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Selective localization of capacitor banks considering stability aspects in po...IAEME Publication
The issue of voltage stability has become predominant in larger power systems, since the
system is operated close to its capabilities in recent years. Addressing this concern considering the
economic constraints is a challenge .This draws attention towards the localization of the reactive
components that can improve the overall voltage profile in the system. This paper discusses a
methodology for suitable selection of position (bus) for the placement of capacitor bank wherein the
injection of fixed amount of reactive power is made to depict a picture of the overall improved
voltage in the system considering the stability aspect for respective injection at that bus. The reduced
jacobian is used to determine the impact of reactive power injection in the form of system voltage
improvement.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Voltage Stability Investigation of the Nigeria 330KV Interconnected Grid Syst...Onyebuchi nosiri
ABSTRACT: Voltage stability investigation of the Nigeria 330kV grid Power Network was carried out using Eigenvalues method. The power system Jacobian matrix was derived using Newton-Raphson power flow solution iterative method to determine the eigenvalues for the voltage stability evaluation of both the existing 28-bus and improved 52-bus Nigeria 330kV power networks. Positive and negative eigenvalues quantifying the power system voltage stability were identified. For a steady state power system, positive and negative eigenvalues showed stable and unstable systems respectively. The eigenvalues voltage stability method was developed, formulated and implemented on the existing 28-bus and proposed improved 52-bus Nigeria 330kV power networks. The various eigenvalues, eigenvectors, participation factors and weak buses contributing to system voltage instability were determined using Matlab/SIMULINK Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) for these power networks.
ASSESSMENT OF VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION AND REACTIVE POWER CONTROL WITH SVC USING PSOKashif Mehmood
Smart grid novel growth in the arena of power, this is a new scheme and apparatus for producing and distributing
electricity. Smart grids are very important part of the electrical circuit. Distribution Management System (DMS) used by the utilities for the
state Estimation (SE). Basic application distribution control system, evaluation (SE) and the control reactive power). There SE principally
used to monitor and to control the entire distributed network. In the distribution network has a problem voltage profile. It is controlled by
distributed generators (DG), which are located in diverse positions in the system to maintain the voltage within certain limits. Validation
through the implementation on the IEEE 14-bus radial transmission system indicated that PSO is reasonable to achieve the
task. MATLAB software is used for results simulation
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper deals with various power issues such as voltage sag, swell, harmonics, and surges using static synchronous compensator (STATCOM).The conventional controller suffers from uncertain parameters and non-linear qualities. However they are computationally inefficient extending to optimize the fuzzy controller (FC) parameters, since they exhaustively search the optimal values to optimize the objective functions. To overcome this drawback, a genetic algorithm (GA) based Fuzzy controller parameter optimization is presented in this paper. The GA algorithm is used to find the optimal fuzzy parameters for minimizing the objective functions. The feasibility of the proposed GA technique for distribution systems to improve the sag and total harmonic distortion (THD) as major power quality indices in sensitive loads at fault conditions has been simulated and tested. Therefore, the multi-objective optimization algorithm is considered in order to attain a better performance in solving the related problems.
Selective localization of capacitor banks considering stability aspects in po...IAEME Publication
The issue of voltage stability has become predominant in larger power systems, since the
system is operated close to its capabilities in recent years. Addressing this concern considering the
economic constraints is a challenge .This draws attention towards the localization of the reactive
components that can improve the overall voltage profile in the system. This paper discusses a
methodology for suitable selection of position (bus) for the placement of capacitor bank wherein the
injection of fixed amount of reactive power is made to depict a picture of the overall improved
voltage in the system considering the stability aspect for respective injection at that bus. The reduced
jacobian is used to determine the impact of reactive power injection in the form of system voltage
improvement.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Voltage Stability Investigation of the Nigeria 330KV Interconnected Grid Syst...Onyebuchi nosiri
ABSTRACT: Voltage stability investigation of the Nigeria 330kV grid Power Network was carried out using Eigenvalues method. The power system Jacobian matrix was derived using Newton-Raphson power flow solution iterative method to determine the eigenvalues for the voltage stability evaluation of both the existing 28-bus and improved 52-bus Nigeria 330kV power networks. Positive and negative eigenvalues quantifying the power system voltage stability were identified. For a steady state power system, positive and negative eigenvalues showed stable and unstable systems respectively. The eigenvalues voltage stability method was developed, formulated and implemented on the existing 28-bus and proposed improved 52-bus Nigeria 330kV power networks. The various eigenvalues, eigenvectors, participation factors and weak buses contributing to system voltage instability were determined using Matlab/SIMULINK Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) for these power networks.
ASSESSMENT OF VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION AND REACTIVE POWER CONTROL WITH SVC USING PSOKashif Mehmood
Smart grid novel growth in the arena of power, this is a new scheme and apparatus for producing and distributing
electricity. Smart grids are very important part of the electrical circuit. Distribution Management System (DMS) used by the utilities for the
state Estimation (SE). Basic application distribution control system, evaluation (SE) and the control reactive power). There SE principally
used to monitor and to control the entire distributed network. In the distribution network has a problem voltage profile. It is controlled by
distributed generators (DG), which are located in diverse positions in the system to maintain the voltage within certain limits. Validation
through the implementation on the IEEE 14-bus radial transmission system indicated that PSO is reasonable to achieve the
task. MATLAB software is used for results simulation
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper deals with various power issues such as voltage sag, swell, harmonics, and surges using static synchronous compensator (STATCOM).The conventional controller suffers from uncertain parameters and non-linear qualities. However they are computationally inefficient extending to optimize the fuzzy controller (FC) parameters, since they exhaustively search the optimal values to optimize the objective functions. To overcome this drawback, a genetic algorithm (GA) based Fuzzy controller parameter optimization is presented in this paper. The GA algorithm is used to find the optimal fuzzy parameters for minimizing the objective functions. The feasibility of the proposed GA technique for distribution systems to improve the sag and total harmonic distortion (THD) as major power quality indices in sensitive loads at fault conditions has been simulated and tested. Therefore, the multi-objective optimization algorithm is considered in order to attain a better performance in solving the related problems.
