UDP packets using finite state machine and Verilog coding techniques. The MAC transmitter converts 32-bit data to 4-bit data for transmission. The UDP packet data is used as the MAC frame data. The design includes modules for frame assembly, CRC generation, and a transmitter that monitors collisions and performs back-off. Simulation results show the transmitter transmits preambles, starts/end frames, CRC correctly and performs back-off when collisions occur reliably using Verilog coding.
The document discusses the evolution of Ethernet networking standards over time. It describes how IEEE Project 802 was started in 1985 to set standards for interconnecting equipment from different manufacturers. It then provides details on the original Standard Ethernet created in 1976 and its subsequent generations. The document also outlines changes to Standard Ethernet like bridging and switching. It discusses the Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet standards that succeeded Standard Ethernet by providing higher data rates of 100 Mbps and 1000 Mbps respectively.
The document describes the LTE random access procedure and attach process. It involves the following key steps:
1) The UE synchronizes with the eNB by receiving synchronization signals and acquiring system information.
2) The UE selects a random preamble and transmits it to the eNB to initiate the random access procedure.
3) The eNB responds with a random access response assigning resources for the UE to transmit an RRC connection request message.
4) Once connected, the UE can complete the attach procedure by transmitting an attach request message through the MME to the HSS for authentication and location update.
This document provides information about the Networks Laboratory course offered at Anjalai Ammal Mahalingam Engineering College. It includes the syllabus, list of experiments, objectives and outcomes of the course. The course aims to teach students socket programming, simulation tools, and hands-on experience with networking protocols. Some key experiments include implementing stop-and-wait and sliding window protocols, socket programming, simulating ARP/RARP, PING and traceroute, and studying routing algorithms. The course is intended to help students use simulation tools, implement protocols, and analyze network performance and routing.
This document discusses multiple access protocols for shared communication channels. It begins by explaining how data is framed and transmitted over shared links at the data link layer. It then covers three main categories of multiple access protocols: random access, controlled access, and channelization. Random access protocols like ALOHA and slotted ALOHA are described, as well as controlled access methods using reservation, polling, and token passing. Finally, channelization protocols for dividing access using frequency, time, or code (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA) are introduced. Examples are provided to illustrate load calculations and sequencing.
This document discusses Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which establishes a direct connection between two nodes over various physical link layers. PPP has several layers and frame types to negotiate options, authenticate users, and encapsulate network layer protocols like IP. It can also bundle multiple physical links together through Multilink PPP for increased bandwidth.
This document section discusses address mapping, error reporting, and multicasting at the network layer. It covers address mapping between logical and physical addresses using static or dynamic mapping. It also covers the ICMP protocol for error reporting and queries as a companion to IP, and the IGMP protocol for multicasting to allow hosts to join multicast groups. Examples and figures illustrate concepts like ARP, ICMP error messages, IGMP group management, and mapping IP multicast addresses to Ethernet addresses.
MPLS L3 VPN allows companies to offer Layer 3 VPN services with advantages like scalability, security, and support for duplicate IP addresses and different network topologies. The key components that enable this are VRF tables on PE routers that separate routing information for each customer to avoid duplicate IP issues, and MP-BGP which customizes VPN routing information using a Route Distinguisher, VPN label, and Route Target to support different VPN topologies. MPLS L3 VPN provides services like multi-homed sites for redundancy, hub-and-spoke networks, internet access with security, and extranets for inter-company communication.
- Switch 1 has the lowest bridge priority and becomes the root bridge. It initiates the Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) handshake process.
- Using RSTP's proposal-agreement handshake, the switches determine the root port, designated ports, and path costs to synchronize port states and roles across the network in a proactive manner.
- RSTP allows ports to rapidly transition between discarding, learning, and forwarding states, allowing the network to converge faster than STP by eliminating the listening and learning states.
Our J1939 software development team has shared a placid walk-through of the basic functions that needs to be tested, of each layer of the protocol stack to ensure that you purchase a quality J1939 source code.
