IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant an...YogeshIJTSRD
In the present study, two plant species of the family Asteraceae were selected for an evaluation of their phytochemical screening, antioxidant and anti inflammatory properties. Phytochemical alkaloids, phenols, protein, flavonoids, quinines, tannins, and terpenoids are present in the aqua methanol and aqua acetone extract s of Cirsium arvense L Cronquist and Erigeron bonariensis. The selected plant species exhibit anti inflammatory properties in both solvents. The enzymatic antioxidant property of selected plant species was evaluated by superoxide dismutase SOD , peroxidase POD , and catalase CAT . E. bonariensis shows 20.05±0.02 superoxide dismutase activity which is moreover equal to C. arvense 19.47±0.31 . POD and CAT activities of C. arvense 109.35±0.69 and 41.48±0.13 and E. bonariensis 105.91±1.53 and 39.63±0.035 respectively, the POD activity of C. arvense is slightly higher than E. bonariensis but CAT activity again higher in E. bonariensis same as SOD. Deepti Rawat | P. B. Rao "Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and In-Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Aqua Methanol and Aqua Acetone Extract of Cirsium Arvense and Erigeron Bonariensis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43934.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/43934/qualitative-phytochemical-screening-and-invitro-assessment-of-antioxidant-and-antiinflammatory-potential-of-aqua-methanol-and-aqua-acetone-extract-of-cirsium-arvense-and-erigeron-bonariensis/deepti-rawat
Indian medicinal plants have a traditional
background that they have potential to use as antimicrobial agents.
Pedalium murex showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,
Candida albicans and five bacterial strains Escherichia coli,
Staphylococus epidermis, Klebseilla pneumonia,Citrobactor
diverses, Enterococus faecalis.The Ethanolic extracts were tested
against selected test bacteria and fungi through disc diffusion assay
where amoxicillin was used as standard. The results showed that
alcoholic extract possess good antimicrobial activity against selected
test bacteria and fungi. The present results therefore offer a
scientific basis for traditional use of the various extract of Pedalium
murex
Cassava Retting Water An Alternative Source for Industrial Cellulase EnzymeYogeshIJTSRD
Cassava fermentation is one of the teaming businesses in almost all the tribes of Nigeria. Among all the methods of cassava processing to food, fermentation is the most used. This produces foul smelling waste water that causes environmental pollution to man and animals. The retted cassava water was checked for cellulase enzyme activity to see if it can be a source of cellulase for used in food, paper, textile and other industries. The aim of this work is to seek a way of utilizing the waste water as source of enzymes as this will reduce the importation of these enzymes and make them available always. Cassava tubers were peeled, cut into cylindrical portions of about 3 5 cm and washed. Two hundred grams of the washed tubers were soaked in 5 liters of water and allowed to ret. The retting water was analyzed daily for titratable acidity, cyanide content, pH, cellulase activity and the microbial flora were isolated and identified. Results showed that titratable acidity rose from 0.20 to 2.76 mg g and cyanide content increased from 0.28 to 4.69 mg ml while pH fall from 7.2 – 6.0 tending acidic. Retting started on the 2nd day and complete retting was achieved on the 4th day. ß glucosidase activity rose from 0.05 to 8.0 µ mol, Filter paper activity increased from 0.06 to 7.5 µ mol and carboxyl methyl cellulase CMC activity increased from 0.05 to 7.7 µ mol. Ten organisms Aspergillus fumigatus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Bacillus subtilis, Candida utilis, Citrobacter sp, Enterobacter aerogenes, Lactobacillus coryneformis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus feacalis were isolated from the retting water. Daily increase in the enzyme activities showed that cassava retting when done in a large scale can yield large quantity of enzymes. This will reduce the importation of industrial enzymes and reduce the environmental pollution caused by the waste water. Umeh, S. O. | Nwiyi, I. U. | Dimejesi, S. A. | Ikele, M. O. | Ugwu, C. H. "Cassava Retting Water: An Alternative Source for Industrial Cellulase (Enzyme)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43889.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/43889/cassava-retting-water-an-alternative-source-for-industrial-cellulase-enzyme/umeh-s-o
Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Antibacterial Activity of Mangifera indi...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant an...YogeshIJTSRD