Abstract: In this paper three phase load flow analysis on four bus system using Mi Power software is reformed. As power system never operates under steady state condition therefore single phase load flow analysis doesn’t provide accurate results. Hence three phase load flow analysis which can be performed under different contingencies, provide data when system is unbalanced. The system is analysing on the basis of parameter values in MW & MVAR for transmission line and generator buses. Harmonic values of resistance, reactance, and susceptance can predict the condition of small and large kind of system network. This type of analysis is useful for solving the power flow problem in different power systems which will useful to calculate the unknown parameter.
Power System State Estimation - A ReviewIDES Editor
The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive
survey on power system state estimation techniques. The
algorithms used for finding the system states under both static
and dynamic state estimations are discussed in brief. The
authors are opinion that the scope of pursuing research in the
area of state estimation with PMU and SCADA measurements
is the state of the art and timely.
Calculating Voltage Instability Using Index Analysis in Radial Distribution ...IJMER
This paper presents analysis of voltage stability index by a simple and efficient load flow
method to find out the magnitude of voltage at each node in radial distribution system in that network. It
shows the value of voltage stability index at each node in radial distribution network and predicts which
node is more sensitive to voltage collapse. This paper also presents the effect on voltage stability index
with variation in active power, reactive power, active and reactive power both. The voltage and VSI and
effect of load variation on VSI for 33-node system & 28-node system are calculated in this paper with
results shown
Artificial Intelligence Technique based Reactive Power Planning Incorporating...IDES Editor
Reactive Power Planning is a major concern in the
operation and control of power systems This paper compares
the effectiveness of Evolutionary Programming (EP) and
New Improved Differential Evolution (NIMDE) to solve
Reactive Power Planning (RPP) problem incorporating
FACTS Controllers like Static VAR Compensator (SVC),
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Unified
power flow controller (UPFC) considering voltage stability.
With help of Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI), the critical
lines and buses are identified to install the FACTS controllers.
The optimal settings of the control variables of the generator
voltages,transformer tap settings and allocation and parameter
settings of the SVC,TCSC,UPFC are considered for reactive
power planning. The test and Validation of the proposed
algorithm are conducted on IEEE 30–bus system and 72-bus
Indian system.Simulation results shows that the UPFC gives
better results than SVC and TCSC and the FACTS controllers
reduce the system losses.
Voltage Stability Calculations in Power Transmission Lines: Indications and A...paperpublications3
Abstract: Power system is facing new challenges as the present system is subjected to severely stressed conditions. Voltage instability is a quite frequent phenomenon under such a situation rendering degradation of power system performance. In order to avoid system blackouts, power system is to be analyzed in view of voltage stability for a wide range of system conditions. In voltage stability analysis, the main objective is to identify the system maximum loadability limit and causes of voltage instability. Static voltage stability analysis with some approximations gives this information. Voltage stability problem is related to load dynamics and therefore di erent load characteristics are to be considered in the voltage stability analysis. This paper presents an efficient method for conducting line voltage stability analysis in power systems. This newly developed method is accurate, fast, simple, and theoretically proven for finding precise voltage collapse points and for determining voltage stability at each transmission line. Voltage stability margins can be easily calculated, providing an indication of how far the transmission line is from its severe load condition and allowing separate analysis if one transmission line is highly stressed. The proposed method was demonstrated on the IEEE 30-bus system and compared with existing methods to show its effectiveness and efficiency.
Improvement the voltage stability margin of Iraqi power system using the opti...IJECEIAES
The detection of potential voltage collapse in power systems is essential to maintain the voltage stability in heavy load demand. This paper proposes a method to detect weak buses in power systems using two stability indices: the voltage stability margin factor (dS/dY) and the voltage collapse prediction index (VCPI). Hence, the paper aims to improve the voltage stability of Iraqi transmission grid by allocating FACTS devices in the optimal locations and optimal sizes. Two types of FACTS are used in this paper which are Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and static var compensator (SVC). The objective function of the problem is fitted using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The proposed method is verified using simulation test on Diyala-132 kV network which is a part of the Iraqi power system. The results observed that improvement the voltage stability margin, the voltage profile of Diyala-132 kV is increased and the power losses is decreased.
A Study of Load Flow Analysis Using Particle Swarm OptimizationIJERA Editor
Load flow study is done to determine the power system static states (voltage magnitudes and voltage angles) at each bus to find the steady state working condition of a power system. It is important and most frequently car-ried out study performed by power utilities for power system planning, optimization, operation and control. In this project a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is proposed to solve load flow problem under different load-ing/ contingency conditions for computing bus voltage magnitudes and angles of the power system. With the increasing size of power system, this is very necessary to finding the solution to maximize the utilization of ex-isting system and to provide adequate voltage support. For this the good voltage profile is must. STATCOM, if placed optimally can be effective in providing good voltage profile and in turn resulting into stable power sys-tem. The study presents a hybrid particle swarm based methodology for solving load flow in electrical power systems. Load flow is an electrical engineering well-known problem which provides the system status in the steady-state and is required by several functions performed in power system control centers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Static VAR Compensators (SVCs) is a Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) device that can control the power flow in transmission lines by injecting capacitive or inductive current components at the midpoint of interconnection line or in load areas. This device is capable of minimizing the overall system losses and concurrently improves the voltage stability. A line index, namely SVSI becomes indicator for the placement of SVC and the parameters of SVCs are tuned by using the multi-objective evolutionary programming technique, effectively able to control the power. The algorithm was tested on IEEE-30 Bus Reliability Test System (RTS). Comparative studies were conducted based on the performance of SVC in terms of their location and sizing for installations in power system.
Advance Technology in Application of Four Leg Inverters to UPQCIJPEDS-IAES
This article presents a novel application of four leg inverter with
conventional Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) Scheme to
Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). The Power Quality problem
became burning issues since the starting of high voltage AC transmission
system. Hence, in this article it has been discussed to mitigate the PQ issues
in high voltage AC systems through a three phase Unified Power Quality
Conditioner (UPQC) under various conditions, such as harmonic mitigation
scheme, non linear loads, sag and swell conditions as well. Also, it proposes
to control harmoincs with various artificial intelligent techniques. Thus
application of these control technique such as Neural Networks (ANN)
Fuzzy Logic makes the system performance in par with the standards
and also compared with existing system. The simulation results based on
MATLAB/Simulink are discussed in detail to support the concept developed
in the paper.