J1939 stack is a software solution developed to support seamless communication and diagnostic services within the in-vehicle network (based on CAN bus protocol).
https://www.embitel.com/blog/embedded-blog/how-to-test-quality-of-j1939-source-code
This document provides a rough guide to understanding 3G/HSPA concepts for RF engineers. It begins with general information on 3G networks and UMTS. It then discusses technical concepts such as spreading codes, scrambling codes, and processing gain. It explains how spreading spreads the baseband signal over the frequency band and hides it below the noise floor, allowing recovery via despreading. The document also covers HSPA technologies and their advantages over prior 3G standards.
This document provides a rough guide to understanding 3G/HSPA concepts for RF engineers. It begins with general information on 3G networks and UMTS. It then discusses technical concepts such as spreading codes, scrambling codes, and processing gain. It explains how spreading spreads the baseband signal over the frequency band and hides it below the noise floor, allowing recovery via despreading. The document also covers HSPA technologies and their advantages over prior 3G standards.
This document provides a rough guide to understanding 3G/HSPA concepts for RF engineers. It begins with general information on 3G networks and UMTS. It then discusses technical concepts such as spreading codes, scrambling codes, and processing gain. It explains how spreading spreads the baseband signal over the frequency band and hides it below the noise floor, allowing recovery via despreading. The document also covers HSPA technologies and their advantages over prior 3G standards.
Strategies for End-to-End Timing Guarantees in a Centralized Software Defined...RealTime-at-Work (RTaW)
This presentation reports on design choices explored for next-generation zonal E/E architectures supporting mixed criticality traffic with strong timing constraints at the gateways between Ethernet and CAN:
• We present methods to validate strategies for packing/unpacking CAN frames to be transmitted over an Ethernet backbone
• We present a novel use-case for Time Aware Shaper (TAS), used to confine the traffic from Android applications into short, periodic transmission windows, shielding hence the rest of the traffic from their interference under any evolution scenario. System-level simulations are used to compare TAS with two alternative solutions based on priorities and Credit Based Shaper (CBS)
• This study exemplifies how the collaboration between an OEM, a Tier1 and a timing analysis tool vendor built a timing-accurate model of the SDV architecture to explore design alternatives, reduce the time for prototyping and to provide new inputs for the 802.1DG Automotive profile
eRAN8.1 Radio & Performance-Interference Handling-CAMC feature introduction.pptAhmed963381
This document provides an overview of intra-eNodeB coordinated uplink adaptive modulation and coding (CAMC). CAMC improves uplink throughput by estimating interference from neighboring cells using scheduling information shared between coordinating cells. It is recommended for dense urban areas with low user speeds. Key benefits include 0-5% increased average cell throughput and 0-10% increased average user throughput.
The document provides an overview of GSM systems, including:
- A review of first and second generation cellular networks and their focus on coverage over capacity.
- An overview of the key components of GSM architecture, including the mobile station, base station subsystem, and network switching system.
- Descriptions of the coverage and capacity challenges faced by early cellular networks as the subscriber base grew.
The document provides an overview of a proposed remote vehicle control and tracking system using Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol. The system would allow a vehicle owner to remotely lock or unlock their car and track its location using GPS and GSM technology. CAN is implemented to enable communication between electronic control units in the vehicle for functions like engine management and body controls. The working involves sending location updates via text message when the car starts and allowing the owner to reply to perform remote actions like locking the vehicle.
The document discusses different types of networks and communication protocols used in vehicles. It describes three common network configurations: ring link networks, star link networks, and ring/star hybrid networks. It also discusses the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) three categories of in-vehicle network communications - Class A, B, and C networks. Finally, it provides details on specific communication protocols used by General Motors, including UART, Entertainment and Comfort Communication, Class 2 Communications, Keyword Communication, and GMLAN (Controller Area Network).
