The coconut oil, coconut water and palm kernel oil was administered orally at a dose of 400mg/kg body weight to white albino rats to check for some effect on biochemical parameters. Twenty (20) rats divided into four (4) groups of five (5) rats each. One group was treated with distilled water and feed only serving as control, second group was treated with coconut water only while the third group was treated with coconut oil only and the fourth group was treated with palm kernel oil only. The treatment lasted for 7 days. Effect of the coconut oil, coconut water and palm kernel oil on lipid profile, glucose and protein were analysed, also toxic effect was determined using biochemical enzyme markers.Treatment showed significant (p<0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05) decrease in enzyme activities except for ALP when treated with palm kernel oil, ALT when treated with coconut oil. Treatment with coconut oil, coconut water and palm kernel oil showed hypoglycaemic properties and also shows no toxic effect on the liver at the concentration employed.
Dodecanoic acid in extra virgin coconut oil, may reduce the incidence of hea...banafsheh61
Abstract: Lauric-acid is a 12-carbon, medium-length, long-chain fatty acid that makes up around 50 percent of the fatty acids within coconut oil. It is a powerful compound that is sometimes extracted from the coconut for use in developing monolaurin. Monolaurin is an anti-microbial agent that is able to fight bacteria, viruses, yeasts, and other pathogens. Since one cannot ingest lauric-acid alone because it is irritating and not found alone in nature, one is most likely to consume it in the form of extra virgin coconut oil or from fresh coconuts. This prospective research is about the effects of lauric-acid in prevention of cancer and heart disease by reviewing applied studies on animals and humans. The viral, fungal and microbial effects in the cause of some types of cancer and heart disease is well established, therefore, the anti-pathogenic and anti-parasitic effects of lauric-acid is the other way of importance of this compound.
Facial Acne Therapy by Using Pumpkin Seed Oil with Its Physicochemical Proper...Taghreed Al-Noor
The herbal remedy individually or in combination with standard medicines has been used in diverse medical treatises for the cure of different diseases. Pumpkin seed oil is one of the recognized edible oil and has substantial medicinal properties due to the presence of unique natural edible substances. Inflammation is an adaptive response that is triggered by noxious stimuli and conditions, which involves interactions amongst many cell types and mediators, and underlies many pathological processes. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) can influence inflammation through a variety of mechanisms, and have been indicated as alternative anti-inflammatory agents to treat several inflammatory skin disorders. Pumpkin seed oil is rich in (UFAs), that its topical anti-inflammatory properties have been investigated. For that reason, the goal of this article was to evaluate the effects of pumpkin seed oil on acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation experimental models. The extracted pumpkin seed oil had an acceptable initial quality, when it was extracted using soxhlet extraction method and was characterized using standard methods .The physicochemical parameters of purified oil were determined. The boiling point of pumpkin seed oil was (158.90 oC) that equal to the values obtained in literature for some oil seeds, but lower than the boiling point of the oils studied, plus the melting point of pumpkin seed oil was (15.39 oC) that lead to a characteristic in cold cream manufacture. The iodine value was (104 ± 0.03 mg of KOH/g) of oil, indicated a high degree of unsaturation. The saponification value was (181± 3.2 mg KOH/g), this value indicated the pumpkin seed oil had fatty acids with higher number of carbon atoms. As a final point, the acid value was
Dodecanoic acid in extra virgin coconut oil, may reduce the incidence of hea...banafsheh61
Abstract: Lauric-acid is a 12-carbon, medium-length, long-chain fatty acid that makes up around 50 percent of the fatty acids within coconut oil. It is a powerful compound that is sometimes extracted from the coconut for use in developing monolaurin. Monolaurin is an anti-microbial agent that is able to fight bacteria, viruses, yeasts, and other pathogens. Since one cannot ingest lauric-acid alone because it is irritating and not found alone in nature, one is most likely to consume it in the form of extra virgin coconut oil or from fresh coconuts. This prospective research is about the effects of lauric-acid in prevention of cancer and heart disease by reviewing applied studies on animals and humans. The viral, fungal and microbial effects in the cause of some types of cancer and heart disease is well established, therefore, the anti-pathogenic and anti-parasitic effects of lauric-acid is the other way of importance of this compound.