Moth Flame Optimization Method for Unified Power Quality Conditioner Allocati...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a new optimization method to determine the optimal allocation of Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) in the distribution systems. UPQC is a versatile Custom Power Device (CPD) to solve problems related to voltage and current by the series and shunt compensator in the distribution systems. The task of UPQC highlighted in this paper is the required load reactive power is provided by both the series and shunt compensators. The UPQC’s steady state compensation capability has given a solution for providing reactive power compensation in large distribution systems. The optimization method adopted is Moth Flame Optimization (MFO). The best location and series compensator voltage are determined using MFO. The voltage injected by the series compensator and reactive power injected by the shunt compensator is incorporated in the load flow method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated with standard distribution systems.
This work presents a study of the three-phase parallel active power filter and the various controllers used in its control. Moreover, in order to improve the quality of electrical energy, by making it conform to the new normative constraints, we have also been led to develop and apply advanced automation methods. In this framework, this paper reports of several regulatory structures : fuzzy logic, PWM, new space vector PWM (NSVPWM), space vector PWM (SVPWM), HYSTERESIS moreover, in order to produce a parallel active filter, a thorough study of experimental feasibility was carried out, taking into account the industrial constraints of the product both in its design and its application.
Design and Performance Analysis of Genetic based PID-PSS with SVC in a Multi-...IDES Editor
Damping of power system oscillations with the help
of proposed optimal Proportional Integral Derivative Power
System Stabilizer (PID-PSS) and Static Var Compensator
(SVC)-based controllers are thoroughly investigated in this
paper. This study presents robust tuning of PID-PSS and
SVC-based controllers using Genetic Algorithms (GA) in
multi machine power systems by considering detailed model
of the generators (model 1.1). The effectiveness of FACTSbased
controllers in general and SVC-based controller in
particular depends upon their proper location. Modal
controllability and observability are used to locate SVC–based
controller. The performance of the proposed controllers is
compared with conventional lead-lag power system stabilizer
(CPSS) and demonstrated on 10 machines, 39 bus New England
test system. Simulation studies show that the proposed genetic
based PID-PSS with SVC based controller provides better
performance.
Analysis and mitigation of unbalance due to load in distribution system by us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Distribution network losses can vary significantly depending on the load unbalance. Here, an analysis of distribution system losses is presented that considers load unbalance and the effect of explicitly represented neutral wire. A general power flow algorithm for three-phase four-wire radial distribution networks, based on the current summation backward-forward technique is applied. Loss analysis results obtained from three-phase four-wire medium and low voltage test feeders with unbalanced load scenarios are presented and discussed an active power filter is designed, simulated, implemented, and tested. It can work in different modes: active power filtering, power factor correction, and load unbalance compensation. It is based on a current controlled voltage-source inverter with fixed carrier PWM. The control algorithm generates the source reference currents based on the controlled DC link voltage. The dimensioning criteria of the inductive and capacitive power components are discussed. The implementation is validated with simulated and experimental results obtained in a 5 kVA prototype. Keywords: distribution networks, losses, load unbalance, power flow
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Abstract: In this paper three phase load flow analysis on four bus system using Mi Power software is reformed. As power system never operates under steady state condition therefore single phase load flow analysis doesn’t provide accurate results. Hence three phase load flow analysis which can be performed under different contingencies, provide data when system is unbalanced. The system is analysing on the basis of parameter values in MW & MVAR for transmission line and generator buses. Harmonic values of resistance, reactance, and susceptance can predict the condition of small and large kind of system network. This type of analysis is useful for solving the power flow problem in different power systems which will useful to calculate the unknown parameter.
Power System State Estimation - A ReviewIDES Editor
The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive
survey on power system state estimation techniques. The
algorithms used for finding the system states under both static
and dynamic state estimations are discussed in brief. The
authors are opinion that the scope of pursuing research in the
area of state estimation with PMU and SCADA measurements
is the state of the art and timely.
Calculating Voltage Instability Using Index Analysis in Radial Distribution ...IJMER
This paper presents analysis of voltage stability index by a simple and efficient load flow
method to find out the magnitude of voltage at each node in radial distribution system in that network. It
shows the value of voltage stability index at each node in radial distribution network and predicts which
node is more sensitive to voltage collapse. This paper also presents the effect on voltage stability index
with variation in active power, reactive power, active and reactive power both. The voltage and VSI and
effect of load variation on VSI for 33-node system & 28-node system are calculated in this paper with
results shown
Artificial Intelligence Technique based Reactive Power Planning Incorporating...IDES Editor
Reactive Power Planning is a major concern in the
operation and control of power systems This paper compares
the effectiveness of Evolutionary Programming (EP) and
New Improved Differential Evolution (NIMDE) to solve
Reactive Power Planning (RPP) problem incorporating
FACTS Controllers like Static VAR Compensator (SVC),
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Unified
power flow controller (UPFC) considering voltage stability.
With help of Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI), the critical
lines and buses are identified to install the FACTS controllers.
The optimal settings of the control variables of the generator
voltages,transformer tap settings and allocation and parameter
settings of the SVC,TCSC,UPFC are considered for reactive
power planning. The test and Validation of the proposed
algorithm are conducted on IEEE 30–bus system and 72-bus
Indian system.Simulation results shows that the UPFC gives
better results than SVC and TCSC and the FACTS controllers
reduce the system losses.
