1) The document discusses a study examining the effects of consuming different types of olive oil with varying phenolic content on cardiovascular risk factors and oxidative damage.
2) 200 healthy men were randomized to consume 25mL per day of olive oil with low, medium, or high phenolic content according to a Latin square design with washout periods.
3) Compared to low phenolic olive oil, consumption of medium and high phenolic olive oils significantly increased urinary markers of olive oil phenolic compounds, indicating compliance. No other significant differences between groups were observed for cardiovascular risk factors or oxidative damage markers.
In this slide deck I demonstrate the effects of carbohydrate restriction on different lipoproteins such as HDL, LDL, non-HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (apoB). The effect of butter and saturated fat as such are compared to unsaturated fat and especially to canola oil. Meta-analysis by Mensink et al. 2003 is the primary reference for the analysis.
Ole's natural Olive Leaf extract is the natural bodyguard for your immunity system.
Olé contains olive leaf extract that has five times more antioxidant power than Vitamin C. It is a natural defender of the immune system and can help maintain a normal and healthy cardiovascular system. To find out more, go to http://www.qnet.net.
This about 20 inspirational rules to get successful. These are motivational & strategic. These rules are very helpful whenever we go to design a business strategy to hold the market.
11 Reasons to Take Ole Olive Leaf Extract by QNETQNET Ltd
11 Reasons why you should take Olive Leaf Extract. QNET's Ole is full of awesome antioxidants and acts as your natural bodyguard! For more information visit www.qnet.net
Know more about QNET by visiting these sites:
http://www.qnetlife.net
https://twitter.com/QNetOfficial
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https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.qnet.estore.android&hl=en
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What skills should you be training? And what skills could you be selling? - ...David Christopher
This presentation was designed for the National Convention of the Western Association of University Publications Managers. It explains the success of BigWing Interactive, a digital marketing agency within The Oklahoman media company that as of 2016 had grown to $6m revenue in five years almost entirely off of its own profitability. The lessons of BigWing can be replicated by university publications, in fact they have some unique competitive advantages in the space. It happens that the skills they should be training to foster successful journalists today are also skills that brands and agencies are hungry for - the booming market of digital marketing.
In this slide deck I demonstrate the effects of carbohydrate restriction on different lipoproteins such as HDL, LDL, non-HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (apoB). The effect of butter and saturated fat as such are compared to unsaturated fat and especially to canola oil. Meta-analysis by Mensink et al. 2003 is the primary reference for the analysis.
Ole's natural Olive Leaf extract is the natural bodyguard for your immunity system.
Olé contains olive leaf extract that has five times more antioxidant power than Vitamin C. It is a natural defender of the immune system and can help maintain a normal and healthy cardiovascular system. To find out more, go to http://www.qnet.net.
This about 20 inspirational rules to get successful. These are motivational & strategic. These rules are very helpful whenever we go to design a business strategy to hold the market.
11 Reasons to Take Ole Olive Leaf Extract by QNETQNET Ltd
11 Reasons why you should take Olive Leaf Extract. QNET's Ole is full of awesome antioxidants and acts as your natural bodyguard! For more information visit www.qnet.net
Know more about QNET by visiting these sites:
http://www.qnetlife.net
https://twitter.com/QNetOfficial
https://www.youtube.com/user/QNETofficial
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.qnet.estore.android&hl=en
https://www.facebook.com/QNETIndiaOfficial
What skills should you be training? And what skills could you be selling? - ...David Christopher
This presentation was designed for the National Convention of the Western Association of University Publications Managers. It explains the success of BigWing Interactive, a digital marketing agency within The Oklahoman media company that as of 2016 had grown to $6m revenue in five years almost entirely off of its own profitability. The lessons of BigWing can be replicated by university publications, in fact they have some unique competitive advantages in the space. It happens that the skills they should be training to foster successful journalists today are also skills that brands and agencies are hungry for - the booming market of digital marketing.
It’s no secret that the Mediterranean diet is one
of the healthiest ways to eat on the planet. And it’s also no secret that one of the most prominent ingredients in that diet is olive oil. But here’s a well-kept secret: the amazing, documented health benefits of olive oil don’t just come from the oil. In fact, from a health perspective, the oil may not even be the most important product of the olive tree.
Interested?
Read on...
‘Collection Skills’- a leading Training Provider & the only one in this part of the world to be listed in the ‘Collections & Credit Risk Magazine’ under ‘Who’s Who in Training’ & ranked top on all top search engines.
‘Collection Skills’- as the name says, specializes in conducting Professional Training Programs for the industry in ‘Prevention & Collection of Debt’ and has been regularly doing so for the last 13 years serving customers from a diverse range of industries, with an impressive list of some of the top most names in India, Middle East & SE Asia.
Objective of the Program
a) To ensure participants are equipped with the necessary skills in Collecting/Minimizing the outstanding, while yet keeping the Customer using a very professional approach.
b) To provide a thorough understanding of how bad debt occurs, how to prevent it, and the impact it has on the organization.
c) To ensure that the team is equipped with the skills to manage /control/ monitor Collections on a day- to- day basis.
d) To equip participants with the skills in understanding the behavior pattern of customers (defaulters), in order to ensure that they fine-tune theirs to that of each customer.
Program Outline:
‘Collection Skills’ program on ‘Professional Training Skills for Prevention/Collection of Accounts Receivables/ Debt’, would cover the basics in credit & cash flow management right from how bad debt occurs with methods to prevent the same, through the steps of an effective collection call (both on phone & face to face) with emphasis on the importance of documentation/ reports/ procedures for systematic follow-up; including series of letters and general tips for chasing your money too (by encouraging proactive methods!).
In brief the 4 HOW’s would be covered:
HOW bad debt occurs (everyone needs to understand the impact of this on the organization)
HOW to prevent (prevention is better than cure!)
HOW to collect your money…& finally
HOW to keep your customer!
Neufol is highly bioavailable source of folic acid. It is the natural, active form of folic acid which is an integral Component of prenatal care, homocysteine management, depression treatment, dementia and cardiovascular concerns. Neufol is a vitamin essential for reproductive health.