Facial Acne Therapy by Using Pumpkin Seed Oil with Its Physicochemical Proper...Taghreed Al-Noor
The herbal remedy individually or in combination with standard medicines has been used in diverse medical treatises for the cure of different diseases. Pumpkin seed oil is one of the recognized edible oil and has substantial medicinal properties due to the presence of unique natural edible substances. Inflammation is an adaptive response that is triggered by noxious stimuli and conditions, which involves interactions amongst many cell types and mediators, and underlies many pathological processes. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) can influence inflammation through a variety of mechanisms, and have been indicated as alternative anti-inflammatory agents to treat several inflammatory skin disorders. Pumpkin seed oil is rich in (UFAs), that its topical anti-inflammatory properties have been investigated. For that reason, the goal of this article was to evaluate the effects of pumpkin seed oil on acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation experimental models. The extracted pumpkin seed oil had an acceptable initial quality, when it was extracted using soxhlet extraction method and was characterized using standard methods .The physicochemical parameters of purified oil were determined. The boiling point of pumpkin seed oil was (158.90 oC) that equal to the values obtained in literature for some oil seeds, but lower than the boiling point of the oils studied, plus the melting point of pumpkin seed oil was (15.39 oC) that lead to a characteristic in cold cream manufacture. The iodine value was (104 ± 0.03 mg of KOH/g) of oil, indicated a high degree of unsaturation. The saponification value was (181± 3.2 mg KOH/g), this value indicated the pumpkin seed oil had fatty acids with higher number of carbon atoms. As a final point, the acid value was
Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil and Cytotoxic Activity of Ducrosia asa...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Hydro distillated oil of the aerial parts of Ducrosia assadi Alva. (Umbelliferae) , has been analyzed by GC/MS with two different capillary columns , HP-5MS and HP-Wax .Thirty-four compounds were identified, 94.3% of the total oils. The concentration of citronellol, chrysanthenyl acetate, decanoic acid, decanol and linalool was high in analysis of the oil with both columns. Cytotoxic activity studied on two human cancer cell lines (LS180 and MCF-7) represented moderate cytotoxic activity.
: In this video the viewers will come to know about Coconut Oil that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the plant sources Coconut oil is the oil expressed from the dried solid part of endosperm of coconut, Cocos nucifera L., belonging to family Palmae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from fruit source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Coconut Oil
2. Biological Sources of Coconut Oil
3. Geographical Sources of Coconut Oil
4. Preparation of Coconut Oil
5. Description of Coconut Oil
6. Chemical Constituents of Coconut Oil
7. Chemical Test of Coconut Oil
8. Uses of Coconut Oil
TRANSESTERIFICATION OF MAHUA (MADHUCA INDICA) SEEDS OILIshaan Sanehi
Animal fat, raw, and used vegetable oils have been
explored to make bio-diesel (mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty
acid) in order to substitute the dwindling supplier of conventional
petro-diesel fuels. In the present investigation custard apple
(Annoma Squamosha), seed oil (non-edible) was Transesterified
with methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide as catalyst.
The transesterification reaction was carried out for an
hour. The yield
of fatty acid methyl esters produced under operating conditions
was 86.4 wt%. The methyl ester produced by this reaction was
analyzed to ascertain suitability as bio diesel fuels.
Present by: Minar Mahmoud M. Hassanein
National Research Centre, Food Industries and Nutrition, Fats and Oils Dept. Egypt
in workshop on Workshop on Oleochemicals at the SemiRamis Intercontinental Hotel.
Biochemical tests for purity of fats & oilsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on BIOCHEMICAL TESTS FOR PURITY OF FATS & OILS for MBBS, BDS , B. Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self-study.