In the present study, two plant species of the family Asteraceae were selected for an evaluation of their phytochemical screening, antioxidant and anti inflammatory properties. Phytochemical alkaloids, phenols, protein, flavonoids, quinines, tannins, and terpenoids are present in the aqua methanol and aqua acetone extract s of Cirsium arvense L Cronquist and Erigeron bonariensis. The selected plant species exhibit anti inflammatory properties in both solvents. The enzymatic antioxidant property of selected plant species was evaluated by superoxide dismutase SOD , peroxidase POD , and catalase CAT . E. bonariensis shows 20.05±0.02 superoxide dismutase activity which is moreover equal to C. arvense 19.47±0.31 . POD and CAT activities of C. arvense 109.35±0.69 and 41.48±0.13 and E. bonariensis 105.91±1.53 and 39.63±0.035 respectively, the POD activity of C. arvense is slightly higher than E. bonariensis but CAT activity again higher in E. bonariensis same as SOD. Deepti Rawat | P. B. Rao "Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and In-Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Aqua Methanol and Aqua Acetone Extract of Cirsium Arvense and Erigeron Bonariensis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43934.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/43934/qualitative-phytochemical-screening-and-invitro-assessment-of-antioxidant-and-antiinflammatory-potential-of-aqua-methanol-and-aqua-acetone-extract-of-cirsium-arvense-and-erigeron-bonariensis/deepti-rawat
Indian medicinal plants have a traditional
background that they have potential to use as antimicrobial agents.
Pedalium murex showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,
Candida albicans and five bacterial strains Escherichia coli,
Staphylococus epidermis, Klebseilla pneumonia,Citrobactor
diverses, Enterococus faecalis.The Ethanolic extracts were tested
against selected test bacteria and fungi through disc diffusion assay
where amoxicillin was used as standard. The results showed that
alcoholic extract possess good antimicrobial activity against selected
test bacteria and fungi. The present results therefore offer a
scientific basis for traditional use of the various extract of Pedalium
murex
Cassava Retting Water An Alternative Source for Industrial Cellulase EnzymeYogeshIJTSRD
Cassava fermentation is one of the teaming businesses in almost all the tribes of Nigeria. Among all the methods of cassava processing to food, fermentation is the most used. This produces foul smelling waste water that causes environmental pollution to man and animals. The retted cassava water was checked for cellulase enzyme activity to see if it can be a source of cellulase for used in food, paper, textile and other industries. The aim of this work is to seek a way of utilizing the waste water as source of enzymes as this will reduce the importation of these enzymes and make them available always. Cassava tubers were peeled, cut into cylindrical portions of about 3 5 cm and washed. Two hundred grams of the washed tubers were soaked in 5 liters of water and allowed to ret. The retting water was analyzed daily for titratable acidity, cyanide content, pH, cellulase activity and the microbial flora were isolated and identified. Results showed that titratable acidity rose from 0.20 to 2.76 mg g and cyanide content increased from 0.28 to 4.69 mg ml while pH fall from 7.2 – 6.0 tending acidic. Retting started on the 2nd day and complete retting was achieved on the 4th day. ß glucosidase activity rose from 0.05 to 8.0 µ mol, Filter paper activity increased from 0.06 to 7.5 µ mol and carboxyl methyl cellulase CMC activity increased from 0.05 to 7.7 µ mol. Ten organisms Aspergillus fumigatus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Bacillus subtilis, Candida utilis, Citrobacter sp, Enterobacter aerogenes, Lactobacillus coryneformis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus feacalis were isolated from the retting water. Daily increase in the enzyme activities showed that cassava retting when done in a large scale can yield large quantity of enzymes. This will reduce the importation of industrial enzymes and reduce the environmental pollution caused by the waste water. Umeh, S. O. | Nwiyi, I. U. | Dimejesi, S. A. | Ikele, M. O. | Ugwu, C. H. "Cassava Retting Water: An Alternative Source for Industrial Cellulase (Enzyme)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43889.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/43889/cassava-retting-water-an-alternative-source-for-industrial-cellulase-enzyme/umeh-s-o
Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Antibacterial Activity of Mangifera indi...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Cochlospermum planchonii Roots Crude Ext...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether of
Cochlospermum planchonii root extracts on some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms were
investigated using conventional microbiological and microdilution indicator technique. Phytochemical
screenings were also carried on the extracts. The root extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activities
against reference strains and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii. However, the susceptibility pattern of the bacteria did not
differ significantly from each other (p>0.05). The methanolic root extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial
activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 1.25 mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml; and its zones