Cytotoxic Activity of Linum usitatissimum L. Essential oil against Lung Adeno...AmalDhivaharS
The Essential oils of numerous medicinal plants are reported to have significant anti-cancer effects due to the presence of active phytochemicals. Flax seeds (Linum usitatissimum L.) are found to be a rich source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an essential fatty acid, which is a precursor to several omega-3 fatty acids, claimed to have lipid-lowering properties. It is also known to have enriched with certain unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids and relatively low glucosinolate content. In this study, we have extracted the essential oil from flaxseeds (FEO) through the Hydro-distillation method and analyzed its anti-cancer effects on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line. The GC-MS analysis indicated the presence of various phytochemical compounds with antitumor properties such as hexadecanoic acid, cis - vaccenic acid, and isopropyl myristate. The Trypan blue and MTT assays conducted with concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 0.20 V/V% provided IC50 values of 0.11 and 0.16 V/V% respectively for cancer cell line growth inhibition. The cell line migration was also monitored using the wound-scratch assay with essential oil concentrations of 0.16 and 0.20 V/V% at the 24th hour. The essential oil could efficiently prevent the rapid migration of lung cancer cells when observed under an inverted microscope. Thus, the flaxseed essential oil treatment on A549 cancer cells exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in their viability and caused apoptosis induction. Therefore, flaxseeds have a greater potency to treat lung cancer cells and this work also proposes further in vivo studies to establish this natural medication as an eminent anti-cancer drug.
Effect of Coconut Oil, Coconut Water and Palm Kernel Oil on Some Biochemical ...IOSR Journals
The coconut oil, coconut water and palm kernel oil was administered orally at a dose of 400mg/kg body weight to white albino rats to check for some effect on biochemical parameters. Twenty (20) rats divided into four (4) groups of five (5) rats each. One group was treated with distilled water and feed only serving as control, second group was treated with coconut water only while the third group was treated with coconut oil only and the fourth group was treated with palm kernel oil only. The treatment lasted for 7 days. Effect of the coconut oil, coconut water and palm kernel oil on lipid profile, glucose and protein were analysed, also toxic effect was determined using biochemical enzyme markers.Treatment showed significant (p<0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05) decrease in enzyme activities except for ALP when treated with palm kernel oil, ALT when treated with coconut oil. Treatment with coconut oil, coconut water and palm kernel oil showed hypoglycaemic properties and also shows no toxic effect on the liver at the concentration employed.
An Overview of Flax Seeds – Phytochemical Profile, Extraction & Dietary BenefitsAmalDhivaharS
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) or the Linseed, a cultivated food cum fibre crop well known in the textile industry, comes from the Linaceae family. Flaxseeds have a major significance in history since their first domestication in the Fertile Crescent region and are well known for their high nutritional and medicinal values. Flax seeds contain more than 70% of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega3 essential fatty acid that is known to suppress the proliferation of several cancer cell lines, along with certain unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Flaxseed oil (FSO) is looked up for the treatment of various ailments including rheumatoid arthritis, high cholesterol level, osteoarthritis, anxiety, vaginal infections, atherosclerosis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and so on. It is usually extracted from the flaxseeds by press and solvent extraction methods and was used for research purposes in the past years in the medicinal, pharmaceutical, and food industry. In the present study, the flaxseeds were powdered using a grinder and the FSO was extracted using a Clevenger apparatus by the hydro-distillation method. A comprehensive analysis of the phytochemical composition and alimental properties revealed that flaxseeds may have anti-cancer effects when consumed regularly as part of one's diet.
Dodecanoic acid in extra virgin coconut oil, may reduce the incidence of hea...banafsheh61
Abstract: Lauric-acid is a 12-carbon, medium-length, long-chain fatty acid that makes up around 50 percent of the fatty acids within coconut oil. It is a powerful compound that is sometimes extracted from the coconut for use in developing monolaurin. Monolaurin is an anti-microbial agent that is able to fight bacteria, viruses, yeasts, and other pathogens. Since one cannot ingest lauric-acid alone because it is irritating and not found alone in nature, one is most likely to consume it in the form of extra virgin coconut oil or from fresh coconuts. This prospective research is about the effects of lauric-acid in prevention of cancer and heart disease by reviewing applied studies on animals and humans. The viral, fungal and microbial effects in the cause of some types of cancer and heart disease is well established, therefore, the anti-pathogenic and anti-parasitic effects of lauric-acid is the other way of importance of this compound.
Facial Acne Therapy by Using Pumpkin Seed Oil with Its Physicochemical Proper...Taghreed Al-Noor
The herbal remedy individually or in combination with standard medicines has been used in diverse medical treatises for the cure of different diseases. Pumpkin seed oil is one of the recognized edible oil and has substantial medicinal properties due to the presence of unique natural edible substances. Inflammation is an adaptive response that is triggered by noxious stimuli and conditions, which involves interactions amongst many cell types and mediators, and underlies many pathological processes. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) can influence inflammation through a variety of mechanisms, and have been indicated as alternative anti-inflammatory agents to treat several inflammatory skin disorders. Pumpkin seed oil is rich in (UFAs), that its topical anti-inflammatory properties have been investigated. For that reason, the goal of this article was to evaluate the effects of pumpkin seed oil on acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation experimental models. The extracted pumpkin seed oil had an acceptable initial quality, when it was extracted using soxhlet extraction method and was characterized using standard methods .The physicochemical parameters of purified oil were determined. The boiling point of pumpkin seed oil was (158.90 oC) that equal to the values obtained in literature for some oil seeds, but lower than the boiling point of the oils studied, plus the melting point of pumpkin seed oil was (15.39 oC) that lead to a characteristic in cold cream manufacture. The iodine value was (104 ± 0.03 mg of KOH/g) of oil, indicated a high degree of unsaturation. The saponification value was (181± 3.2 mg KOH/g), this value indicated the pumpkin seed oil had fatty acids with higher number of carbon atoms. As a final point, the acid value was
English:
Caution: This slide contains images of animate beings which are used for scientific purposes only.
Hadith:
Sahih Al Bukhari Chapter 89:
Narrated Muslim:
We were with Masruq at the house of Yasar bin Numair. Masruq saw pictures on his terrace and said, "I heard `Abdullah saying that he heard the Prophet (ﷺ) saying, "The people who will receive the severest punishment from Allah will be the picture makers.'"