Controller Area Network is an ideal serial bus design suitable for modern embedded system based networks. It finds its use in most of critical applications, where error detection and subsequent treatment on error is a critical issue. CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) block was developed on FPGA in order to meet the needs for simple, low power and low cost wireless communication. This paper gives a short overview of CRC block in the Digital transmitter based on the CAN 2.0 protocols. CRC is the most preferred method of encoding because it provides very efficient protection against commonly occurring burst errors, and is easily implemented. This technique is also sometimes applied to data storage devices, such as a disk drive. In this paper a technique to model the error detection circuitry of CAN 2.0 protocols on reconfigurable platform have been discussed? The software simulation results are presented in the form of timing diagram.FPGA implementation results shows that the circuitry requires very small amount of digital hardware. The Purpose of the research is to diversify the design methods by using VHDL code entry through Modelsim 5.5e simulator and Xilinx ISE8.3i.The VHDL code is used to characterize the CRC block behavior which is then simulated, synthesized and successfully implemented on Sparten3 FPGA .Here, Simulation and Synthesized results are also presented to verify the functionality of the CRC -16 Block. The data rate of CRC block is 250 kbps .Estimated power consumption and maximum operating frequency of the circuitry is also provided.
Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork (VANET) aims to enable vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication to improve road safety and traffic efficiency. VANET uses dedicated short range communication technology and wireless standards like 802.11p to allow vehicles to communicate and share safety information. Key protocols discussed include the physical and MAC layers of 802.11p, as well as routing protocols for unicast, multicast, and broadcast communication. Challenges addressed include reducing collisions, improving throughput, and dealing with high vehicle mobility. Potential safety applications include collision warnings while non-safety applications provide traffic and navigation assistance.
This document provides an overview of LTE functionalities and features. It begins with background on LTE development and standardization. It then describes the LTE network elements and interfaces, including the radio interface between UE and eNB. The document reviews the RRM framework and lists key RRM features, providing status updates on which features are ready in the current release or planned for future releases. It also includes roadmaps showing the planned features and timeline for LTE releases. The document appears to be an internal presentation on LTE technologies and the Nokia Siemens Networks product roadmap.
ARINC 629 was an early avionics network standard from the 1970s, but it could not meet the challenges of modern integrated modular avionics. AFDX (Avionics Full DupleX Switched Ethernet) was developed as a faster replacement based on Ethernet. AFDX uses virtual links with guaranteed bandwidth and latency to ensure safety-critical data transport. It provides redundancy through a switched topology and static addressing to avoid the variable latency of standard Ethernet networks. AFDX has been adopted as it combines the reliability of older avionics standards with high-speed connectivity required for modern aircraft systems.
The document discusses the need for new wireless technologies to support increasing demand for data and high-speed services. It notes that technologies need to focus on using more spectrum, improving spectral efficiency, employing smaller cell sizes like femtocells, and incentivizing off-peak traffic. The rest of the document provides details on how LTE wireless technology addresses these needs through technical specifications and network architecture, including the use of an Evolved Packet Core and separating the user and control planes.
This document describes a vehicle monitoring system that uses PIC microcontrollers and the Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol. The system monitors various vehicle parameters like temperature, carbon monoxide levels, battery voltage, and light levels. Two PIC microcontrollers are used - one on the engine side connected to sensors, and one on the dashboard side connected to a display. The PICs communicate over CAN to send sensor data from the engine to be displayed on the dashboard. The system was implemented using hardware circuits and software programmed with MPLab IDE.
Internet acess to rural areas using wifi altanai bisht , 1st yearALTANAI BISHT
Access to communication can play a pivotal role in the socio-economic development of rural regions in the third world. For affordability, the choice of technology to achieve this is a significant aspect. We have chosen Wi-Fi technology to provide rural connectivity in the context of the paper. This paper presents our suggestion and discusses five important aspects in the use of WiFi for rural connectivity: (a) network planning and deployment, (b) network protocols, (c) network management and operations, (d) power savings, and (e) applications and services.
