English: Caution: This slide contains images of animate beings which are used for scientific purposes only. Hadith: Sahih Al Bukhari Chapter 89: Narrated Muslim: We were with Masruq at the house of Yasar bin Numair. Masruq saw pictures on his terrace and said, "I heard `Abdullah saying that he heard the Prophet (ﷺ) saying, "The people who will receive the severest punishment from Allah will be the picture makers.'" Bahasa Indonesia: Perhatian: Slide ini mengandung gambar makhluk bernyawa yang hanya digunakan untuk tujuan ilmu pengetahuan saja.

1. Laboratorium Nutrisi Pangan dan Hasil Pertanian
Program Studi Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan
Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian
FTP - UB
2015

2. Lipid
• structural component of all living cell
• Integral to membranes, gives form to a cellular
components
Major classes
• Acylglycerides, energy source and storage
• Complex lipid : Phospholipids, Lipoprotein, Glikolipids,
Aminolipids (active cellular lipids, transport)
• Lipid derivat : Fatty acids, sterols, hormone and bile
acids, eicosanoids (essential metabolite)

3. • Sources of energy (9 kcal/g)
• Increase palatability
Other functions include:
1. provide means whereby fat-soluble nutrients
(e.g., sterols, vitamins) can be absorbed by the
body
2. structural element of cell, sub cellular
components
3. components of hormones and precursors for
eicosanoids synthesis

4. Visible Lipid
• Clearly seems in food system
• Ex : Oil, lard, butter, margarine
Invisible Lipid
• Not clearly seems in food systems
• Be emulsified, homogenated or be a apart
• Ex : egg yolk, coconut milk, peanut

7. • Hydrocarbon chains of from 2 to 20 and more
carbons with a carboxyl at one end
• 4-6 carbon, short chain
• 8-12 carbon, medium chain
• 14-18 carbon, long chain
• >20 carbon, very long chain, individual names

8. Symbol Systematic name Common name Sources
Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA)
C6:0 n-hexanoic caproic Milk fat
C8:0 n-octanoic caprylic Milk fat, coconut
C10:0 n-decanoic capric Milk fat, coconut
C12:0 n-dodecanoic lauric Coconut, palm
C14:0 n-tetradecanoic myristic Milk fat, coconut
C16:0 n-hexadecanoic palmitic Most SFA in plant
and animal
C18:0 n-octadecanoic stearic Animal fat, cocoa
butter
C20:0 n-eicosanoic arachidic Widespread minor
C22:0 n-docosanoic behenic Minor in seeds
C24:0 n-tetracosanoic lignoseric Minor in seeds

9. Symbol Systematic name Common name Sources
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA)
C16:1 cis-9-hexadecanoic palmitoleic Most fat and oil
C18:1 cis-9-octadecanoic oleic Most fat and oil
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)
C18:2 n-6 cis-6,9-octadecadienoic linolenic Most plant oils
C18:3 n-6 all-cis-6,9,12-
octadecatrienoat
γ-linolenic Primrose, borage
oil
C18:3 n-3 all-cis-9,12,15-
octadecatrienoic
α-linolenic Soybean, canola
oils
C20:4 n-6 all-cis-8,11,14-
eicosatetraenoic
arachidonic meat
C20:5 n-3 all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-
eicosapentaenoic
EPA Fish oil
C22:6 n-3 all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-
docosahexaenoic
DHA Fish oil

13. Lipid Digestion
Gastric
• Gastric lipase
• Triacylglycerol -> 3 fatty
acid + glycerol
• Lipid digestion limited to
SCFA
• Not efficient

14. Lipid Digestion
Small Intestine (duodenum)
• Lipid emulsified : bile salt
• Small droplet and lipid globule,
increase surface area, high
digestibility
• Pancreatic lipase
• 40-50% FA + glycerol, and
monoglycerides, 10%
diglycerides, triglicerides