Voltage Stability Calculations in Power Transmission Lines: Indications and A...paperpublications3
Abstract: Power system is facing new challenges as the present system is subjected to severely stressed conditions. Voltage instability is a quite frequent phenomenon under such a situation rendering degradation of power system performance. In order to avoid system blackouts, power system is to be analyzed in view of voltage stability for a wide range of system conditions. In voltage stability analysis, the main objective is to identify the system maximum loadability limit and causes of voltage instability. Static voltage stability analysis with some approximations gives this information. Voltage stability problem is related to load dynamics and therefore di erent load characteristics are to be considered in the voltage stability analysis. This paper presents an efficient method for conducting line voltage stability analysis in power systems. This newly developed method is accurate, fast, simple, and theoretically proven for finding precise voltage collapse points and for determining voltage stability at each transmission line. Voltage stability margins can be easily calculated, providing an indication of how far the transmission line is from its severe load condition and allowing separate analysis if one transmission line is highly stressed. The proposed method was demonstrated on the IEEE 30-bus system and compared with existing methods to show its effectiveness and efficiency.
Improvement the voltage stability margin of Iraqi power system using the opti...IJECEIAES
The detection of potential voltage collapse in power systems is essential to maintain the voltage stability in heavy load demand. This paper proposes a method to detect weak buses in power systems using two stability indices: the voltage stability margin factor (dS/dY) and the voltage collapse prediction index (VCPI). Hence, the paper aims to improve the voltage stability of Iraqi transmission grid by allocating FACTS devices in the optimal locations and optimal sizes. Two types of FACTS are used in this paper which are Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and static var compensator (SVC). The objective function of the problem is fitted using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The proposed method is verified using simulation test on Diyala-132 kV network which is a part of the Iraqi power system. The results observed that improvement the voltage stability margin, the voltage profile of Diyala-132 kV is increased and the power losses is decreased.
A Study of Load Flow Analysis Using Particle Swarm OptimizationIJERA Editor
Load flow study is done to determine the power system static states (voltage magnitudes and voltage angles) at each bus to find the steady state working condition of a power system. It is important and most frequently car-ried out study performed by power utilities for power system planning, optimization, operation and control. In this project a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is proposed to solve load flow problem under different load-ing/ contingency conditions for computing bus voltage magnitudes and angles of the power system. With the increasing size of power system, this is very necessary to finding the solution to maximize the utilization of ex-isting system and to provide adequate voltage support. For this the good voltage profile is must. STATCOM, if placed optimally can be effective in providing good voltage profile and in turn resulting into stable power sys-tem. The study presents a hybrid particle swarm based methodology for solving load flow in electrical power systems. Load flow is an electrical engineering well-known problem which provides the system status in the steady-state and is required by several functions performed in power system control centers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Static VAR Compensators (SVCs) is a Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) device that can control the power flow in transmission lines by injecting capacitive or inductive current components at the midpoint of interconnection line or in load areas. This device is capable of minimizing the overall system losses and concurrently improves the voltage stability. A line index, namely SVSI becomes indicator for the placement of SVC and the parameters of SVCs are tuned by using the multi-objective evolutionary programming technique, effectively able to control the power. The algorithm was tested on IEEE-30 Bus Reliability Test System (RTS). Comparative studies were conducted based on the performance of SVC in terms of their location and sizing for installations in power system.
Advance Technology in Application of Four Leg Inverters to UPQCIJPEDS-IAES
This article presents a novel application of four leg inverter with
conventional Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) Scheme to
Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). The Power Quality problem
became burning issues since the starting of high voltage AC transmission
system. Hence, in this article it has been discussed to mitigate the PQ issues
in high voltage AC systems through a three phase Unified Power Quality
Conditioner (UPQC) under various conditions, such as harmonic mitigation
scheme, non linear loads, sag and swell conditions as well. Also, it proposes
to control harmoincs with various artificial intelligent techniques. Thus
application of these control technique such as Neural Networks (ANN)
Fuzzy Logic makes the system performance in par with the standards
and also compared with existing system. The simulation results based on
MATLAB/Simulink are discussed in detail to support the concept developed
in the paper.
Moth Flame Optimization Method for Unified Power Quality Conditioner Allocati...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a new optimization method to determine the optimal allocation of Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) in the distribution systems. UPQC is a versatile Custom Power Device (CPD) to solve problems related to voltage and current by the series and shunt compensator in the distribution systems. The task of UPQC highlighted in this paper is the required load reactive power is provided by both the series and shunt compensators. The UPQC’s steady state compensation capability has given a solution for providing reactive power compensation in large distribution systems. The optimization method adopted is Moth Flame Optimization (MFO). The best location and series compensator voltage are determined using MFO. The voltage injected by the series compensator and reactive power injected by the shunt compensator is incorporated in the load flow method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated with standard distribution systems.
This work presents a study of the three-phase parallel active power filter and the various controllers used in its control. Moreover, in order to improve the quality of electrical energy, by making it conform to the new normative constraints, we have also been led to develop and apply advanced automation methods. In this framework, this paper reports of several regulatory structures : fuzzy logic, PWM, new space vector PWM (NSVPWM), space vector PWM (SVPWM), HYSTERESIS moreover, in order to produce a parallel active filter, a thorough study of experimental feasibility was carried out, taking into account the industrial constraints of the product both in its design and its application.
Design and Performance Analysis of Genetic based PID-PSS with SVC in a Multi-...IDES Editor
Damping of power system oscillations with the help
of proposed optimal Proportional Integral Derivative Power
System Stabilizer (PID-PSS) and Static Var Compensator
(SVC)-based controllers are thoroughly investigated in this
paper. This study presents robust tuning of PID-PSS and
SVC-based controllers using Genetic Algorithms (GA) in
multi machine power systems by considering detailed model
of the generators (model 1.1). The effectiveness of FACTSbased
controllers in general and SVC-based controller in
particular depends upon their proper location. Modal
controllability and observability are used to locate SVC–based
controller. The performance of the proposed controllers is
compared with conventional lead-lag power system stabilizer
(CPSS) and demonstrated on 10 machines, 39 bus New England
test system. Simulation studies show that the proposed genetic
based PID-PSS with SVC based controller provides better
performance.