This document summarizes Sharanjit Kaur's industrial training presentation at MTNL. It introduces MTNL and provides an overview of topics covered during training, including switching, signaling, broadband, and transmission. It then describes projects undertaken and steps to improve quality of service in 3G networks, including checking equipment, monitoring KPIs, increasing bandwidth, and performing drive tests using the TEMS Investigation tool.
This document provides a summary of an industrial training presentation at MTNL. It introduces MTNL and describes key topics covered during the training, including switching, signaling, broadband, and transmission. It discusses these topics in detail and provides examples of projects undertaken and steps that can be taken to improve quality of service in 3G networks. The document concludes with a summary of field training experiences at different MTNL locations.
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J1939 elektronik automotive_200809_pressarticle_en
1. Technical Article
Networking Heavy-Duty Vehicles Based on SAE J1939 1/12
Networking Heavy-Duty Vehicles Based on SAE J1939
From Parameter Group to plug-and-play Application
In networking ECUs in heavy-duty vehicles, it is the J1939 protocol that
plays a key role. J1939 networks are based on the CAN bus (high-speed
CAN per ISO11898); they are primarily used in powertrain and chassis
components. The protocol creates a uniform basis for communication
between electronic control units, and it supports the plug-and-play
principle. Special J1939 tools and software components spare developers
from needing to train in the details of the J1939 protocol, and they
improve the quality of the development process.
The J1939 protocol – founded in the USA and defined by the Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE) – serves above all to preserve a uniform
perspective and uniform handling of the most common vehicle components of
various vehicle types and manufacturers. In this context, it is interesting to note
certain distinct differences between the European and North-American heavy-
duty vehicle markets. For example, heavy-duty vehicle buyers in the USA have
prescribed to OEMs which components they need to install in specific vehicles.
2. Technical Article
Networking Heavy-Duty Vehicles Based on SAE J1939 2/12
In Europe, on the other hand, it is the OEMs who fully define the design of the
entire vehicle, including the components and their configuration.
Besides using uniformly defined signals and data formats to communicate, it is
of course important that receivers know how to interpret the information. Ideally,
it should be possible to interconnect individual J1939 components based on a
plug-and-play scheme. Despite all of its standardization aspects, J1939 gives
OEMs sufficient freedom for customized extension of communication. This is
especially important in promoting innovations, because no OEM wants to
announce or discuss plans in working committees before their implementation.
ISO Layers Model decouples the Application from Transmission Physics
From the perspective of the ISO/OSI network model, J1939 is essentially based
on the Application Layer (Layer 7), Network Layer (Layer 3), Data Link Layer
(Layer 2) and Physical Layer (Layer 1) (Figure 1). This lets developers work
with signals without needing to be concerned about communication details on
the Application Level, such as details of the transport protocols. J1939
documentation and definition is oriented toward individual layers, and this is
expressed in the names of the total of 14 documents of the standard. For
example, documents of the 7 series such as “J1939/71” refer to the Applications
Layer, document J1939/21 the Data Link Layer, etc.
3. Technical Article
Networking Heavy-Duty Vehicles Based on SAE J1939 3/12
[Figure 1: The J1939 protocol essentially covers the Application Layer (Layer 7), Network Layer
(Layer 3), Data Link Layer (Layer 2) and Physical Layer (Layer 1), so that it is no longer necessary
to be concerned about communication details when working on the application level.]
CAN Message Format in J1939
Although J1939 utilizes normal 29-bit CAN messages with up to 8 bytes of data,
here the CAN identifier quasi defines the mask of a uniform J1939 scheme
(Figure 2). This is necessary to assure plug-and-play properties. The CAN
identifier – besides identifying the useful data with the help of the Parameter
Group Number (PGN) – also contains the J1939 ECU address of the sender
and if applicable the address of the receiver too. In addition, the three most
significant bits of the CAN identifier are reserved for the priority field; although
these bits do not replace the implicit priority established by the CAN protocol,
they make it possible to organize the Parameter Groups into up to eight J1939-
specific priority levels. These priorities are used to adjust the priority to
momentary application requirements at the time the Parameter Group is
transmitted – or during an optional ECU configuration phase. This makes it
possible to fine-tune communication to the application without the SAE protocol
permanently setting the priority when the Parameter Group is defined.