Dr. Ruslan Abdullah
Director, Science, Environment and Sustainability Division
MPOC HQ/ Malaysia
&
Ms. Sarafhana Dollah
Senior Executive, Science, Environment & Sustainability Division
MPOC HQ/ Malaysia
Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil and Cytotoxic Activity of Ducrosia asa...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Hydro distillated oil of the aerial parts of Ducrosia assadi Alva. (Umbelliferae) , has been analyzed by GC/MS with two different capillary columns , HP-5MS and HP-Wax .Thirty-four compounds were identified, 94.3% of the total oils. The concentration of citronellol, chrysanthenyl acetate, decanoic acid, decanol and linalool was high in analysis of the oil with both columns. Cytotoxic activity studied on two human cancer cell lines (LS180 and MCF-7) represented moderate cytotoxic activity.
: In this video the viewers will come to know about Coconut Oil that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the plant sources Coconut oil is the oil expressed from the dried solid part of endosperm of coconut, Cocos nucifera L., belonging to family Palmae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from fruit source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Coconut Oil
2. Biological Sources of Coconut Oil
3. Geographical Sources of Coconut Oil
4. Preparation of Coconut Oil
5. Description of Coconut Oil
6. Chemical Constituents of Coconut Oil
7. Chemical Test of Coconut Oil
8. Uses of Coconut Oil
TRANSESTERIFICATION OF MAHUA (MADHUCA INDICA) SEEDS OILIshaan Sanehi
Animal fat, raw, and used vegetable oils have been
explored to make bio-diesel (mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty
acid) in order to substitute the dwindling supplier of conventional
petro-diesel fuels. In the present investigation custard apple
(Annoma Squamosha), seed oil (non-edible) was Transesterified
with methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide as catalyst.
The transesterification reaction was carried out for an
hour. The yield
of fatty acid methyl esters produced under operating conditions
was 86.4 wt%. The methyl ester produced by this reaction was
analyzed to ascertain suitability as bio diesel fuels.
Present by: Minar Mahmoud M. Hassanein
National Research Centre, Food Industries and Nutrition, Fats and Oils Dept. Egypt
in workshop on Workshop on Oleochemicals at the SemiRamis Intercontinental Hotel.
Biochemical tests for purity of fats & oilsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on BIOCHEMICAL TESTS FOR PURITY OF FATS & OILS for MBBS, BDS , B. Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self-study.
Dr. Ruslan Abdullah
Director, Science, Environment and Sustainability Division
MPOC HQ/ Malaysia
&
Ms. Sarafhana Dollah
Senior Executive, Science, Environment & Sustainability Division
MPOC HQ/ Malaysia
Biochemical Conversion of Acid-Pretreated Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipe...Sandip Magdum
Cleaning and removal of water hyacinth from lakes and various historical places government spends lacks of rupees per year. High rate of propagation and easy availability, water-hyacinth could be used as a renewable carbon source for alcohol (fuel ethanol) production. Water-hyacinth’s (Eichhornia crassipes) hemicellulose acid hydrolysate has been utilized as a substrate for alcohol production using Pichia stipitis NCIM3497. Acid hydrolysis were carried out by using (1% v/v) sulfuric acid. Perhydrolysate was detoxified, boiled and overlimed up to pH 10.0 with NaOH to produce acid hydrolysate. Acid hydrolysate had higher fermentability than perhydrolysate. Freshly prepared acid hydrolysate was directly used in fermentation broth as substrate. Fermentation was carried out for 40 hrs. Total reducing sugars were 51.3 gm/lit and at the end of 40 hrs the fermentation it was 9.2 gm/l. About 82.06% of the available sugars were utilized within 40 hrs. At the end of fermentation, alcohol was estimated by of K2Cr2O7 method, which is 19.2 gm/lit and an alcohol yield of 0.45 gm/gm sugar utilized. Considering the cost various feed stock, use of water-hyacinth which is freely available in large amount as a substrate, offers an opportunity to reduce the cost of fuel alcohol production.
Isolation and characterization of lipolytic Pseudomonas spp. from oil contami...iosrjce
Oil contaminated water samples collected from different areas in Pune were screened for the
selective isolation of lipolytic Pseudomonas spp. Screening medium containing Tributyrin (1% v/v) and
Rhodamine B was used for the specific isolation of lipolytic Pseudomonas spp. from oil contaminated water
samples. Lipolytic bacteria showing zone of clearance around the colonies were selected for the present study.