Bahasa Indonesia:
Perhatian: Slide ini mengandung gambar makhluk bernyawa yang hanya digunakan untuk tujuan ilmu pengetahuan saja.
Aceite de oliva composicion y salud hecho por medicos barcelona 2006
1. EFFECT OF OLIVE OIL AND ITS PHENOLIC
COMPOUNDS ON REDUCTION OF HEART
DISEASE RISK FACTORS AND OXIDATIVE
DAMAGE
M.I. Covas
Lipids and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit
Institut Municipal d´Investigació Mèdica (IMIM). Barcelona. Spain
Sessions dels Groups i Unitats d´Epidemiologia. IMIM. Maig 2006
2. Background
The benefits of olive oil consumption are becoming increasingly recognized.
Recently, the FDA permitted a claim on olive oil labels concerning:
“the benefits on the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) of eating about 2
tablespoons (23 grams) of olive oil daily, due to the monounsaturated fat
(MUFA) in olive oil”.
However, if the effect of olive oil can be attributed solely to is MUFA content, any
type of olive oil, rapeseed oil, or or MUFA-rich food would provide the same
health benefits.
Olive oil is the main source of fat in the Mediterranean Diet
Thus, Public Health implications exist as to whether a specific type of MUFA fat or
olive oil should be recomended as individualized eating strategies for oxidative stress
associated diseases prevention
3. OLIVE OIL COMPONENTS
• Major components: Fatty acids
– Saturated (8-14%)
– Monounsaturated (oleic acid 55-83%)
– Poliunsaturated (4-20%)
• Minor components:
– Squalene, Sterols, triterpenes
– Vitamin E, Beta-carotene
– Phenolic compounds (tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol,
oleuropeine, lignanes).
EUROPEAN OLIVE OIL MEDICAL INFORMATION LIBRARY
4. TYPES OF OLIVE OIL
OLIVES
LEAF REMOVAL
WASHING
CRUSHING-MILLING
PASTE MALAXATION
PRESSURE OR
CENTRIFUGATION
VIRGIN OLIVE OIL
OLIVE
POMACE
Refination
Orujo de oliva
Refination Refined olive oil
Mixture
Low phenolic content
(10-30 mg/Kg)
High phenolic content
(150-400 mg/Kg)
Low phenolic content
(10-70 mg/Kg)
Phenolic content (0-5 mg/kg)
Pomace olive oil Common olive oil
The phenolic content of an olive oil varies, depending on the cultivar, climate, ripeness of
the olives at harvesting, and the processing system for the type of olive oil:
5. Background
Olive oil phenolic compounds show:
•strong antioxidant properties against free
radical generation and LDL oxidation in
experimental studies
• delayed the progression of atherosclerosis
in animal models.
Oleate-rich LDL is less
susceptible against oxidative
modification than linoleate-rich
LDL.
There is increasing evidence that dietary phenolic compounds can modulate lipid
and lipoprotein metabolism.
Oxidative damage of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is linked pathogenically to a
variety of diseases such as cancer and also to ageing
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation is a hallmark for atherosclerosis
development.
6. Olive oil phenolic compounds are bioavailable in humans
Data regarding the benefits of olive oil phenolic compounds in humans
from real-life daily doses of olive oil are controversial and scarce
The protective effects on lipid oxidation in these trials being better displayed
in oxidative stress conditions
Carefully controlled studies in appropriate populations (i.e. oxidative stress
conditions, or with a large sample size (in the case of healthy volunteers), are
required to definitively establish the health properties of olive oil phenolic
compounds in humans.
Consensus report. Expert Panel
International Conference of Olive Oil and Health. Jaen, Spain October 2004
Expert Panel. Pérez-Jiménez, Coordinator, et al, Eur J Clin Invest 2005;35:421-4
7. THE EFFECT OF OLIVE OIL CONSUMPTION ON OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN EUROPEAN
POPULATIONS. The EUROLIVE Study (QRLT-2001-00287)
Covas MI, Poulsen HE, Nyyssönen K, Zunft HFJ, Kiesewetter H, Gaddi A, López-Sabater C,
Kaikkonen J, on behalf of the EUROLIVE Investigators
IMIM
UBGL
KEPKA
DIfE
RHK
UKU
EUC
UB
JLB
UBER
Objective
To assess the effect of three similar types
of olive oil, but with differences in their
phenolic content, on blood lipids, and the
oxidative/antioxidative status in healthy
human volunteers.
8. 3.1.1 Characteristics of the olive oils
Determination of phenolic content in several virgin olive oils
(HPC)Virgin olive oil
Picual from Jaen (Andalucia, Spain, 366 ppm of PC)
Measurement of fatty acid profile and vitamin E
Determination of fatty acid profile and vitamin E of several
refined virgin olive oils from similar cultivar and soil
(VLPC) Refined olive oil
(similar characteristics to the virgin one)
Mixture
(MPC) Common olive oil
3.1 Protocol of management for Olive Oils
10. Study population: 200 healthy non-smoker males recruited between
December 2002 and July 2003 in 6 Centers of 5 European Countries (Denmark,
Finland, Germany (2 Centres), Italy, and Spain).
The EUROLIVE Study. Methods
Eligibility criteria: to be healthy on the basis of clinical exanimation and
laboratory analyses; willingness to provide written, informed consent; and to agree to
the adherence to the protocol
Exclusion criteria:
-smoking -intake of antioxidant supplements
- diabetes - hypertension
-Hyperlipidaemia - any condition limiting mobility
-obesity (body mass index >30 kg/m2
)
-aspirin, or drugs with established antioxidant properties
-celiac or other intestinal disease, life-threatening diseases, or any other disease or
condition that would impair compliance.
11. Persons invited to be screened
n = 344
144 ineligible
98 Did Not Met Protocol criteria
46 Unwilling to Participate
68 Assigned to Order 2,
(MPC, LPC, HPC)
200 Randomized
67 Assigned to Order 1,
(HPC, MPC, LPC)
65 Assigned to Order 3
(LPC, HPC, MPC)
6 Out of Follow-up
3 Unable to adhere
2 Moved away
1 Collateral event
5 Out of Follow-up
2 Unable to adhere
2 Moved away
1 Collateral event
7 Out of Follow-up
4 Unable to adhere
1 Moved away
2 Collateral events
61 Included in the Analysis 63 Included in the Analysis 58 Included in the Analysis
Flow-chart describing progress of participants through the EUROLIVE Study
LPC, MPC, and HPC, olive oils with low, medium and high phenolic content, respectively.