4. Technical Article
Networking Heavy-Duty Vehicles Based on SAE J1939 4/12
[Figure 2: The J1939 message format – which is based on normal 29-bit CAN messages – requires
some supplementation to achieve plug-and-play capability. The CAN identifier quasi defines the
mask of a uniform J1939 scheme.]
The Name says it all: J1939 Device Names
J1939 defines device names that are each represented by a 64-bit number.
When an ECU is switched to active in the plug-and-play network, the device
name serves to identify the device and its functionality. The device name is
subdivided into different elements, between which certain dependencies exist.
The independent fields include the Industry Group and Manufacturer Code. The
Industry Group is used to establish the functions required in the network, since
the J1939 protocol is not only used in conventional heavy-duty vehicles but also
in vehicles in the agricultural and marine industries. Each ECU carries one of
the SAE assigned Manufacturer Codes that can be requested from that
organization. Since each device also has a serial number, the complete name
over all fields is unique worldwide, and there are no overlaps.
Since addressability of the devices is inefficient in practice when 64 bit long
device names are used, the SAE defines 8-bit addresses for the individual
vehicle components in the heavy-duty vehicle field; practically these addresses
5. Technical Article
Networking Heavy-Duty Vehicles Based on SAE J1939 5/12
never change over the life of the components. This does not apply to the
agricultural and marine industries; there the addresses are dynamically
negotiated at the start, based on the device name. The addresses 0 to 127 are
assigned to the most commonly used ECUs such as engine, transmission,
retarder, brakes, etc., while the range from 128 to 247 is reserved for
agricultural, marine, construction equipment, etc. Service tools, OBD scanners,
etc. occupy addresses from 248 to 253. Finally, there are the special
addresses: 254 to identify devices that do not have their own address and 255
that is used as a global address for addressing broadcast messages.
Types of Communication: Point-to-Point or Broadcast
The J1939 protocol supports two communication types: point-to-point
transmissions (1:1) are directed to precisely one target address; they are used
for device configuration or ECU commands, for example. Broadcast messages
(1:n), on the other hand, are simultaneously addressed to all bus nodes, which
is practical when it comes to sending out measured values, error handling and
diagnostic purposes.
Flexible Network Topology
J1939 works with a passive bus that is terminated at each of its two ends with
120 Ohm impedance. The advantage here is that individual ECUs can be
connected to the bus via branch lines with a length of 1 to 3 m. This enables
flexible wire harness design, provided that a total bus length of 40 m is not
exceeded. Depending on the physical transmission layer, between 10 and a
maximum of 30 nodes may be connected to the network. J1939 provides
uniform diagnostic access for service testers and on-board diagnostics. Legal
requirements specify that a branch line with a length of up to 5 m must be
possible here, e.g. for road tests of the emissions control system. Bridges can
6. Technical Article
Networking Heavy-Duty Vehicles Based on SAE J1939 6/12
be used to extend J1939 networks to include trailers/implements, enabling
implementation of a separate network there (Figure 3). In the EU, ISO 11992
has prevailed for this purpose, while in the USA the “Power Line Carrier” is
state-of-the-art technology.
[Figure 3: With regard to network topology, J1939 enables flexible design of wire harnesses.
Individual ECUs can be connected via branch lines up to 3 m in length.
Bridges make it possible to realize separate networks on implements and trailers.]
Timing Requirements in ECU Design
In designing J1939 ECUs, care should be taken to ensure that no messages
are lost due to hardware or design limitations. At a baudrate of 250 Kbps,
transmission of one bit takes 4 microseconds. With 8 data bytes, a typical
message length of about 128 bits is obtained, yielding a transmission time of
about 500 microseconds per CAN message. The shortest message length,
however, is 64 bits, i.e. it must be possible to receive messages at intervals of
250 microseconds and process them sufficiently fast. In practice, this leads to a
high interrupt load due to the CAN controller’s often limited CAN identifier
filtering capabilities. Filtering also usually needs to be implemented in software.
