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Lipid evaluation
The document discusses various aspects of lipids, including their classification, digestion, metabolism, and health impacts. It details the role of different fatty acids, their sources, and the physiological processes involved in lipid digestion and absorption. Additionally, it covers the implications of trans fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids on health, particularly regarding cardiovascular disease and metabolic functions.
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Lipid evaluation
- 1. Laboratorium Nutrisi Pangandan Hasil Pertanian Program Studi Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian FTP - UB 2015
- 2. Lipid • structural componentof all living cell • Integral to membranes, gives form to a cellular components Major classes • Acylglycerides, energy source and storage • Complex lipid : Phospholipids, Lipoprotein, Glikolipids, Aminolipids (active cellular lipids, transport) • Lipid derivat : Fatty acids, sterols, hormone and bile acids, eicosanoids (essential metabolite)
- 3. • Sources ofenergy (9 kcal/g) • Increase palatability Other functions include: 1. provide means whereby fat-soluble nutrients (e.g., sterols, vitamins) can be absorbed by the body 2. structural element of cell, sub cellular components 3. components of hormones and precursors for eicosanoids synthesis
- 4. Visible Lipid • Clearlyseems in food system • Ex : Oil, lard, butter, margarine Invisible Lipid • Not clearly seems in food systems • Be emulsified, homogenated or be a apart • Ex : egg yolk, coconut milk, peanut
- 7. • Hydrocarbon chainsof from 2 to 20 and more carbons with a carboxyl at one end • 4-6 carbon, short chain • 8-12 carbon, medium chain • 14-18 carbon, long chain • >20 carbon, very long chain, individual names
- 8. Symbol Systematic nameCommon name Sources Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA) C6:0 n-hexanoic caproic Milk fat C8:0 n-octanoic caprylic Milk fat, coconut C10:0 n-decanoic capric Milk fat, coconut C12:0 n-dodecanoic lauric Coconut, palm C14:0 n-tetradecanoic myristic Milk fat, coconut C16:0 n-hexadecanoic palmitic Most SFA in plant and animal C18:0 n-octadecanoic stearic Animal fat, cocoa butter C20:0 n-eicosanoic arachidic Widespread minor C22:0 n-docosanoic behenic Minor in seeds C24:0 n-tetracosanoic lignoseric Minor in seeds
- 9. Symbol Systematic nameCommon name Sources Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA) C16:1 cis-9-hexadecanoic palmitoleic Most fat and oil C18:1 cis-9-octadecanoic oleic Most fat and oil Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) C18:2 n-6 cis-6,9-octadecadienoic linolenic Most plant oils C18:3 n-6 all-cis-6,9,12- octadecatrienoat γ-linolenic Primrose, borage oil C18:3 n-3 all-cis-9,12,15- octadecatrienoic α-linolenic Soybean, canola oils C20:4 n-6 all-cis-8,11,14- eicosatetraenoic arachidonic meat C20:5 n-3 all-cis-5,8,11,14,17- eicosapentaenoic EPA Fish oil C22:6 n-3 all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19- docosahexaenoic DHA Fish oil
- 13. Lipid Digestion Gastric • Gastriclipase • Triacylglycerol -> 3 fatty acid + glycerol • Lipid digestion limited to SCFA • Not efficient
- 14. Lipid Digestion Small Intestine(duodenum) • Lipid emulsified : bile salt • Small droplet and lipid globule, increase surface area, high digestibility • Pancreatic lipase • 40-50% FA + glycerol, and monoglycerides, 10% diglycerides, triglicerides
- 15. Lipid Absorption Small Intestine(Ileum) • Lipid digestion (fatty acid, glycerol and monoglycerides) + bile salts -> form micelles • Micelles absorb by mucosa cell • Resynthesize triglycerides in cell endoplasmic reticulum • Some SCFA and MUFA – direct absorb to blood circulation
- 16. Lipid Transport Small Intestine(Ileum) • Lipid digestion (fatty acid, glycerol and monoglycerides) + bile salts -> form micelles • Micelles absorb by mucosa cell • Resynthesize triglycerides (TG) in endoplasmic reticulum of enterocyte (epithelial cell of ileum) • Triglycerides + lipoprotein + phospolipid -> chylomicron -> lymphatic circulation -> blood circulation -> liver and adipose cells
- 21. Lipid Metabolism Liver andMiosit Tissue • Chylomicron breakdown (lipoprotein lipase), TG + cholesterol is transported into adipose tissue or miosit tissue (muscle) • Beta oxidation of fatty acid in miosit (mitochondrion) -> energy
- 22. Lipid Deposit • Fattyacid is transported into adipose tissue (by VLDL form) • TG from adipose tissue could transported into miosit and oxidized into energy
- 23. Next..? Write short review,handwritten, max 1 page (A4 letter), choose 1 topic only : • Trans FA metabolism • Health aspect of Omega-3 FA • Cholesterol metabolism • Eicosanoids metabolism
- 24. Trans Fatty Acid •Unsaturated fatty acids with at least one double bond in the trans configuration • Are formed during the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils • Food industry: long shelf life, their stability during deep-frying, and their semi solidity, which can be customized to enhance the palatability of baked goods and sweets
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- 26. Trans Fatty Acid •Naturally occurring trans fats are consumed in smaller amounts (about 0.5 percent of total energy intake) in meats and dairy products from cows, sheep, and other ruminants • Consumption of trans fatty acids increases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).
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- 32. Fatty Acid Metabolism •MUFA intake from food and enzymatically synthesis from SFA (9- desaturase enzyme) • C16:0 C16:1, C18:0 C18:1 • PUFA (linoleat and linolenat) are essential FA • ω3 are synthesized from linolenic acid, but ω6 form linoleic acid • Oleic acid C20:3 ω9 (essential FA deficiency)
- 34. Fatty Acid Metabolism •Delta 6 desaturase: limiting enzyme (preferred substrate : linoleic) • Linoleic abundant in food > linolenic • EPA and DHA : slowly shynthesized (increased from food intake)
- 35. Omega-3 FA vsCVD • decrease risk for arrhythmias, which can lead to sudden cardiac death. • decrease risk for thrombosis, which can lead to heart attack and stroke. • decrease triglyceride and remnant lipoprotein levels. • decrease rate of growth of the atherosclerotic plaque. • improve endothelial function. • (slightly) lower blood pressure. • reduce inflammatory responses
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- 39. Eicosanoids • Hormone likescompound • Short half-life • C20 FA : precursors of eicosanoids synthesize (ALA, Arachidonic acid, EPA) • Prostaglandin, tromboxan, prostacyclin, leukotriena, lipoxin
- 43. Eicosanoids ω6 eicosanoids • TXA2: platelet pro agregation, vasoconstriction • PGI2 : capillary vasoconstriction • LTB4 : inflamation mediator ω3 eicosanoids • TXA3 : platelet pro agregation (weak)
- 44. Evaluation of Lipid •Invitro rancidity test (peroxides, FFA, TBA test), iod test, cholesterol content, lipid-trans, fatty acid profile • Invivo (hypocholesterolemia, hypotrigliseridemia effect) blood lipid profile, level of cholesterol, TG, HDL and LDL level, foam cell analysis, Intima Media Thickness Level, etc