Analysis and mitigation of unbalance due to load in distribution system by us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Distribution network losses can vary significantly depending on the load unbalance. Here, an analysis of distribution system losses is presented that considers load unbalance and the effect of explicitly represented neutral wire. A general power flow algorithm for three-phase four-wire radial distribution networks, based on the current summation backward-forward technique is applied. Loss analysis results obtained from three-phase four-wire medium and low voltage test feeders with unbalanced load scenarios are presented and discussed an active power filter is designed, simulated, implemented, and tested. It can work in different modes: active power filtering, power factor correction, and load unbalance compensation. It is based on a current controlled voltage-source inverter with fixed carrier PWM. The control algorithm generates the source reference currents based on the controlled DC link voltage. The dimensioning criteria of the inductive and capacitive power components are discussed. The implementation is validated with simulated and experimental results obtained in a 5 kVA prototype. Keywords: distribution networks, losses, load unbalance, power flow
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Enhancement of Voltage Stability on IEEE 14 Bus Systems Using Static Var Comp...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the effects of Static Var Compensator (SVC) on voltage stability of a power system. One of the major causes of voltage instability is the reactive power limit of the system. Improving the system’s reactive power handling capacity via Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices is a remedy for prevention of voltage instability and hence voltage collapse. The effects of Static Var Compensator (SVC) in static voltage stability margin enhancement will be studies. Prediction of the stability margin or distance to voltage collapse is based on the reactive power load demand. The load is connected to several selected buses. The analysis is performed for IEEE 14 Bus system. Then, the most critical mode is identified for each system. IEEE standard test system has been considered and Load flows were computed by using Newton Raphson method with the help of MATLAB and a weak bus is identified.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Voltage Stability Assessment Using the Concept of GVSMiosrjce
To assessment of voltage stability of multi bus power system, the main requirement is equivalent twobus
network models, which is fulfilled by lumping all the series impedances and shunt admittances of
transmission lines within a series equivalent impedance. This paper shows the development of an equivalent pi
network model using a new technology or methodology called generalized global voltage stability margin
(GVSM). This is used to assess the overall voltage stability status of the system accurately. Simulation results
for IEEE 14 Test bus system, IEEE 30 Test bus system , IEEE 118 Test bus system are establish that the piequivalent
model obtained by the proposed method is highly accurate for assessing voltage stability of any
power system at any operating point in a better way as compared to series equivalent model
Transient Stability Analysis of IEEE 9 Bus System in Power World SimulatorIJERA Editor
It is widely accepted that transient stability is an important aspect in designing and upgrading electric power
system.
The objective of this paper was to investigate and understand the stability of power system
In this paper, modelling and transient stability analysis of IEEE 9 bus system was performed using POWER
WORLD SIMULATOR. The load flow studies were performed to determine pre-fault conditions in the system
using Newton-Raphson method. With the help of three-phase balanced fault, the variations in power angle and
frequency of the system were studied. Frequency is a reliable indicator if deficiency condition in the power
systems exists or not. For three-phase balanced fault, fast fault clearing time was analysed to bring back the
system to the stability. Further, comparison between Runga method and Euler method for better results was
performed. Hence, impact of load switching on system was also computed so as to bring system to steady state.
Transient Stability Analysis of IEEE 9 Bus System in Power World SimulatorIJERA Editor
It is widely accepted that transient stability is an important aspect in designing and upgrading electric power
system.
The objective of this paper was to investigate and understand the stability of power system
In this paper, modelling and transient stability analysis of IEEE 9 bus system was performed using POWER
WORLD SIMULATOR. The load flow studies were performed to determine pre-fault conditions in the system
using Newton-Raphson method. With the help of three-phase balanced fault, the variations in power angle and
frequency of the system were studied. Frequency is a reliable indicator if deficiency condition in the power
systems exists or not. For three-phase balanced fault, fast fault clearing time was analysed to bring back the
system to the stability. Further, comparison between Runga method and Euler method for better results was
performed. Hence, impact of load switching on system was also computed so as to bring system to steady state.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Comparative power flow analysis of 28 and 52 buses for 330 kv power grid netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
Newton-Raphson technique was formulated and used to evaluate the electrical performances of the existing 28-bus and improved 52-bus Nigerian 330kV power networks. The Jacobian matrix for both the existing 28-bus and the improved 52-bus Nigerian power system was derived using Newton-Raphson power flow solution method. The steady-state critical bus voltages, voltage and angle profiles at each bus, active and reactive power flows, transformer tap settings, component or circuit loading, generator exciter regulator voltage set points and system losses of these networks were determined to ascertain their effectiveness and proper network reconfiguration. The results obtained showed a better performance of the 52-Bus system in power quality, voltage and angle profiles over the conventional 28-bus system
Comparative power flow analysis of 28 and 52 buses for 330 kv power grid netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
Newton-Raphson technique was formulated and used to evaluate the electrical performances of the existing 28-bus and improved 52-bus Nigerian 330kV power networks. The Jacobian matrix for both the existing 28-bus and the improved 52-bus Nigerian power system was derived using Newton-Raphson power flow solution method. The steady-state critical bus voltages, voltage and angle profiles at each bus, active and reactive power flows, transformer tap settings, component or circuit loading, generator exciter regulator voltage set points and system losses of these networks were determined to ascertain their effectiveness and proper network reconfiguration. The results obtained showed a better performance of the 52-Bus system in power quality, voltage and angle profiles over the conventional 28-bus system
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 6, Issue 12 (May 2013), PP. 71-79
71
Modal Based Analysis and Evaluation of Voltage Stability
of Bulk Power System
Dr. Enemuoh F. O., Dr. Onuegbu J. C. and Dr. Anazia E. A.
Department of Electrical Engineering
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
Abstract:- This paper reports on Modal based analysis and its application in the evaluation of voltage
stability of bulk power system. This method makes use of the power system Jacobian matrix to
determine the eigenvalues necessary for the evaluation of the voltage stability of the power system. It
identifies if the eigenvalues are positive or negative which is an indicator of the system stability. For a
steady state power system, a positive eigenvalue shows that the system is stable while a negative
eigenvalue indicates that the system is instable. The least eigenvalue indicates the proximity of the
system to voltage instability. This method was used to determine the components of the system that
contribute to instability through the use of the participating factors. The method was implemented on
IEEE 14 bus system and it calculated the various eigenvalues with the least value used to calculate the
participation factors that indicated the generator, branches and buses that will contribute most to the
bulk system voltage instability.