7. Technical Article
Networking Heavy-Duty Vehicles Based on SAE J1939 7/12
Testing and Diagnostics of J1939 Components and Systems
In view of the rising number of J1939 ECUs and the fact that software solutions
in heavy-duty vehicles are becoming increasingly complex, a systematic
strategy for testing and diagnostics also continues to gain in importance in the
J1939 field. Tests are indispensable in all development phases, from functional
tests to integration tests to driving trials in the total vehicle. It is well known that
the later that errors are detected, the more complicated and expensive it is to
correct them. However, it is generally only possible to test ECUs
comprehensively after they have been integrated in the network structure.
Consequently, weak points are often not revealed until very late, unless one
relies on the support of proven software tools right from the start.
Given this situation, the use of specialized tools offers developers substantial
simplifications in testing and diagnostic tasks. For many years now, Vector has
been actively involved in SAE J1939 subcommittees and regularly participates
in working sessions. With a universal tool chain for all J1939 projects, it is
possible to efficiently solve the most challenging tasks in networking and
communication in the heavy-duty vehicle field [1]. Besides development, testing
and analysis tools, embedded software components tailored to the special
requirements of J1939-based applications are available, and customized
project work and training events round out Vector’s products and services.
A J1939 extension is available for the widely used CANoe development and
test tool; it spares heavy-duty vehicle developers from needing to train in the
details of the J1939 protocol. The package from Vector extends basic software
functionality to cover all necessary protocol-specific features. When
CANoe.J1939 is used consistently, the models and databases created in the
design phase not only serve as a foundation for simulation during development,
but also for all tests accompanying development up to and including later
diagnostic tasks (Figure 4). With the help of simulated nodes, it is possible to
8. Technical Article
Networking Heavy-Duty Vehicles Based on SAE J1939 8/12
set up and execute tests for the ECU to be developed. The tests are further
refined during development and are used in verification of the total system.
[Figure 4: Tests conducted with the help of simulations during development make it possible to
detect and correct errors early on in all development phases. The CANoe Test Feature Set offers
extensive testing and analysis capabilities.]
Extensive J1939 Test Library
The CANoe Test Feature Set is made up of CAPL test modules, XML test
modules and .NET test modules. They are able to cover all challenges arising in
testing tasks of varying complexity, from simple to difficult test cases. While the
C-like script language CAPL is ideal for creating extensive test scenarios, the
primary focus of XML is on simple parameterization of test patterns and simple
generation of test procedures. That makes it possible to implement application-
specific test modules (function libraries) in CAPL and then generate test control
that is individually adapted to the ECU configuration. The J1939-specific
extensions in the Test Service Libraries allow the system react to Parameter
Groups (PG) instead of typical CAN identifiers. They also offer test patterns for
J1939 protocol functionality and checks (background monitoring) for protocol
9. Technical Article
Networking Heavy-Duty Vehicles Based on SAE J1939 9/12
violations. For example, it is possible to test whether the ECU is able to send all
Parameter Groups at the configured cycle time under high bus load.
Furthermore, it is possible to send faulty transmissions via the BAM (Broadcast
Announce Message) and CMDT (Connection Mode Data Transfer) transport
protocols for test purposes.
To create the test modules – besides the J1939 Test Module Manager and the
convenient Test Automation Editor – the Option DiVa is useful. DiVa creates a
connection between CANoe and the diagnostic specification tool
CANdelaStudio, so that specifications created there can be ideally used in
further ECU-specific diagnostic tests.