of inhibition diameter on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 12mm. The petroleum
ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 5.00mg/ml and
its zones of inhibition diameter ranging between 4mm and 7mm. The bioactive constituents in the plant were
alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and sterols. The methanolic extracts of root appeared to be
more biologically active than other extracts and may be more useful in treating human infections caused by
these pathogens.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.7
ABSTRACT- Most of the Euphorbian plants secrete fluid which contain a proteolytic enzyme for defensive role against
insects, pests and hence eco physiological inheritance to sustain vegetation eventually in adverse environmental
conditions. Evaluation has been carried out on twenty five Euphorbian garden plants for their proteolytic activities using
casein as a substrate. Out of these, Euphorbia nerifolia, Euphorbia milli, Euphorbia tirucalli, Euphorbia lactea,
Synadenium granti, Jatropha curcas, Euphorbia nivulia, Euphorbia antiquoram, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Euphorbia
viguieri, E. heterophylla and E. leucocephala are the good enzyme source. Moderate activity found in Jatropha
integerrima, Jatropha multifida, Jatropha podagrica, Euphorbia pulcherrima, and Dalechampia scandens. While
different tissues of Acalypha hispida, Acalypha wilkesiana, Breynia nivosa, Cicca acida, Codiaeum variegatum, Drypetes
roxburghii are devoid of proteolytic activity. This paper describes in detail about name of plants, habitat and presence of
proteolytic enzyme in them. Results show that the out of twenty five plants 50% plant tissue synthesize protease in
appreciable amount, while 10% are not able to produce it. However 40% plants demonstrate only detectable amount of
protease. A comparative account of proteolytic activity reveals some promising plants good source of enzyme. Some
plants produce combination of cysteine and serine proteases. A single plant i.e. Euphorbia nerifolia latex contains
cysteine, serine, metallo-protease and aspartic proteases. In turn, these proteases may be used in various industrial uses in
general and cheese production Key-words- Garden Euphorb iiann a p plaarnttisc,u Clayr.s t e ine and serine protease, E. leucocephala, Euphorbia viguieri
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
his study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC= 90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Of Algerian Populus Nigra L. Buds Ex...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
An Investigation Into The Mechanisms Underlying Enhanced Biosulphidogenesis I...iosrjce
Anthropogenic activities like mining, processes of metallurgy and other chemical industries lead to
the discharge of a high amount of sulphate into the environment that causes serious problems to human health.
This paper illustrates the employment of thermophilic sulphate reducing bacteria for biosulphidogenesis. Two
different species have been isolated from hot water spring of Vajreshwari and Ganeshpuri,Thane, Maharashtra,
INDIA.The mechanism involved in biosulphidogenesis includes production of specific protein as well as
liberation of some extracellular polymeric compound (EPS) e.g. proteins, carbohydrate, acids etc. that are
produced during the microbial cell metabolism. These compounds plays an important role in the faster
reduction of sulphate and decrease in production rate of sulphide.The isolate was found to be of genus
Bacillusand type strain was found to be subtilis Zankar and licheniformis Sonali. The strain sequence were
deposited in NCBI database with accession number KJ939324 and KJ939325 respectively. The result highlights
the potential use of these organism in biosulphidogenesis.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
A Study on the Removal of Pesticide Residues on Potatoes Using Moringa oleife...AI Publications
Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant whose seeds possess strong coagulation properties capable of removing turbidity and heavy metals from water. In this study, the effectiveness of MO seeds as a potential pesticide removal apparatus for agricultural produce was investigated. The parameters of interest for each pesticide washing solution were pesticide-concentration reduction, cost, and taste alteration to the potatoes. Separate doses of 0.25 mL profenofos 500 EC were individually applied to distinct 250 g pesticide-free potato piles. A submersion of each tainted potato pile was carried out in one of the chosen pesticide baths (mineral water, 2% salt solution, 10% salt solution, vegetable bath wash, and 10 g MO seed) for 10 min, followed by a 10 second mineral water bath rinse. Remaining profenofos residue concentrations on potatoes were quantified using the quick, easy, cheap, rugged, and simple QuEChERs method coincided with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The experiments showed that the MO seed was the most effective at removing profenofos at 52.9% followed by the vegetable bath at 47.3%. Neither method caused an alteration in food taste, but the MO seed method is significantly cheaper at 2,000/L IDR ($0.14 USD) compared to the vegetable bath at IDR 10,668/L ($0.77 USD) at the time of the experiment, respectively.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Curative Effect of Parinari curatellifolia Leaf Extract on EpiglottitisIOSR Journals