Isolated bacteria were identified upto genus level with the help of morphological and biochemical testing by
following Bergey’s manual. Spectrophotometric Lipase assay showed that out of 49 lipolytic Pseudomonas spp.,
WP23 exhibits the maximum Lipase activity of about 45.4733 U/ml.
Biochemical Alternation In Fresh Water Fishe Labeo Rohita Exposed To The Sodi...iosrjce
Fishes are regarded as an important high grade protein containing food staple of Indian people.
Ever increasing water pollution level, especially sodium fluoride (NaF), in inland freshwater reservoir has
made significant biochemical changes in the life cycle of fishes. In view of this, the investigations on effects of
acute and chronic sodium fluoride toxicity to fish Labeo rohita have been carried out. The changes in glycogen,
protein and lipid content of selected tissues like muscle, liver, gill and kidney were examined. The study
revealed a highest loss of glycogen, protein and lipid percentage in all tissues as compared to control.
Standard water quality requirements and management strategies for fish farmin...eSAT Journals
A study on standard water quality requirements and management strategies suitable for fish farming is presented. The water quality criteria studied based on physical, chemical and biological properties of water include temperature, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), nitrate- nitrogen, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total hardness. Water samples from Otamiri River in Imo state, Nigeria, were analyzed based on the afore-mentioned criteria to assess its suitability as a source of water for fish farming. The results of the analysis compared with international standards revealed that the river temperature of 26.90C, nitrate-nitrogen value of 0.015 mg/l and total suspended solids of 18.60 mg/l fall within the acceptable range for fish farming. However, the pH of 5.82, total hardness of 5.8 mg/l, total dissolved solids of 13.60 mg/l and biochemical oxygen demand of 0.6 mg/l all differed slightly from the standard recommended values. This study will aid fish farmers on the necessary treatment needed to effectively use water from this source for fish farming.
Keywords: Water quality criteria, Otamiri River, biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended and total dissolved solids.
Effect Of Exposure To Lead And Cadmium In Drinking Water Sources From Nigeria...iosrjce
As Nigeria strives towards attaining the Millennium Development Goal for water, this study was
carried out to investigate the effect of exposure to lead (Pd) and cadmium (Cd) in drinking water source in the
Niger Delta region on fecundity and reproductive organ weights. Prior to the study, levels of heavy metals in
samples were assessed and compared to WHO permissible limit. The levels of Pb and Cd were higher than that
of WHO limit in some samples selected and used for the study. WHO permissible limit of lead and cadmium in
the drinking water are 0.01 and 0 003mg/L respectively. Forty eight albino Wistar rats (210-240g) of both
sexes were assigned into three groups: control (16), Pb-treated (16) and Cd-treated (16). The control group was
given distilled water, while the Pd-treated and Cd-treated group were administered drinking water randomly
collected from natural source with Pd (0.00-0.142mg/L) and Cd (0.00-0.024mg/L/) .All water was administered
in drinking water bottles filled with nozzles for a 28-day period. Male and female rats of each group were then
mated as follows: control males versus control females, control males versus Pb-treated females, Pb-treated
males versus control females and Pb-treated males versus Pb-treated females. The same procedure was
followed for Cd, Gestation day zero was regarded as day spermatozoa were identified in vaginal smear of
female rats. Pregnant animals were separated and the pregnancy allowed to come to term. Litter size and
morphological appearance of litters from each group and reproductive organ weight were noted. The litter size
of group 1 (control) for Pb and Cd was 12; group 11 was 8 and 6 respectively; group 111 was 5 and 2
respectively; while group IV showed no reproductive outcome. The results suggest adverse effect of Pb and Cd
in drinking water on fecundity of albino Wistar rats
Cytotoxic Activity of Linum usitatissimum L. Essential oil against Lung Adeno...AmalDhivaharS
The Essential oils of numerous medicinal plants are reported to have significant anti-cancer effects due to the presence of active phytochemicals. Flax seeds (Linum usitatissimum L.) are found to be a rich source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an essential fatty acid, which is a precursor to several omega-3 fatty acids, claimed to have lipid-lowering properties. It is also known to have enriched with certain unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids and relatively low glucosinolate content. In this study, we have extracted the essential oil from flaxseeds (FEO) through the Hydro-distillation method and analyzed its anti-cancer effects on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line. The GC-MS analysis indicated the presence of various phytochemical compounds with antitumor properties such as hexadecanoic acid, cis - vaccenic acid, and isopropyl myristate. The Trypan blue and MTT assays conducted with concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 0.20 V/V% provided IC50 values of 0.11 and 0.16 V/V% respectively for cancer cell line growth inhibition. The cell line migration was also monitored using the wound-scratch assay with essential oil concentrations of 0.16 and 0.20 V/V% at the 24th hour. The essential oil could efficiently prevent the rapid migration of lung cancer cells when observed under an inverted microscope. Thus, the flaxseed essential oil treatment on A549 cancer cells exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in their viability and caused apoptosis induction. Therefore, flaxseeds have a greater potency to treat lung cancer cells and this work also proposes further in vivo studies to establish this natural medication as an eminent anti-cancer drug.