Keywords:- Modal, voltage stability, eigenvalue, participation factors.
I. INTRODUCTION
Voltage stability issues are of major concern worldwide because of the significant number of black-
outs that have occurred in recent times in which it was involved [1]. For many power systems, assessment of
voltage stability and prediction of voltage instability or collapse have become the most important types of
analysis performed as part of system planning, operational planning and real-time operation. It is important to
have an analytical method to investigate voltage stability in the power system, particularly with a complex and
large interconnected network. The work presented in this paper used modal analysis to evaluate the voltage
stability of a bulk power system It involves the calculation of a small number of eigenvalues of the reduced
Jacobian matrix obtained from the load flow solution. In the past, the electric utility industry has largely
depended on conventional power-flow programs for static analysis of voltage stability. Stability is determined
by computing the V-P and V-Q curves at selected load buses. Generally, such curves are generated by executing
a large number of power flows using conventional models. While such procedure can be automated, they are
time –consuming and do not readily provide information useful in gaining insight into causes of stability
problems. In addition, these procedures focus on individual buses, that is, the stability characteristics are
established by stressing each bus independently. This may unrealistically distort the stability condition of the
system. Also, the buses selected for V-Q and V-P analysis must be chosen carefully, and a large number of such
curves may be required to obtain complete information. In fact, it may not be possible to generate the V-Q
curves completely due to power-flow divergence caused by problems elsewhere in the system.
A number of special techniques have been proposed in the literature for voltage stability analysis [2, 3, 4].
Generally, many of these have not found widespread practical application. A practical approaches based modal
analysis has advantage that it gives voltage stability related information from a system wide perspective and
clearly identifies areas that have potential problems. It has the added advantage that it provides information
regarding the mechanism of instability. This is the principal reason for considering the modal analysis. The
understanding of modal analysis starts with the formulation of power flow problem.
II. POWER FLOW PROBLEM
The power flow or load flow is widely used in power system analysis. It plays a major role in planning
the future expansion of the power system as well as helping to run existing systems in the best possible way.
The network load flow solution techniques are used for steady state and dynamic analysis programme [5, 6].
The solution of power flow predicts what the electrical state of the network will be when it is subjected to a
specified loading condition. The result of the power flow is the voltage magnitude and the angle of each of the
system nodes. These bus voltage magnitudes and angles are defined as the system state variables.
2. Modal Based Analysis and Evaluation of Voltage Stability of Bulk Power System
72
That is because they allow all other system quantities to be computed such as real and reactive power flows,
current flows, voltage drops, power losses, etc … power flow solution is closely associated with voltage stability
analysis. It is an essential tool for voltage stability evaluation. Much of the research on voltage stability deals
with the power-flow computation method.
The power flow problem solves the complex matrix equation:
)1(
V
S
YVI
where
I = nodal current injection matrix
Y = system nodal admittance matrix
V = unknown complex node voltage vector
S = apparent power nodal injection vector representing specified load and generation of nodes
Where
)2(jQPS
The Newton-Raphson method is the most general and reliable algorithm to solve the power-flow
problem. It involves interactions based on successive linearization using the first term of Taylor expansion of
the equation to be solved. From equation (1), we can write the equation for node k (bus k) as:
)3(
1
n
m
mkmk VYI
)4(*
1
**
m
n
m
kmkkkkk VYVIVjQP
Where:
m = 1, 2, …, n
n = number of buses
Vk is the voltage of the kth bus
Ykm is the element of the admittance bus
Equating the real and imaginary parts
)5(
1
**
n
m
kkmkek VYVRP
)6(
1
**
n
m
kkmkmk VYVIQ
Where
Pk is the real power
Qk is the reactive power
With the following notation:
)7(,, kmmk j
kmkm
j
mm
j
kk eYYeVVeVV
Where
kV is the magnitude of the voltage
k is the angle of the voltage
km is the load angle
Substituting for Vk, Vm, and Ykm in Equation (4)
n
m
j
km
j
k
j
kkk
kmkk
eYeVeVjQP
1
Or
n
m
j
kmkkKK
kmmk
eYVVjQP
1
Or
3. Modal Based Analysis and Evaluation of Voltage Stability of Bulk Power System
73
n
m
kmkkkmkkkk YVVjQP
1
Or
)sin
(cos
1
kmmk
kmmk
n
m
kmkkKk
j
YVVjQP
Separating the real and imaginary parts of above equation to get real and reactive powers,
)8(cos
1
kmmk
n
m
kmkkk YVVP
)9(sin
1
kmmk
n
m
kmkkk YVVQ
The mismatch power at bus k is given by:
)10(k
sch
kk ppP
)11(k
sch
kk QQQ
The Pk and Qk are calculated from Equation (8) and (9)
The Newton – Raphson method solves the partitioned matrix equation:
)12(
V
J
Q
P
Where,
ΔP and ΔQ = mismatch active and reactive power vectors.
ΔV and ΔӨ = unknown voltage magnitude and angle correction vectors.
J = Jacobian matrix of partial derivative terms
III. MODAL ANALYSIS
The Modal analysis mainly depends on the power-flow Jacobian matrix of equation (12). Gao, Morison
and Kundur [8] proposed this method in 1992. It can predict voltage collapse in complex power system
networks. It involves mainly the computing of the smallest eigenvalues and associated eigenvectors of the
reduced Jacobian matrix obtained from the load flow solution. The eigenvalues are associated with a mode of
voltage and reactive power variation which can provide a relative measure of proximity to voltage instability.
Then, the participation factor can be used effectively to find out the weakest nodes or buses in the system. The
analysis is expressed as follows:
Equation (12) can be rewritten as:
)13(
2221
1211
VJJ
JJ
Q
P
By letting 0P in Equation (13)
,0 1211 VJJP VJJ
12
1
11 (14) and
VJJQ 2221 (15)
Substituting Equation (14) in Equation (15):
)16(VJQ R
Where
12
1
112122 JJJJJR
RJ is the reduced Jacobian matrix of the system.