The curative effect of Parinari curatellifolia leaf extract on epiglottitis was investigated. The air dried leaf of Parinari curatellifolia was extracted using the soxhlet extractor. Crude extract of the plant was found to be rich in phytochemicals of medicinal importance such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. Acetic acid extract had the highest antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 20.0 ± 0.6 to 28.3 ± 0.3 against the test organisms. This activity was not significantly (P<0.05) different from leofloxacin with zones of inhibition ranging from 25.0 ± 0.6 to 29.3 ± 0.3 which was the highest activity among the standard drugs used. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was found to be 5mg/ml against Pseudomonas sp and Staphylococcus aureus, indicating broad spectrum activity. Results were discussed in respect to traditional treatment of epiglottitis.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of fractions of the l...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Cochlospermum planchonii Roots Crude Ext...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether of
Cochlospermum planchonii root extracts on some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms were
investigated using conventional microbiological and microdilution indicator technique. Phytochemical
screenings were also carried on the extracts. The root extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activities
against reference strains and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii. However, the susceptibility pattern of the bacteria did not
differ significantly from each other (p>0.05). The methanolic root extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial
activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 1.25 mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml; and its zones
of inhibition diameter on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 12mm. The petroleum
ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 5.00mg/ml and
its zones of inhibition diameter ranging between 4mm and 7mm. The bioactive constituents in the plant were
alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and sterols. The methanolic extracts of root appeared to be
more biologically active than other extracts and may be more useful in treating human infections caused by
these pathogens.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.7
ABSTRACT- Most of the Euphorbian plants secrete fluid which contain a proteolytic enzyme for defensive role against
insects, pests and hence eco physiological inheritance to sustain vegetation eventually in adverse environmental
conditions. Evaluation has been carried out on twenty five Euphorbian garden plants for their proteolytic activities using
casein as a substrate. Out of these, Euphorbia nerifolia, Euphorbia milli, Euphorbia tirucalli, Euphorbia lactea,
Synadenium granti, Jatropha curcas, Euphorbia nivulia, Euphorbia antiquoram, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Euphorbia
viguieri, E. heterophylla and E. leucocephala are the good enzyme source. Moderate activity found in Jatropha
integerrima, Jatropha multifida, Jatropha podagrica, Euphorbia pulcherrima, and Dalechampia scandens. While
different tissues of Acalypha hispida, Acalypha wilkesiana, Breynia nivosa, Cicca acida, Codiaeum variegatum, Drypetes
roxburghii are devoid of proteolytic activity. This paper describes in detail about name of plants, habitat and presence of
proteolytic enzyme in them. Results show that the out of twenty five plants 50% plant tissue synthesize protease in
appreciable amount, while 10% are not able to produce it. However 40% plants demonstrate only detectable amount of
protease. A comparative account of proteolytic activity reveals some promising plants good source of enzyme. Some
plants produce combination of cysteine and serine proteases. A single plant i.e. Euphorbia nerifolia latex contains
cysteine, serine, metallo-protease and aspartic proteases. In turn, these proteases may be used in various industrial uses in
general and cheese production Key-words- Garden Euphorb iiann a p plaarnttisc,u Clayr.s t e ine and serine protease, E. leucocephala, Euphorbia viguieri
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
his study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC= 90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Of Algerian Populus Nigra L. Buds Ex...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
An Investigation Into The Mechanisms Underlying Enhanced Biosulphidogenesis I...iosrjce
Anthropogenic activities like mining, processes of metallurgy and other chemical industries lead to
the discharge of a high amount of sulphate into the environment that causes serious problems to human health.