An Overview of Flax Seeds – Phytochemical Profile, Extraction & Dietary BenefitsAmalDhivaharS
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) or the Linseed, a cultivated food cum fibre crop well known in the textile industry, comes from the Linaceae family. Flaxseeds have a major significance in history since their first domestication in the Fertile Crescent region and are well known for their high nutritional and medicinal values. Flax seeds contain more than 70% of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega3 essential fatty acid that is known to suppress the proliferation of several cancer cell lines, along with certain unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Flaxseed oil (FSO) is looked up for the treatment of various ailments including rheumatoid arthritis, high cholesterol level, osteoarthritis, anxiety, vaginal infections, atherosclerosis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and so on. It is usually extracted from the flaxseeds by press and solvent extraction methods and was used for research purposes in the past years in the medicinal, pharmaceutical, and food industry. In the present study, the flaxseeds were powdered using a grinder and the FSO was extracted using a Clevenger apparatus by the hydro-distillation method. A comprehensive analysis of the phytochemical composition and alimental properties revealed that flaxseeds may have anti-cancer effects when consumed regularly as part of one's diet.
English:
Caution: This slide contains images of animate beings which are used for scientific purposes only.
Hadith:
Sahih Al Bukhari Chapter 89:
Narrated Muslim:
We were with Masruq at the house of Yasar bin Numair. Masruq saw pictures on his terrace and said, "I heard `Abdullah saying that he heard the Prophet (ﷺ) saying, "The people who will receive the severest punishment from Allah will be the picture makers.'"
Bahasa Indonesia:
Perhatian: Slide ini mengandung gambar makhluk bernyawa yang hanya digunakan untuk tujuan ilmu pengetahuan saja.
Development of Antioxidant Rich Functional Dairy Product and Study their Tota...Premier Publishers
Present investigation has featured the capability of functional dairy product fortified with essential oil has bearing antiradical properties that decolorize the stable DPPH radical. The antioxidant activity of Syzygium aromaticum (clove buds) and Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) has found to possess inhibitory effect against reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to their high oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) value. The target of the investigation is to set up the useful dairy item "coagulated cream", with the fortress of basic oils from S. aromaticum and C. Verum and blend of both the oils. In addition, determination of the total antioxidant activity of the product by DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay in three different types of clotted cream sample prepared along with varying concentrations of S. aromaticum and C. Verum and combination of both the oils. Additionally, to compare the proximate quality and overall acceptability of the final product were analysed antioxidant analysis of the product reveals that the maximum DPPH antioxidant activity percentage was observed in combination of both essential oils from the S. aromaticum and C. Verum before treatment at 0.25% focus for example 70.9% while the IC50 esteem is 0.029ml at 0.75% focus shows a powerful antioxidant product in correlation with every single other samples.
Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Cassia tora, L. Seedsiosrjce
In the present study the total and the defatted alcoholic extracts of seeds of Cassia tora Linn.