The EUROLIVE Study. Methods
12. Latin Square for three treatments in the cross-over clinical trial
Examination Number: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Blood collection
Anthropometric measures
Order 1 HPC WO MPC WO LPC
Order 2 WO MPC WO LPC WO HPC
Order 3 WO LPC WO HPC WO MPC
LPC, MPC, and HPC: olive oils with low, medium, and high phenolic content
WO: wash-out period, (2 weeks) .Intervention periods 3 weeks (25 mL/day olive oil ingestion
Examination number (general measurements and/or blood collection): 1, baseline; 2, post-first washout; 3, post-first
intervention;
4, post-second washout; 5, post-second intervention; 6, post-third washout; 7, post-third intervention .
3DDR 3DDR 3DDR 3DDR
FHD/PA PA
The EUROLIVE Study. Methods
WO
13. Outcome measurements in the Clinical Trials
Urinary tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, the major olive oil phenolic compounds, as markers of compliance
Oxidative markers
Lipid oxidation
F2 isoprostanes (pl)
OH-Fatty acids (pl)
Conjugated dienes (LDL)
Oxidized LDL (pl)
Antibodies against oxidized
LDL (s))
DNA and RNA
oxidation
8-oxo-dGuo (u)
8-oxo-Guo(u)
8-oxo-Gua (u)
Antioxidative markers
Endogenous
SOD (b)
GSH-Px (pl)
GR (pl)
GSH/GSSG (b)
Enterolactone (s)
PON (s)
Exogenous
AA (pl)
Tocopherol (pl)
β-carotene (pl)
Lycopene (pl)
Lipid status: Fatty acids in LDL; Serum Cholesterol, LDL, HDL
The EUROLIVE Study. Methods
3-O-methyl-hydroxytyrosol in urine as a marker of the individual bioavailability and metabolic capacity of the
hydroxytyrosol ingested.
14. No differences at baseline were observed among the three groups of
olive oil administration order:
•For energy, macronutrients, or for the main antioxidant (vit E, beta-
carotene...) or pro-oxidant intake (iron).
•For the evaluated end-points, with the exception of low levels of Ab-
oxLDL in order 1 group and 8-dGuo in order 3 group (P<0.05).
The EUROLIVE Study. Results
No carryover effect, examined through the interaction treatment by
period in the models, was observed for any outcome.
No changes in daily energy expenditure in leisure time physical
activity were observed from the beginning to the end of the study
(mean values, 282 vs 275 kcal/day).
Diet was similar in the three groups during each type of olive oil
administration.
15. Mean daily energy consumption (SD) and selected nutrient intake
(SD) according olive oil intervention
Olive Oil
Nutrient Low phenolics Medium
phenolics
High phenolics
Energy (kcal) 2212 (690.6) 2228 (741.4) 2245 (650.0)
Carbohydrate (%)* 48.4 (27.6) 46.2 (9.5) 46.3 (9.3)
Protein (%)* 15.3 (3.3) 15.6 (3.7) 15.4 (3.6)
Total Fat (%)* 36.2 (8.1) 36.2 (8.1) 36.1 (8.2)
Saturated fat (%)* 12.6 (3.5) 12.6 (3.5) 12.8 (3.6)
Monounsaturated fat (%)* 14.6 (4.4) 14.7 (4.7) 14.7 (4.6)
Polyunsaturated fat (%)* 4.9 (2.0) 4.9 (1.9) 4.8 (1.9)
Vitamin C (mg) 102 (71.4) 104 (73.2) 115 (96.5)
Vitamin E (mg) 9.2 (4.8) 9.2 (5.6) 8.9 (4.9)
ß-carotene (mg) 2.4 (2.6) 2.6 (3.0) 2.2 (2.3)
*Expressed in percentage of total energy intake
The EUROLIVE Study. Results
16. Changes in total fat after intervention periods
Post-HPCPost-MPCPost-LPCBaseline
Totalfat(g)
110
100
90
80
* * *
* P < 0.001, Tukey´s test
The EUROLIVE Study. Results
LPC, MPC, and HPC, olive oils with low, medium and high phenolic content, respectively.
17. Changes in carbohydrate intake after intervention periods
The EUROLIVE Study. Results
Post-HPCPost-MPCPost-LPCBaseline
Carbohydrateintake(g/day)
290
280
270
260
250
240
*
*P < 0.001, Tukey, t test
LPC, MPC, and HPC, olive oils with low, medium and high phenolic content, respectively.
18. P < 0.001 for linear trend; * P< 0.05 versus LPC, †
P< 0.001 versus MPC
2000
Change(%)
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Hydroxytyrosol * †
*
Type of olive oil administered
HPCMPCLPC
Change(%)
1500
1000
500
0
Tyrosol
* †
*
The EUROLIVE Study. Results-Urinary tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol as markers of Compliance
LPC, MPC, and HPC, olive oils with low, medium and high phenolic content, respectively.