This paper illustrates the employment of thermophilic sulphate reducing bacteria for biosulphidogenesis. Two
different species have been isolated from hot water spring of Vajreshwari and Ganeshpuri,Thane, Maharashtra,
INDIA.The mechanism involved in biosulphidogenesis includes production of specific protein as well as
liberation of some extracellular polymeric compound (EPS) e.g. proteins, carbohydrate, acids etc. that are
produced during the microbial cell metabolism. These compounds plays an important role in the faster
reduction of sulphate and decrease in production rate of sulphide.The isolate was found to be of genus
Bacillusand type strain was found to be subtilis Zankar and licheniformis Sonali. The strain sequence were
deposited in NCBI database with accession number KJ939324 and KJ939325 respectively. The result highlights
the potential use of these organism in biosulphidogenesis.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
A Study on the Removal of Pesticide Residues on Potatoes Using Moringa oleife...AI Publications
Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant whose seeds possess strong coagulation properties capable of removing turbidity and heavy metals from water. In this study, the effectiveness of MO seeds as a potential pesticide removal apparatus for agricultural produce was investigated. The parameters of interest for each pesticide washing solution were pesticide-concentration reduction, cost, and taste alteration to the potatoes. Separate doses of 0.25 mL profenofos 500 EC were individually applied to distinct 250 g pesticide-free potato piles. A submersion of each tainted potato pile was carried out in one of the chosen pesticide baths (mineral water, 2% salt solution, 10% salt solution, vegetable bath wash, and 10 g MO seed) for 10 min, followed by a 10 second mineral water bath rinse. Remaining profenofos residue concentrations on potatoes were quantified using the quick, easy, cheap, rugged, and simple QuEChERs method coincided with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The experiments showed that the MO seed was the most effective at removing profenofos at 52.9% followed by the vegetable bath at 47.3%. Neither method caused an alteration in food taste, but the MO seed method is significantly cheaper at 2,000/L IDR ($0.14 USD) compared to the vegetable bath at IDR 10,668/L ($0.77 USD) at the time of the experiment, respectively.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Curative Effect of Parinari curatellifolia Leaf Extract on EpiglottitisIOSR Journals
The curative effect of Parinari curatellifolia leaf extract on epiglottitis was investigated. The air dried leaf of Parinari curatellifolia was extracted using the soxhlet extractor. Crude extract of the plant was found to be rich in phytochemicals of medicinal importance such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. Acetic acid extract had the highest antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 20.0 ± 0.6 to 28.3 ± 0.3 against the test organisms. This activity was not significantly (P<0.05) different from leofloxacin with zones of inhibition ranging from 25.0 ± 0.6 to 29.3 ± 0.3 which was the highest activity among the standard drugs used. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was found to be 5mg/ml against Pseudomonas sp and Staphylococcus aureus, indicating broad spectrum activity. Results were discussed in respect to traditional treatment of epiglottitis.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of fractions of the l...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against ...ijtsrd
The some plants have been good source of drugs for microbial resistance. The research for newer source of antibiotics is a global challenges in pharmaceutical companies. Present time plants are being extensively explored for harboring medicinal properties. Phytochemical are naturally occurring compounds present in the medicinal plants such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. Psidium guajava is a phototherapeutic plant used in folk medicine and is believed to have active components that helps in treatment and management of various disease such as wounds, ulcers, etc. Guava extract has exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. This study investigates the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Psidium guajava leaf extracts. Antibacterial activity at the plant extract were determined against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli. Psidium guajava leaf extracts provided scientific evidence for the rational use of P. juajava leaves in prevention of disorders due to Presence of some useful phytochemicals and in the treatment of disease caused by some bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus, B. cereus, K. pneumonae, E. coli. The present work demonstrates the antimicrobial potential of Psidium guajava leaves extracts by using various solvents. Pooja Soudawat | Anand Verma "Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against Some Clinical Pathogens" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29134.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29134/phytochemical-analysis-and-antibacterial-activity-of-psidium-guajava-against-some-clinical-pathogens/pooja-soudawat
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extracts of Cochlospermum...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of
Choclospermum planchonii leaf were tested against some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms.