Equation (16) can be written as
)17(1
QJV R
The matrix RJ represents the linearized relationship between the incremental changes in bus voltage
(ΔV) and bus reactive power injection (ΔQ). It’s well known that, the system voltage is affected by both real and
reactive power variations. In order to focus the study of the reactive demand and supply problem of the system
4. Modal Based Analysis and Evaluation of Voltage Stability of Bulk Power System
74
as well as minimize computational effort by reducing dimensions of the Jacobian matrix J the real power (ΔP =
o) and angle part from the system in Equation (13) are eliminated.
The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the reduced order Jacobian matrix JR are used for the voltage stability
characteristics analysis. Voltage instability can be detected by identifying modes of the eigenvalues matrix JR.
The magnitude of the eigenvalues provides a relative measure of proximity to instability. The eigenvectors on
the other hand present information related to the mechanism of loss of voltage stability.
Modal analysis of JR results in the following.
)18(RJ where Ф = right eigenvector matrix of RJ
= left eigenvector matrix of RJ
= diagonal eigenvalue matrix of RJ
Equation (18) can be written as:
)19(11
RJ
In general it can be said that, a system is voltage stable if the eigenvalues of JR are all positive. This is
different from dynamic systems where eigenvalues with negative real parts are stable. The relationship between
system voltage stability and eigenvalues of the JR matrix is best understood by relating the eigenvalues with the
V-Q. sensitivities of each bus (which must be positive for stability). JR can be taken as a symmetric matrix and
therefore the eigenvalues of JR are close to being purely real. If all the eigenvalues are positive, JR is positive
definite and the V-Q sensitivities are also positive, indicating that the system is voltage stable.
The system is considered voltage unstable if at least one of the eigenvalues is negative. A zero eigenvalue of JR
means that the system is on the verge of voltage instability. Furthermore, small eigenvalue of JR determine the
proximity of the system to being voltage unstable [9].
There is no need to evaluate all the eigenvalues of JR of a large power system because it is known that
once the minimum eigenvalues becomes zeros the system Jacobian matrix becomes singular and voltage
instability occurs. So the eigenvalues of importance are the critical eigenvalues of the reduced Jacobian matrix
JR. Thus, the smallest eigenvalues of JR are taken to be the least stable modes of the system. The rest of the
eigenvalues are neglected because they are considered to be strong enough modes. Once the minimum
eigenvalues and the corresponding left and right eigenvectors have been calculated the participation factor can
be used to identify the weakest node or bus in the system. An algorithm for the modal method analysis used in
this study is shown in figure1.
The appropriate definition and determination as to which node or load bus participates in the selected
modes become very important. This necessitates a tool, called the participation factor, for identifying the
weakest nodes or load buses that are making significant contribution to the selected modes [10].
)20(
i i
ii
QV
where i is the ίth
eigenvalue, i is the ίth
column right eigenvector and i is the ίth
row left eigenvector of
matrix
RJ . Each eigenvalue i and corresponding right and left eigenvectors i and i , defined the ίth
mode of the
system.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF THE WEAK LOAD BUSES
The minimum eigenvalues, which become close to instability, need to be observed more closely. parts
are stable. The relationship between system voltage stability and eigenvalues of the JR matrix is best understood
by relating the eigenvalues with the V-Q. sensitivities of each bus (which must be positive for stability). JR can
be taken as a symmetric matrix and therefore the eigenvalues of JR are close to being purely real. If all the
eigenvalues are positive, JR is positive definite and the V-Q sensitivities
V. SAMPLE SYSTEM EVALUATION AND RESULTS ANALYSIS
The modal analysis method has been successfully applied to IEEE 14 bus power system shown in
Figure 2, while Tables 1 and 2 are the line and load parameters respectively. A power flow program based on
Matlab is developed to:
1. Calculate the power flow solution
2. Analyze the voltage stability based on modal analysis
3. Generate the Q-V sensitivities and Participation factors
5. Modal Based Analysis and Evaluation of Voltage Stability of Bulk Power System
75
The voltage profile of the buses is presented from the load flow simulation as shown in Figure 3. It can
be seen that all the bus voltages are within the acceptable level (± 5%). The lowest voltage compared to the
other buses can be noticed in bus number 3
Since there are 14 buses among which there is one swing bus and 4 PV buses, then the total number of
eigenvalues of the reduced Jacobian matrix RJ is expected to be 9 as shown in Table 3.
Table 1 Line data for IEEE 14 Bus system
(Length 1km)
Table 2 Load Distribution for IEEE 14 Bus System
Table 3 IEEE 14 Bus System Eigenvalues
ID Name R(1) X(1) C(1) B(0)
Ohm/… Ohm/… uF/… Us/…
1. 421 Branch-3 2.237193 9.425351 2.92837 919.975
2. 424 Branch-2 2.572368 10.61893 3.289402 1033.396
3. 427 Branch-1 0.922681 2.817083 3.53009 1109.01
4. 430 Branch-7 0.635593 2.004857 0.855779 268.851
5. 433 Branch-6 3.190346 8.142738 2.313279 726.738
6. 436 Branch-5 2.711389 8.278426 2.273164 714.136
7. 439 Branch-4 2.766617 8.394595 2.50048 785.549
8. 442 Branch-13 0.125976 0.248086 0 0
9. 445 Branch-12 0.234069 0.487164 0 0
10. 448 Branch-11 0.180879 0.378785 0 0
11. 451 Branch-19 0.42072 0.380651 0 0
12. 454 Branch-18 0.156256 0.365778 0 0
13. 457 Branch-17 0.242068 0.514911 0 0
14. 460 Branch-16 0.060578 0.160921 0 0
15. 463 Branch-15 0 0.209503 0 0
16. 466 Branch-20 0.325519 0.662769 0 0
ID Name LF
Type
P
MW
Q
MVAR
1. 686 Load 2 PQ 21.7 12.7
2. 687 Load 6 PQ 11.2 7.5
3. 688 Load 5 PQ 7.6 1.6
4. 689 Load 4 PQ 47.8 4
5. 690 Load 3 PQ 94.2 19
6. 691 Load 11 PQ 3.5 1.8
7. 692 Load 10 PQ 9 5.8
8. 693 Load 9 PQ 29.5 16.6
9. 694 Load 7 PQ 0 0
10. 695 Load 14 PQ 14.9 5
11. 696 Load 13 PQ 13.5 5.8
12. 697 Load 12 PQ 6.1 1.6
1 2 3 4
Eigenvalue 2.0792 5.3677 7.5987 9.4942
# 5 6 7 8
Eigenvalue 16.0985 18.8474 19.3553 38.5332
# 9
Eigenvalue 64.9284
6. Modal Based Analysis and Evaluation of Voltage Stability of Bulk Power System
76
Figure 1.0 Line diagram of the IEEE 14 Bus interconnected network
Figure 2.0 Algorithm for the voltage stability analysis
7. Modal Based Analysis and Evaluation of Voltage Stability of Bulk Power System
77
VI. CONCLUSION
The results of the analysis of the 14 Bus system
are shown in the bar charts below.