19. LPC
Olive oil intervention
MPC HPC
Post-int Change Post-int Change Post-int Ghange
Body mass index (kg/m
2
) 24.1 (2.8) 0.03 (0.31) 24.1 (2.8) 0.05 (0.33)) 24.0 (0.21) 0.01 (0.30)
SBP(mmHg) 123 (0.88) 122 (0.95) 123 (0.89) 123 (0.85) 123 (0.82) 123 (0.93)
DBP (mmHg) 75 (0.65) 76 (0.64) 76 (0.68) 76 (0.60) 76 (0.62) 76 (0.65)
Glucose(mg/dL) 86 (6.6) -0.29 (0.8) 86 (7.2) -0.29 (8.5) 86 (5.9) -0.08 (11.2)
Cholesterol(mg/dL)
Total 182 (37) 0.21 (21) 181 (36) 0.51 (24) 183 (37) 0.50 (17)
LDL 115 (34) 0.55 (19) 113 (33) -0.88 (21) 2115 (34) -0.41 (18)
HDL 49.2 (10.8) 0.99 (6.1) *
49.6 (10.3) 1.23 (6.5)*
50.4 (11.1) 1.76 (5.3)‡
Triglycerides(mg/dL) 91 (37) -6.1 (37) *
92 (37) -5.0 (41) 91 (32)
1.76 (5.3)‡1.23 (6.5)*
0.99 (6.1)*
-6.1 (37)*
-5.0 (41)
The EUROLIVE Study. ResultsThe EUROLIVE Study. Results
P for
linear
trend2
0.55
0.12
0.78
0.27
0.31
0.68
0.90-4.7 (32)*-4.7 (32)*
0.018
Total Cholesterol/HDL 3.88 (1.11) -0.09 (0.58) 3.81 (1.06) -0.10 (0.55) 3.81 (1.07) -0.12 (0.50) 0.005
LDL/HDL ratio 2.46 (0.95) -0.05 (0.49) 2.38 (0.88) -0.07 (0.49) 2.41 (0.93) -0-09 (0.45) 0.052-0-09 (0.45) †
-0.10 (0.55) †
-0.012 (0.50)*
-0.07 (0.49)*
0.018
0.005
0.052
Changes1
in Body Weight, Systolic and Diastolic Blood pressure, Glucose, and Blood Lipids after intervention
with olive oil with high (HPC), medium (MPC), and low ( LPC) phenolic content (mean (SD).
1
General linear model, *
P < 0.05; P<0.01, ‡
P < 0.001 versus the corresponding baseline, Tukey´s test.
2
General linear model withpost-intervention values adjusted by baseline values.
-0.09 (0.58)†
21. LPC
Olive oil intervention
MPC HPC
Post-int Change Post-int Change Post-int Change
Endogenous
Paraoxonase (U/L) 165 (113) 0.27 (33) 164 (109) 0.13 (28) 165 (113) -2.46 (25)
.
Superoxide dismutase (U/L) 142 (20) -0.47 (14) 141 (20) -1.50 (13) 142 (20) 0.12 (14)
Glutathione peroxidase (U/L) 708 (152) -2.3 (119) 704 (134) -1.1 (106) 714 (162) -3.7 (126)
Glutathione reductase (U/L) 62 (10) -1.9 (18) 63 (10) -1.6 (19) 63 (11) 0.78 (20)
Reduced glutathione (µmol/L) 5.85 (0.64) 0.31 (0.40) ‡
5.85 (0.67) 0.28 (0.32)‡
5.87 (0.56) 0.33 (0.38)‡
Oxidized glutathione (µmol/L) 0.84 (0.18) -0.12 (0.17) ‡
0.82 (0.19) -0.14 (0.16) ‡
0.83 (0.17) -0.12 (0.18) ‡
Red/Ox glutathione ratio 7.9 (2.2) 1.74 (2.9) ‡
8.2 (2.6) 2.0 (3.4) ‡
8.1 (1.6) 1.5 (3.7) ‡
-0.14 (0.16)‡
0.31 (0.40)‡
0.28 (0.32)‡ 0.33 (0.38)‡
-0.12 (0.17)‡
-0.12 (0.18)‡
1.5 (3.7)‡
2.0 (3.4)‡1.74 (2.9)‡
The EUROLIVE Study. Results
The EUROLIVE Study. Results
P for
linear
trend2
0.77
0.53
0.31
0.02
0.70
0.69
0.77
No changes in plasma exogenous antioxidants (vit C, vit E, β-carot, Lycopene).
Changes1
in antioxidative biomarkers after intervention of olive oil with high (HPC),
medium (MPC), and low (LPC) phenolic content (mean (SD)
1
General linear model, ‡
P < 0.001 versus the corresponding baseline, Tukey´s test.
2
General linear model withpost-intervention values adjusted by baseline values, order and centre.
22. Paired comparisons among values after olive oils interventions
Mean of Differences (SEM)
Variable HPC vs LPC p MPC vs LPC p HPC vs MPC p
HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) 1.93 (0.77) 0.012 0.71 (0.66) 0.283 1.22 (0.64) 0.045
Uninduced dienes ( µmol/L) -0.060 (0.02) 0.013 -0.036 (0.02) 0.084 -0.024 (0.02) 0.218
Oxidized LDL (U/L) -4.48 (1.73) 0.010-2.96 (1.48) 0.046 -1.52 (1.43) 0.288
The EUROLIVE Study. ResultsThe EUROLIVE Study. Results
0.012 0.045
0.013
0.010
0.046
GLMM adjusted by basal values for each intervention period, olive oil administration order,center, and age
Results improved when difference of fat and carbohidrate from baseline are added to the model.
23. Table 4. Changes after olive oil interventions by centre
Variable Centre 1
(Barcelona)
(n =30)
Centre 2
(Copenhagen)
(n =28)
Centre 3
(Kuopio)
(n =30)
Center 4
(Bologna)
(n = 25)
Center 5
(Postdam)
(n = 38)
Center 6
(Berlin)
(n =32)
HDL cholesterol,
mg/dL
Low PC olive oil
Medium PC olive oil
High PC olive oil
0.92
(-1.1 to 2.9)
1.38
(-0.08 to 2.8)
2.20
(0.58 to 3.8)
1.50
(-1.3 to 4.2)
3.63
(-0.7 to 7.9)
1.49
(-1.1 to 4.1)
0.93
(-1.1 to 2.9)
0.38
(-1.9 to 2.5)
1.73
(-0.2 to 3.7)
0.54
(-1.4 to 2.5)
0.11
(-2.2 to 2.4)
2.62
(0.2 to 5.0)
1.28
(-1.1 to 3.7)
1.38
(-0.6 to 3.3)
2.58
(0.6 to 4.5)
0.20
(-1.3 to 1.7)
0.52
(-1.3 to 2.3)
0.58
(-1.8 to 2.9)
Oxidized LDL, U/L
Low PC olive oil
Medium PC olive oil
High PC olive oil
3.38
(-2.6 to 9.4)
-1.62
(-6.2 to 3.0)
-3.10
(-6.9 to 0.8)
2.7
(-6.7 to 12)
-2.87
(-10.3to 4.6)
0.40
(-7.2 to 8.0)
-0.49
(-4.2 to 3.3)
-1.93
(-5.9 to 2.1)
-1.64
(-4.9 to 1.6)
2.30
(-4.6 to 8.7)
-0.84
(-10.0to 9.8)
-8.69
(-15.8 to-2.2)
-5.53
(-11.8 to 0.7)
-2.12
(-6.6 to 2.4)
-8.75
(-14.0 to –2.9)
2.26
(-2.7 to 7.2)
-2.0
(-5.7 to 1.6)
-2.28
(-5.7 to0.48)
Hydroxy fatty
acids,*
nmol/L
Low PC olive oil
Medium PC olive
oil
High PC olive oil
10
(109 to 106)
-3
(-127 to 134)
-22
(-116 to 71)
40
(-86 to 166)
-13
(-124to 150)
-114
(-247 to 19)
33
(-75 to 141)
-19
(-130 to 93)
-65
(-195 to 65)
-45
(-222to 132)
-165
(-299 to -31)
-109
(-223 to -9)
-66
(-167 to 35)
14
(-87 to 114)
-14
(-85 to 56)
-130
(-273 to 13)
-69
(-189 to 30)
-76
(-174 to -4)
24. Consumption of 25 mL daily doses of all types of olive oil, as source of
raw fat, reduced lipid cardiovascular risk factors, improved the
glutathione antioxidant status, and decreased oxidative DNA damage
Consumption of the olive oil with the high phenolic content (virgin)
provided the highest benefits by increasing HDL cholesterol levels and
reducing the oxidative damage on lipids
Daily consumption of olive oils with medium and high phenolic
content decreased oxidative damage on lipids.