(Leguminosae) were screened for hepatoprotective activity using adult Wister albino rats (120-170 g) as the
experimental animals. Hepatic injury caused by carbon tetra chloride, was analyzed through estimation of AST,
ALT, ALB and platelets in blood samples taken from the veins of orbital plexus of each animal as well as the
histopathological examination of the liver.The effects of the extracts were comparable with standardhepatoprotective drug Silymarin. On the other hand GC-MS analysis was performed on the fatty acid
composition of the lipoidal fraction for the seeds. The separated fatty acids were converted to their methyl ester
and then subjected to the analysis.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Effect of Coconut Oil, Coconut Water and Palm Kernel Oil on Some Biochemical Parameters in Albino Rats.
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 6, Issue 3 (May. – Jun. 2013), PP 56-59
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 56 | Page
Effect of Coconut Oil, Coconut Water and Palm Kernel Oil on
Some Biochemical Parameters in Albino Rats.
Mohammed, A1
and Luka, C.D2
1
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pure & Applied sciences, Federal University Wukari, Taraba State,
Nigeria.
2
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.
Abstract:The coconut oil, coconut water and palm kernel oil was administered orally at a dose of 400mg/kg
body weight to white albino rats to check for some effect on biochemical parameters. Twenty (20) rats divided
into four (4) groups of five (5) rats each. One group was treated with distilled water and feed only serving as
control, second group was treated with coconut water only while the third group was treated with coconut oil
only and the fourth group was treated with palm kernel oil only. The treatment lasted for 7 days. Effect of the
coconut oil, coconut water and palm kernel oil on lipid profile, glucose and protein were analysed, also toxic
effect was determined using biochemical enzyme markers.Treatment showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in
glucose and protein levels. Treatment with coconut oil, coconut water showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in
Triglyceride, Total cholesterol, LDL while it shows significant (p<0.05) increase when treated with palm kernel
oil. Also, treatment with coconut oil, coconut water showed significant (p<0.05) increase in HDL while
treatment with palm kernel oil showed significant (P<0.05) decrease.Treatment with coconut oil, coconut water
and palm kernel oil showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in enzyme activities except for ALP when treated
with palm kernel oil, ALT when treated with coconut oil. Treatment with coconut oil, coconut water and palm
kernel oil showed hypoglycaemic properties and also shows no toxic effect on the liver at the concentration
employed.
Keywords:Coconut, palm kernel, lipid profile, enzymes, haematology.
I. Introduction
Coconut oil and palm kernel oil are reportedly the only two oils in creation that are made up
predominantly Medium Chain Triglycerides (MLT). The medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) are six to twelve
carbon chains and are saturated (6:0, 8:0, 10:0, and 12:0) they made up about two thirds of coconut oil fatty
acids. Medium chain triglycerides are reportedly absorbed in the intestines, even without pancreatic lipase, they
are carried by portal vein to the liver where they are rapidly oxidised to produce energy [1]. Medium chain
triglycerides (MCT) unlike low chain triglycerides (LCT) do not enter the cholesterol cycle, are not deposited in
fat depots hence do not cause obesity [1]. As the coconut matures the pulp becomes firmer with less water and
its nutrients are more of carbohydrate (6.23%), protein (3.33%) and mineral salt particularly magnesium,
calcium and phosphorus [2]. Palm kernel oil is edible plant oil derived from the kernel of the oil palm ELAEIS
GUINEESIS [3]. Like all vegetable oils these three palms derived oils namely palm kernel oil, coconut oil and
palm oil do not contains cholesterol (found in unrefined animal fats) [4]. Although saturated fats intake
increases both low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) [5]. Palm kernel oil is
common cooling ingredient with lack cholesterol and trans-fatty acids both viewed as being heart healthy
attributes.
The coconut is an important member of the family Arecaceae (palm family). It is the only accepted
species in the genus cocos [6], and is a large palm growing up to 30m tall, with pinnate leaves 4-6m long and
pinnae 60-90cm long, old leaves break away clearly leaving the truck smooth. Coconut forma part of daily diet,
the oil is used for cooking; coir is used for furnishing and decorating. The coconut water belongs to the family
of the palmate the tridecocoideae and to the genus cocosnucifera. The water of a tender coconut technically the
liquid endosperm contain sugar, mineral, protein, free amino acids and growth promoting factors [7]. It has
numerous medicinal properties which according to include; good drink for cholera patients because of its saline
and albumin content, checking urinary infections and diarrhoea, effective in the treatment of kidney and urethral
stones, aiding in quick absorption of drugs and makes their peak concentration in the blood easier by its
electrolytes effects and eliminates poisons in case of mineral poisoning [8]. Coconut has been implicated in the
treatment and management of prostate pathologies [2].