15. Lipid Absorption
Small Intestine (Ileum)
• Lipid digestion (fatty acid, glycerol and
monoglycerides) + bile salts -> form micelles
• Micelles absorb by mucosa cell
• Resynthesize triglycerides in cell endoplasmic
reticulum
• Some SCFA and MUFA – direct absorb to blood
circulation

16. Lipid Transport
Small Intestine (Ileum)
• Lipid digestion (fatty acid, glycerol and
monoglycerides) + bile salts -> form micelles
• Micelles absorb by mucosa cell
• Resynthesize triglycerides (TG) in endoplasmic
reticulum of enterocyte (epithelial cell of ileum)
• Triglycerides + lipoprotein + phospolipid ->
chylomicron -> lymphatic circulation -> blood
circulation -> liver and adipose cells

21. Lipid Metabolism
Liver and Miosit Tissue
• Chylomicron breakdown (lipoprotein lipase),
TG + cholesterol is transported into adipose
tissue or miosit tissue (muscle)
• Beta oxidation of fatty acid in miosit
(mitochondrion) -> energy

22. Lipid Deposit
• Fatty acid is transported
into adipose tissue (by
VLDL form)
• TG from adipose tissue
could transported into
miosit and oxidized into
energy

23. Next..?
Write short review, handwritten, max 1 page
(A4 letter), choose 1 topic only :
• Trans FA metabolism
• Health aspect of Omega-3 FA
• Cholesterol metabolism
• Eicosanoids metabolism

24. Trans Fatty Acid
• Unsaturated fatty acids with at least one
double bond in the trans configuration
• Are formed during the partial
hydrogenation of vegetable oils
• Food industry: long shelf life, their
stability during deep-frying, and their
semi solidity, which can be customized
to enhance the palatability of baked
goods and sweets

25. Trans Fatty Acid

26. Trans Fatty Acid
• Naturally occurring trans fats are
consumed in smaller amounts (about
0.5 percent of total energy intake) in
meats and dairy products from cows,
sheep, and other ruminants
• Consumption of trans fatty acids
increases the risk of coronary heart
disease (CHD).

27. Trans Fatty Acid

32. Fatty Acid Metabolism
• MUFA intake from food and
enzymatically synthesis from SFA (9-
desaturase enzyme)
• C16:0  C16:1, C18:0  C18:1
• PUFA (linoleat and linolenat) are
essential FA
• ω3 are synthesized from linolenic acid,
but ω6 form linoleic acid
• Oleic acid  C20:3 ω9 (essential FA
deficiency)

34. Fatty Acid Metabolism
• Delta 6 desaturase: limiting enzyme
(preferred substrate : linoleic)
• Linoleic abundant in food > linolenic
• EPA and DHA : slowly shynthesized
(increased from food intake)

35. Omega-3 FA vs CVD
• decrease risk for arrhythmias, which can
lead to sudden cardiac death.
• decrease risk for thrombosis, which can
lead to heart attack and stroke.
• decrease triglyceride and remnant
lipoprotein levels.
• decrease rate of growth of the
atherosclerotic plaque.
• improve endothelial function.
• (slightly) lower blood pressure.
• reduce inflammatory responses

36. Cholesterol Synthesize

37. Cholesterol Regulation

39. Eicosanoids
• Hormone likes compound
• Short half-life
• C20 FA : precursors of eicosanoids
synthesize (ALA, Arachidonic acid, EPA)
• Prostaglandin, tromboxan,
prostacyclin, leukotriena, lipoxin

43. Eicosanoids
ω6 eicosanoids
• TXA2 : platelet pro agregation,
vasoconstriction
• PGI2 : capillary vasoconstriction
• LTB4 : inflamation mediator
ω3 eicosanoids
• TXA3 : platelet pro agregation (weak)

44. Evaluation of Lipid
• Invitro
rancidity test (peroxides, FFA, TBA test), iod test,
cholesterol content, lipid-trans, fatty acid profile
• Invivo
(hypocholesterolemia, hypotrigliseridemia effect)
blood lipid profile, level of cholesterol, TG, HDL
and LDL level, foam cell analysis, Intima Media
Thickness Level, etc