The EUROLIVE Study. ResultsThe EUROLIVE Study. Comments
25. Changes in biomarkers were modest, as was expected for the
administration of real-life doses of a single food, during three weeks.
Our results supports the body of research concerning that a rich-MUFA
diet can help to reduce triglycerides and raise HDL cholesterol, in
accordance with current cardiovascular guidelines.
The EUROLIVE Study. Comments
Our finding suggest an independent effect of olive oil phenolics
increasing HDL-cholesterol levels.
The enhancement of HDL-cholesterol related with the phenolic content
of the olive oil is in line with the results obtained after phenolic-rich
food conssumption in other human studies.
26. The EUROLIVE Study. Comments
Type of olive oil
HPCMPCLPC
DifferenceinHDL(mmmol/L)
0.065
0.052
0.039
0.026
0.01
0.00
Threshold
A 0.026 mmol/L increase in circulating HDL cholesterol levels is associated with a decrease from
1 to 3.6% in cardiovascular mortality, and with a 3.7% reduction of the risk to develop acute
myocardial infarction (Stampfer MJ et al. JAMA 1996; 276: 882-8).
27. Projected reduction in CHD risk associated with 25 mL olive oil
per day versus non olive oil consumption (%)
Type of olive oil
Biomarker Relative risk (95% CI)1
LPC MPC HPC
HDL-C 0.69 (0.47 to 0.99 per 10 mg/dL) 3.60 4.45 6.30
Triglycerides 1.33 (1.05 to 1.68 per 100 mg/dL) 1.72 1.41 1.33
1
From Jacobs DR et al. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 131: 32-47 and Stampfer MJ et al. JAMA 1996; 276: 882-
888.
LPC, MPC, and HPC, olive oils with low (14.7 mg/Kg), medium (164 mg/Kg), and high (366 mg/Kg)
phenolic content, respectively.
These risk decrements were based upon data from cohort
studies. Whether a HDL or triglycerides reduction due to
olive oil and its phenolic consumption would lead to these
decreases in CHD risk has not been established.
28. Oxidative damage to lipids decreased in a linear form with the phenolic content of
olive oil, particularly in those markers directly associated with LDL oxidation.
Oxidation of the lipids present in LDL (measured by conjugated dienes and
hydroxy fatty acids) or direct oxidation of the LDL protein led to a change into
the lipoprotein conformation (measured by the levels of oxidized LDL) by which
the LDL is more able to enter in the monocyte/macrophage system, inside the
arterial wall, and promote the atherosclerotic process.
Circulating ox-LDL levels show a positive relationship with the severity of
acute coronary syndromes and are biomarkers for CHD risk.
The EUROLIVE Study. Comments
Mechanisms involved could be the own antioxidant activity of the phenolic
compounds and the combined protective effect of both the phenolic and the
MUFA content of the olive oil
29. Phenolic compounds
in LDL
Levels of oleic acid and antioxidants in LDL after
sustained (1 week, 25ml/day) doses of virgin olive oil
8.5ng/mgprotein
7.0
5.5
4.0
Baseline Post-intervention
†
10
8.5
µg/mgprotein
7.0
5.5
4.0
Vit E in LDL
†
10
*
Oleic acid in LDL
22
20
18
16
14
Gimeno et al. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56:114-120
12
%ofTotalfat
22
The susceptibility of LDL to
oxidation depends not only
on its fatty content, but also
of the LDL content of
antioxidants, such as vitamin
E and phenolic compounds
(Fuller CJ, Jialal I. Am J Clin Nutr.
1994; 60:1010-3).
30. B
a
Olive oil intervention
HPCMPCLPC
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
Change(%)frombaseline
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
A
a
HPCMPCLPC
Olive oil intervention
Changes in the total phenolic content of the LDL are modulated by olive oil
phenolic compounds
at 1h (A), and after 4 days (B) of 25 mL/day consumption of olive oils with high (HPC, 360
mg/Kg), medium (164 mg/Kg), and low (2.7 mg/Kg) phenolic content
P = 0.032 for linear trend P = 0.042 for linear trend
a
P< 0.05 versus LPC
Covas MI et al. Free Rad Biol Med 2006
31. Hydroxytyrosol in plasma (µg/L)
403020100
Change(%)ofPCinLDL
200
100
0
-100
R = 0.780, P = 0.009A
Tyrosol in plasma (µg/L)
181614121086
Change(%)ofPC
inLDL
300
200
100
0
-100
R = 608, P = 0.036
B
R = 0.699, P = 0.011
Tyrosol in plasma (µg/L)
2220181614121086
Change(%)ofPCinLDL
400
300
200
100
0
-100
C
Relationship between tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol in plasma and changes in the LDL
phenolic content
Covas MI et al. Free Rad Biol Med 2006
32. Projected reduction in CHD risk associated with 25 mL olive
oil per day versus non olive oil consumption
After HPC olive oil a mean decrease of –3.2 U/L in oxidized
LDL was observed
Although several studies reported a direct relationship between oxidized
LDL and CHD risk, the attributable CHD risk associated with a 1U/L
change of oxidized LDL is, at present, unknown.