Figure 3.0 Voltage profiles of all Buses of the IEEE
14 Bus system
From Table 3, it can be notices that the minimum eigenvalue λ = 2.0792 is the most critical mode. The
Q-V Sensitivity is calculated to determine the most critical bus. The simulation showed that bus 14 is the most
critical with sensitivity of 0.222725 as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4.0 Q-V Sensitivity of IEEE 14 Bus system
The bus participation factor was calculated; the result showed that bus 14 had the highest bus
participation factor of 0.232557 at the least eigenvalue λ = 2.0792 as shown in Fig. 5.
Figure 5.0 Highest contribution to voltage collapse
0 5 10 15
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Bus number
Voltage[p.u]
Voltage Profile of all Buses [IEEE 14 Bus system]
8. Modal Based Analysis and Evaluation of Voltage Stability of Bulk Power System
78
The branch participation factors was calculated, the result showed that branch 10 has the highest
branch participation factor of 0.968457 at the least eigenvalue λ = 2.0792 as shown in Figure 6. It indicates the
highest contribution of this branch to the voltage collapse.
The generator participation factors was calculated, the result showed that Gnbus 6 has the highest generator
participation factor of 0.952139 at the least eigenvalue λ = 2.0792 as shown in Figure 7, it indicates the highest
contribution of this generator to the voltage collapse.
Figure 6 The branch Participation Factors for Least Eigenvalue λ = 2.0792
Figure 7 Generator Participation Factors at least Eigenvalue of λ = 2.0792
REFERENCES
[1]. S. Johnsson, and F. Sjogreen, “Voltage Collapse in Power Systems; The influence of generator current
limiters, on-load tap changers and dynamics,” Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Gotenbery,
Sweden, 1995, ISBN:91-7197-119-K.
[2]. IEEE Working Group on Voltage Stability, “Suggested techniques for voltage stability analysis”, IEEE
Publications 1993.
[3]. IEEE Working Group on voltage stability, “Voltage Stability of power system: Concepts, Analytical
tools and industrial experience”, IEEE Publications 90THO358-2-PWR1990.
[4]. IEEE/PES publications on “Voltage Stability Assessment: Concepts, Practices, and tools”, IEEE/PES
publications. Final Draft August 2002.
[5]. P.A Lof, T. Smed, C. Anderson and D.J.Hill, “ Fast Calculation of a Voltage Stability Index,” IEEE
Trans. on Power Systems, Vol.7, pp59-64, Feb.1992.
[6]. CIGRE Task Force 38-01-10,: “Modelling of Voltage Collapse including dynamic phenomenon”,
1993.
9. Modal Based Analysis and Evaluation of Voltage Stability of Bulk Power System
79
[7]. B. Gao, G.Morison and P. Kundur, “Voltage Stability Evaluation Using Modal Analysis”, IEEE Trans.
On Power Systems, Vol.7, No.4, pp. 1423-1543, Nov. 1992.
[8]. G. Verghes, I. Perez-Arriaga and F.Schwwppe, “Selective modal Analysis with Application to Electric
Power Systems”, Part 11 IEEE trans, on Power App. and system, Vol. PAS 101, No. 9, pp 3117-3134,
1982
[9]. V. Ajjarapu, and B. Lee “Bibliograph on voltage Stability” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 13 pp
115- 125, 1998.
Authors’ Profile
Dr. Francis O. Enemuoh
Received the M.Eng. and Ph.D degree in electrical engineering in 1995 and 2012 from
Enugu State University of Science and Technology and University of Nigeria Nsukka
respectively. He has been employed by Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka since 1996.
Currently, he is the Head, department of electrical engineering in the University. His
research interest is in the area of power system stability, security and reliability. Dr.
Enemuoh is a member of Nigeria Society of Engineers and a registered engineer with
Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN). Email: eneody@yahoo.com
Dr. Josiah C. Onuegbu
Born in Anambra State of Nigeria on 24th
February, 1966. Received his M. Eng. degree in
electrical engineering in the field of electric power stations and substations from Kyrghyz
Technical University Bishkek (Frunze) USSR in 1994, then Ph.D degree in the field of
electric machines from Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria in 2012 The author’s
major field of study is electric machine design. He joined Nnamdi Azikiwe University,
Awka in 1999 as a lecturer. He has published many journal articles and an engineering
novel.
Dr. Onuegbu is a member of five professional bodies including the Nigeria Society of Engineers and Council
for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria. He has worked in various capacities in the faculty including being
the examination committee chairman for many years. Email: onuegbujo@yahoo.com
Dr. Emmanuel A. Anazia
Born in Delta State of Nigeria on 10th
October 1963. Received his M.Eng. and Ph.D
degree in electrical engineering in the field of power systems and machines from Nnamdi
Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria in the year 2000 and 2008 respectively. Dr. Anazia is
a registered electrical engineer with COREN and a member of the Nigeria Society of
Engineers. He has extensive experience in the industry and academia. He is currently a
lecturer in power system analysis in the department of electrical engineering, Nnamdi
Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State of Nigeria. He has worked for many
committees of the department of electrical engineering especially as the chairman of Students Industrial Work
Experience Scheme for many years. His research interest is in power generation and automation. Email:
aninyemunzele@yahoo.com