2. Effect of Coconut Oil, Coconut Water and Palm Kernel Oil on Some Biochemical Parameters in
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II. Materials and Methods
Collection of plants materials
The fresh Coconut and Palm Kernel were bought at Bukuru market in Jos South LGA of Plateau State and were
authenticated at the Botany Department of University of Jos.
Collection of Experimental Animals
Sixteen matured male Wister strain albino rats weighing between 115-250kg were obtained from the Animal
House Unit of University of Jos.
Extraction of coconut oil and palm kernel oil
Coconut oil was prepared by shelling the nut and the meat using a dull knife, the brown skill was removed from
the coconut meat with razor blade, the meat was thoroughly washed and later grated. The grated meat was put in
a bowl and a little warm water was added and left for a few minutes to extract the oil. The extract was
laterallowed to settle and oil rise up and was sieved out of the extract.Palm kernel oil prepared by shelling the
nut from the kernel and separated from the shell using hammer. The kernel was thoroughly washed, pounded
and was put in a bowl and little warm water was added and left for a few minutes to extract the oil. The extract
was later allowed to settle and the oil rise up and the oil was sieved out of the extract. Coconut water was
obtained from tender coconut technically the liquid endosperm.
Administration of the oil
The coconut water, coconut oil and palm kernel oil was given orally at a dose of 1ml/kg body weight daily. This
was carried out for 7 consecutive days.
Experimental grouping
The rats were divided into four groups of four rats each and were allowed to acclimatize for three days before
the commencement of the experiment.
The grouping and administration of the extracts is as follows:
GROUP Title No of rats Treatment
A Control 4 Distilled water + feed
B Coconut oil 4 Coconut oil
C Coconut water 4 Coconut water
D Palm kernel oil 4 Palm kernel oil
Determination of Serum Glucose Levels
Glucose was determined after an enzymatic oxidation in the presence of glucose oxidase using kit product of
Randox UK. [9]
Determination of Serum TotalProtein Levels
The total protein was determined using biuret method.
Determination of Serum Triglyceride Levels
Triglyceride was determined after hydrolysis by lipase to yield glycerol and free fatty acid using glycerol
phosphate oxidase method. [10]
Determination of Enzymatic Activities
The determination of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase
activities were done using kit product of Randox UK [9].
Statistical analysis
All data are express as Mean (x) ± Standard Deviation (SD). The result were analysed by one-way Anova and
were applicable least significant differences (LSD) was used to determine significant result. Differences
between groups were considered significant at P<0.05.
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III. Results
TABLE I: Effect of Coconut Oil, Coconut Water and Palm Kernel Oil on Serum Glucose and Serum
Total Protein.
TREATMENT GLUCOSE (Mmol/L) PROTEIN (g/l)
Coconut oil 4.2 ± 0.26a
2.0 ± 0.2a
Coconut water 3.4 ± 026a
4.5 ± 0.2a
Palm kernel oil 4.0 ± 0.26a
4.3± 0.2a
Control 4.5± 0.2 4.9 ± 0.1
Values are presented as mean ± SD for 4 determinations, n=4
a = statistically significant decrease when compared with control (P<0.05)
b = statistically not significant when compared with control (p>0.05)
c = statistically not significant when compared with control (p>0.05)
TABLE II: Effect of Coconut oil, Coconut Water and Palm Kernel oil on Serum Lipid Profile Levels.