In a recent study, the mean difference, in circulating oxidized LDL values
between CHD patients and healthy controls, measured using the same
antibody and method as in the present study, was 17 U/L.
33. Limitations of the study
The EUROLIVE Study. Comments
Inability to determine whether an interaction between olive oil components
and others from diet could account for the changes in cardiovascular risk
factors observed, which might affect the generalizability of the results due
to dietary differences among countries.
The overall inter-country consistency of the results, however, contributes to
the generalizability of the message.
Our design, did not allow modeling the first- and second-order possible
carryover effects.
The measurements of dietary intake relied on self-reporting and were
therefore subjective.
Although the trial was blinded, some participants might have identified the
low phenolic olive oil (LPC) or the high phenolic content (HPC) by their color
and taste and, not liking them, masking a lack of full compliance despite a
good overall compliance.
34. Consumption of all types of olive oil provide benefits on the
cardiovascular risk profile, antioxidant endogenous defences
(GSH), and oxidative DNA damage, without modifying levels of
antioxidant endogenous enzymes.
The results of the study show that olive oil is more than a MUFA
fat.
The phenolic content of an olive oil can account for greater
benefits on blood lipids and oxidative damage than those provided
by the MUFA content of the olive oil.
The results of the EUROLIVE study provide evidence to
recommend the use of olive oil rich in phenolic compounds as a
source of fat in order to achieve additional benefits against
cardiovascular risk factors.
The EUROLIVE Study.
Conclusions
The EUROLIVE Study. Conclusions
35. Recommendations which stem from the EUROLIVE study are:
• Among the olive oils with a taste that better suits personal
preferences, the best choice is that with the highest phenolic
content.
• For health policy makers, the phenolic content of an olive oil
should be present in the olive oil labels.
The EUROLIVE Study.
Conclusions
The EUROLIVE Study. Recommendations
Olive oils with high phenolic content are stronger, and, in general
more bitter and greener than those with low phenolic content.
Olive oil must not be taken as a medicine.
36. Daily consumption of high phenolic olive oil did not compromise the
endogenous antioxidant enzymes. In some studies, polyphenol-rich food and
antioxidant supplementation led to a decrease in these enzymes, presumably
due to a lack of activation of their production by the decrease in free
radicals.
This decrease has been considered a negative effect in situations of free radical
production, such as exercise, in which the role of the antioxidant enzymes is
crucial in counteracting oxidative damage
The absence of changes in plasma antioxidant vitamins suggests an
independent effect of phenolic compounds from olive oil on oxidative
damage.
The EUROLIVE Study
37. THE EFFECT OF OLIVE OIL CONSUMPTION ON OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN EUROPEAN
POPULATIONS. The EUROLIVE Study
IMIM
UBGL
KEPKA
DIfE
RHK
UKU
EUC
UB
JLB
UBER
EUROLIVE Investigators:
Institut Municipal d´Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain:
Lipids and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit: Covas MI (Study
Coordinator), Marrugat J, Fitó M, Elosua R, Schröder H, Vila J. Cladellas M.
Pharmacology Research Unit, de la Torre R, Farré-Albaladejo M.
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital
Copenhagen, Denmark:
Poulsen H E (Centre Coordinator), Weimann A.
Research Institute of Public Health, University of Kuopio, Finland: Salonen
JT (Centre Coordinator), Konttinen A, Nyyssönen K Mursu J; Rissanen T,
Tuomainen T-P, Valkonen V-P, Virtanen J.
Centro per lo Studio dell'Arteriosclerosi e delle Malattie
Dismetaboliche"GC Descovich". Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e
Biotecnologia Applicata.Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy:
Gaddi A (Centre Coordinator), D’Addato S, Fiorito A, Grandi E, Linarello S,
Nascetti S, Sangiorgi Z
German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany:
Zunft, H-J F (Centre Coordinator), Koebnick C, Machowetz A
Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Charité-University Medicine of Berlin,
Germany:
Kiesewetter H (Centre Coordinator), Bäumler H
Department of Nutrition and Bromatology. University of
Barcelona, Spain:
López-Sabater C, Lamuela-Raventós R, de la Torre K,
Castellote AI
Oy Jurilab, Kuopio, Finland:
Kaikkonen J
38. oxldl post- MPC intervention interven (U/L)
120100806040200
Ab-oxLDLpost-MPCintervention(U/L)
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
-1000
oxldl post- LPC intervention (U/L)
140120100806040200
Ab-oxLDLpost-LPCintervention(U/L)
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
-1000
oxLDL at baseline (U/L)
120100806040200
Ab-oxLDLatbaseline(U/L)
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
-1000
oxLDL post- HPC intervention (U/L)
140120100806040200
Ab-oxldlpost-HPCintervention(U/L)
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
-1000
R = -0.264, P < 0.001
R = -0.210, P =0.005
R = -0.201, P =0.007
R = -0.213, P =0.004
The EUROLIVE Study. Results
39. Antioxidative Biomarkers after HPC, MPC, and LPC intervention periods
Exogenous
Ascorbic acid (µmol/L) 62 (1.6) 62 (1.6) 61 (1.7) 59 (1.6) 61 (1.7) 61 (1.5)
α-tocopherol (µmol/L) 25 (0.48) 25 (0.47) 25 (0.49) 25 (0.48) 25 (0.48) 25 (0.48)
β-carotene (µmol/L) 0.41 (0.024) 0.38 (0.020) 0.40 (0.021) 0.41 (0.026) 0.42 (0.027) 0.40 (0.023)
Lycopene (µmol/L) 0.45 (0.017) 0.44 (0.017) 0.43 (0.016) 0.45 (0.017) 0.45 (0.017) 0.44 (0.015)
Enterolactone (µmol/L) 17 (1.6) 20 (1.9) 17 (1.5) 21 (2.3)*
17 (1.5) 18 (1.4)
Enterodiol (µmol/L) 3.3 (1.2) 3.7 (0.89) 2.2 (0.50) 5.9 (1.9)*
2.7 (0.72) 2.8 (0.73)
Values are mean (SEM), except for antibodies against oxidized LDL which are expressed in median (25th
-75th
percentile).