Other functions of the Test Feature Set relate to test flow control and automatic
report generation, including statistical information in XML or HTML format
based to individual requirements. Further options for automating test processes
are enabled by the COM interface, e.g. options relating to flow control,
parameter changes or status queries. CANoe Option J1939 provides a trace
window, J1939 diagnostic monitor and J1939 diagnostic memory access for
diagnostic purposes. The diagnostic monitor supports various J1939 diagnostic
messages, such as DM1 and DM2, and it serves to display and clear active
errors. Also possible is access to memory areas, objects and parameters as
well as periodic object updating for monitoring purposes.
Integrating Matlab/Simulink Models in J1939 Network Simulations
Generally, various function models are created for mechanical components
such as transmission, powertrain or even the entire vehicle during the different
heavy-duty vehicle development phases. ECU architectures are initially saved
in virtual CANoe function models and are implemented step-by-step on the final
target hardware platform. CANoe.J1939 can also integrate Matlab/Simulink
models in ECU and network simulations (Figure 5). With the Real-Time
10. Technical Article
Networking Heavy-Duty Vehicles Based on SAE J1939 10/12
Workshop from Mathworks the user generates a *.DLL for CANoe so that
variable names and units are compatible.
[Figure 5: Not only is CANoe able to simulate functional models of ECUs during the development
process and integrate models created with Matlab/Simulink in the scenarios; at the same time it also
serves as a convenient user-interface. (Source: Renault Trucks)]
Progressing through the various stages of the V development model, individual
tests and subsystem tests are possible through final verification of the overall
system. This enables early detection and correction of errors. If an error is
found, the automated tests can be restarted at any time; they minimize the risk
of side effects in error correction. As a result, development is characterized by
short verification cycles, enabling a seamless transition from MIL (Model in the
loop) to SIL (Software in the loop) and then to the real ECU (HIL – Hardware in
the loop). If there are exceptional real-time requirements of the simulation
platform, a special real-time version is available with CANoe RT.
11. Technical Article
Networking Heavy-Duty Vehicles Based on SAE J1939 11/12
Realizing Goals quickly with standardized Embedded Software
Components
Use of CANbedded J1939 software components leads to quick development
results. These components largely relieve developers of the need to handle all
of the details of the J1939 standard, and they avoid duplicated developments. A
key aspect is a central OEM-managed database containing all elementary
information related to ECU communication. Depending on requirements, this
information might be distributed to other working partners, producing flexible
distribution of tasks between the OEM, network specialists from Vector and
suppliers (Figure 6). The latter can use the GENy configuration tool for specific
settings and parameterizations. The results are reduced cost and timing for
implementation and testing, compatibility on the CAN bus based on
unambiguous signal interpretation and maximum quality and flexibility in the
J1939 communication stack. CANbedded J1939 supports all relevant
microcontrollers and is characterized by low ROM and RAM memory
requirements as well as high runtime efficiency.
[Figure 6: Standard software components of the CANbedded J1939 package lead to quick
development results without developers needing to be concerned with all details of the J1939
standard. A centrally managed database avoids duplicated developments and enables optimal work
distribution.]
12. Technical Article
Networking Heavy-Duty Vehicles Based on SAE J1939 12/12
Revised: 9/2008
Word count: 2,473
Character count: 16,070
Figures:
Source reference:
Figures 0-4, 6: Vector Informatik GmbH
Figure 5: Renault Trucks
Internet links:
[1] J1939 solutions from Vector - www.j1939-solutions.com
[2] Download of presentations from J1939 User Day - www.vector-worldwide.com/ud [most of them
are German]
Authors:
Peter Fellmeth studied at the University of Applied Sciences in Esslingen, Germany, majoring in
Computer Engineering and specializing in Automation Technology. He is team leader and product
manager at Vector Informatik GmbH, where he is responsible for the development of products and
customer-specific projects related to J1939, ISOBUS, Ethernet and DeviceNet.
Thomas Löffler studied Automation Technology at the University of Applied Sciences in Reutlingen,
Germany. He has been employed at Vector Informatik GmbH since 2000, initially in the DeviceNet
area, and since 2002 in the J1939 and ISOBus area. His areas of specialization are configuration
and generation tools for embedded software, support of customer projects and product and protocol
training programs.