Treatment T.G(Mmol/L) T.C(Mmol/L) LDL(Mmol/L) HDL(Mmol/L)
Coconut oil 1.28±0.56d
2.59±0.01b
1.14±0.01c
3.36±0.01c
Coconut water 1.20±0.59d
2.59±0.01b
1.06±0.01c
2.96±0.01c
Palm kernel oil 2.16±0.01c
2.83±0.01c
1.66±0.01c
2.36±0.01c
Control 1.61±0.01 2.59±0.01 1.31±0.01 2.85±0.01
Values are presented as mean ± SD for four determinations, n=3
b = not statistically significant when compared with control (P>0.05)
c = statistically significant when compared with control (P<0.05)
d = statistically significant when compared with control (P<0.05)
TABLE III:Effect Coconut oil, Coconut Water and Palm Kernel oil on Serum Enzyme Levels
Treatment ALP (U/L) AST (U/L) ALT (U/L)
Coconut oil 24.0 ± 5.0c
52.2 ± 0.2c
90.2 ± 0.2c
Coconut water 17.1 ± 0.1c
45.5 ± 0.2c
65. 5 ± 0.2c
Palm kernel oil 68.6 ±0.1c
59.5 ± 0.2c
11.7 ± 1.5c
Control 34.3 ± 0.2 63.0 ± 2.5 69.7 ± 0.1
Values are presented as ± SD; n = 3
C = statistically significant when compared with control (P<0.05)
IV. Discussion
The Wister rats used were strictly males because it was reported that female sex hormones (17-
βestradiol) has a lowering effect on the plasma cholesterol concentration [11]. Thus, using female rats may
interfere with the accuracy of the serum cholesterol level, since it was one of the parameters analysed.Glucose is
important in the body because it is stored in mainly the liver and muscles as glycogen; it is distributed and
utilized in tissues as free glycogen. Protein is also important in the function of growth and cell maintenance;
proteins are responsible for muscle contraction. Scientists can speculate on the reasons why glucose and not
another monosaccharide such as fructose, is so widely used in organisms. One reason might be that glucose has
a lower tendency, relative to other hexose sugar to react non-specifically with the amino groups of protein. The
reaction (glycation) reduces or destroys the function of many enzymes. The low rate of glycation is due to
glucose preferences for the less reactive cyclic isomer [12]. Nevertheless, many of the long term complications
of diabetes e.g. blindness, renal failure and peripheral neuropathy are probably due to the glycation of the
proteins or lipids. However, enzyme regulates addition of glucose to protein by glycosylation which is often
essential to their function [14].Treatment with coconut oil, coconut water and palm kernel oil shows significant
(P>0.05) decrease in both glucose and protein levels.
Lipids profile also known as coronary (heart attack) risk panel, or lipid panel the collective term to the
estimation of typically total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein and triglycerides are used to assess risk of
coronary heart disease [13]. Lipid profiles have been shown to be the important predictors for the metabolic
disturbances including dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hyperinsulinemia etc. [5].
Treatment with coconut oil, coconut water shows significant (P<0.05) decrease in total cholesterol, triglyceride,
LDL level but shows significant (P<0.05) Increase in HDL when treated with palm kernel oil. Treatment with
coconut oil, coconut water shows significant (P<0.05) increase in HDL while it shows significant (P<0.05)
decrease in HDL when treated with palm kernel oil.
4. Effect of Coconut Oil, Coconut Water and Palm Kernel Oil on Some Biochemical Parameters in
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Changes in serum enzymes levels are often early determinant of tissue damage either by toxicant or in
disease conditions. Serum alkaline phosphate, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase are liver
biochemical markers. Therefore, increases in ALT activity are always due to hepatocellular damage and it is
usually accompanied by AST activity [14]. However, the difference observed in the activities of these enzymes
at the dose employed (400mg/kg body weight) showed statistically significant (P>0.05) decrease in enzymes
activities except for ALP and ALT when treated with palm kernel oil and coconut oil respectively which showed
slight increase. This implies that coconut oil, coconut water and palm kernel oil at that concentration employed
has no toxic effect on the liver of the rats.
V. Conclusion
Treatment with coconut oil, coconut water and palm kernel oil decreased the concentration of glucose
and protein in the experimental rats. Therefore, the plants have hypoglycaemic effects. The study also showed
that coconut oil, coconut water and palm kernel oil may not have toxic effect on the liver at the employed
dosage since it produced no significant effects on the enzymes activities as biochemical enzymes makers of liver
damage.
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