Models adjusted by order of administration of olive oil and tyrosol post -intervention values.
*
P < 0.05versus the corresponding baseline, Tukey´s test
Pre-int Post-int Pre-int Post-int Pre-int Post-int
LPC MPC HPC
Olive oil intervention
5.9 (1.9)*
21 (2.3)*
The EUROLIVE Study. Results
The EUROLIVE Study. Results
40. *80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
*
A
Olive oil intervention
HighPCMedium PCLow PC
Change(ng/gFA)frombaseline
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
B
Changes in the phenolic content of the LDL after a single dose of 40 mL (A) and after sustained
doses (25 mL/day, 4 days) of similar olive oils but with differences in their phenolic content
(PC)
41. Basal characteristics, glucose, lipid profile, and oxidative stress biomarkers at the beginning of the study by
subgroups of order of olive oil administration according to an intent-to treat analyis.
Order 1
(n=67)
Order 2
(n=68)
Order 3
(n=65)
Age (years) 33.4 (11.2) 34.3 (11.0) 31.9 (10.8)
BMI (Kg/m2) 23.7 (2.8) 23.8 (2.5) 24.0 (3.2)
Physical activity (kcal/day) 312 (250) 294 (248) 288 (207)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 125 (14.4) 125 (11.1) 123 (12.7)
Diastolic blood pressure 77 (7.6) 78 (8.2) 76 (8.5)
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) 4.84 (0.96) 4.77 (1.06) 4.61 (1.09)
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) 3.11(0.93) 3.08 (0.93) 2.95 (0.98)
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) 46.9 (11.3) 46.4 (10.3) 48.5 (11.9)
Triglycerides (mmol/L) 102 (53) 1.2 (0.4) 1.0 (0.5)
Glucose (mmolL) 85 (9.4) 86 (10.4) 86 (9.4)
Oxidized LDL (U/L) 51 (26) 49 (20) 48 (22)
Antibodies against oxidized LDL (U/L) *
787 (120)* 1104 (153) 1092 (149)
Hydroxyfatty acids (µmol/L) 1.3 (0.33) 1.35 (0.46) 1.30 (0.57)
F2
-isoprostanes (µg/L) 30.6 (5.8) 29.1 (5.9) 31.6 (7.6)
Uninduced dienes (µmol/L) 11.3 (3.6) 11.4 (3.0) 12.1 (3.7)
8-oxo-deoxyguanosine (nmol/24h) 22.4 (8.2) 20.9 (8.0) 17.6 (6.6)*
8-oxo-guanosine (nmol/24h) 23.1 (9.5) 22.5 (8.4) 20.0 (8.6)
8-oxo-guanine (nmol/24h) 158 (100) 137 (84) 123 (92)
Values are men (SD). Order 1, High, medium , and low phenolic content olive oil; Order 2, medium, low, and high phenolic content olive oil; Order 3,low, high, and medium
phenolic content olive oil.. *
P < 0.05 versus order 1 group.
The EUROLIVE Study. Results
42. Antioxidant status at the beginning of the study by subgroups of subjects depending on the order of olive oil administration
according to an intent-to treat analysis
Order 1
(n=61)
Order 2
(n=63)
Order 3
(n=58)
Endogenous
Superoxide dismutase (U/L) 142 (21) 144 (22) 140 (19)
Glutathione peroxidase (U/L) 719 (183) 686 (133) 692 (184)
Glutathione reductase (U/L) 64 (17) 64 (16) 64(16)
Reduced glutathione (GSH) (µmol/L) 4.71 (0.59) 4.53 (0.57) 4.61 (0.72)
Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) (µmol/L) 1.24 (0.12) 1.26 (0.12) 1.24 (0.12)
GSH/GSSG ratio 3.85 (0.62) 3.61 (0.57) 3.74 (0.71)
Paraoxonase 150 (95) 150 (90) 198 (142)
Exogenous
Ascorbic acid 61 (26) 60 (23) 62 (23)
α-tocopherol (µmol/L) 25.6 (5.7) 24.6 (6.3) 24.2 (6.8)
β-carotene (µmol/L) 0.45 (0.39) 0.40 (0.28) 0.35 (0.25)
Lycopene (µmol/L) 0.46 (0.23) 0.42 (0.20) 0.43 (0.22)
Enterolactone (nmol/L) 16.8 (18.1) 22.6 (24.9)* 21.8 (36.6)
Enterodiol (nmol/L) 1.51 (5.30) 1.54 (4.13) 2.60 (9.6)
Order 1, high, medium , and low phenolic content olive oil; Order 2, medium, low, and high phenolic content olive oil; Order 3,low, high, and medium phenolic
content olive oil.
The EUROLIVE Study. Results
43. Hydroxytyrosol (ug in 24h urine)
500040003000200010000-1000
F2isoprostanes(ng/L)
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
R =- 0.200, P < 0.01
Inverse relationship between plasma F2
-isoprostanes and hydroxytyrosol in urine after high
phenolic content olive oil (HPC) intervention period. Spearman´s correlation
44. Statistical analyses
•Normality of continuous variables was assessed by normal probability plots.
•One-factor ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to determine differences in basal characteristics
and nutrient intake among the three olive oil interventions.
•A general linear model for repeated measurements was used, with multiple paired comparisons corrected
by Tukey´s method, in order to assess differences among post-intervention values adjusted by baseline
values.
•The paired comparison of target concentrations post-intervention was carried out by a General Linear
Mixed Model (GLMM) with :
•Random effect: individual level of test subjects
•Fixed factor: the olive oil phenolic dose (high, medium, low) administered
•Covariates: basal values for each intervention period , olive oil administration order, age, difference
of fat and carbohydrate intake from baseline.
•An additional model with adjustment for 3-O-methyl, hydroxytyrosol levels was also fitted
The EUROLIVE Study. Methods
Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05 for a two-sided test. Analyses were performed
using the SAS System for Windows release 8.02.
45. Paradoxes of Southern Europe
Mediterranean Paradox
Protective factors
Candidates: lifestyle factors
Diet Physical activity Psycosocial stress
Gene-environment interactions