The phytochemical screenings of the extracts were also carried out. The leaf extracts of the plant exhibited
antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii and reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 28923),
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853. The methanolic leaf extracts
exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 0.31
and 1.25 mg/ml; and its zones of inhibition on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 13
mm. The petroleum ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) ranging between 2.50mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml and its inhibition zone ranging between 4mm and 8mm. The
phytochemical constituents present in the plant were alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and
sterols. The methanolic extracts of the leaf exhibited potentially biological activity than other extracts. This
indicates that the plant leaf could be useful in the treatment of human infections caused by these pathogens. The
antibacterial activities of the methanolic leaf extract may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Suillus species, in general, are edible mushrooms, and environmentally important that are associated
mostly with pine trees in the tropics regions. These fungi considered a remarkable source of phenolic
compounds that play a crucial role as antioxidants which may reduce the risk of most human chronic
diseases such as cancer, diabetes, asthma, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer, and others. On the other hand,
carotenoids (β carotene) are the most popular natural pigments which play an important role to protect
the plants from photo-oxidative reactions. In human, these compounds prevent oxidative stress and
expects to have antimicrobial activity. Here, the phenolic compounds were extracted with Ethyl acetate
from fruiting bodies of Suillus sp and analyzed by HPLC, the antioxidant activity (reducing power%) of
phenolic compounds was determined at the concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL. Antimicrobial activity
of β carotene pigment was measured at a concentration of 100 mg/mL against some human pathogenic
bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus
aureus. The specific DNA region ITS was amplified and sequenced using ITS1 and ITS4 primers with
some bioinformatics analyses. The phenolic extract isolated from fruiting bodies of Suillus sp showed a
remarkable antioxidant activity by increasing the reducing power percent (from F+3 ions to F+2 ions)
comparing with the industrial antioxidant (Propyl gallate) at all used concentrations. Percent of reducing
power of phenolic compounds were 75.5, 84.9 and 95.7% at concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL
respectively; comparing with PG were 65.9, 81.3, and 93.3 at 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL respectively. The β
carotene pigment revealed a significant antimicrobial activity at a concentration of 100 mg/mL against K.
pneumonia, E. coli, and S. aureus. The highest bacterial growth inhibition was against K. pneumonia (40
mm), followed by E. coli (36 mm) and S. aureus (31 mm), while no effect showed against P. aeruginosa.
Our outcomes revealed that the phenolic bioactive compounds can be used as a natural antioxidant
instead of the industrial antioxidants, and also a β carotene pigment could be applied as a promising
natural compound rather than using the antibiotics and other manufactured compounds to inhibit
bacteria activity.
This study was initiated in order to understand the biochemical mechanisms involved in the resistance of J. curcas to Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Artificial inoculations were done on young seedlings leaves of 8 J. curcas local accessions from Burkina Faso including 4 resistant and 4 susceptible. Two extractions were made for the evaluation of each biochemical parameter: one on the 1st day before and the second on the 7th day after inoculation. The study revealed that the response of J curcas to L. threobromae infection is depending to the resistance or the susceptibility of accessions. It showed an increase in the content of biomolecules synthesis such as phenolic, flavonoids, proteins, photosynthetic pigments, salicylic acid and also an increase of catalase and trypsin inhibition activities. In susceptible accessions, the study revealed a decrease in the photosynthetic pigments and an increase in MDA content comparatively to resistant accessions. The ACP performed on the basis of the evaluated biochemical parameters showed that the axis F1 allows the separation of the resistant and the susceptible accessions, and indicated that the resistance of accessions result in the activation of biomolecules synthesis such as phenolic, flavonoids, proteins, photosynthetic pigments, salicylic acid and stimulation of catalase and trypsin inhibition activities. The F2 axis is associated with sugars content and, chymotrypsin inhibition and SOD activities. In susceptible accessions, an increase in MDA content and SOD activity were observed. This study represents an important step in combating leaf fungal diseases by opting to the green technology and by breeding for genotypes with inducing natural defense compounds.
ABSTRACT- Mosquito-borne diseases have intruded the globe since immemorial time. The present scenario for
commanding the mosquitoes is aimed at application of target and stage-specific, cost-effective and biodegradable
phytoproducts. Plant extracts are safer for non-target organisms including man. Plant based formulations would be more
feasible environmental products with proven potential as insecticide. Therefore, in the present study of larvicidal
activity of biologically active compound Apigenin extracted from leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia against the filarial
vector, Culex quinquefasciatus was studied. Standard WHO protocols with minor modifications was adopted for the
larvicidal bioassay. The active compound Apigenin extracted through ethyl alcohol solvent from the leaf of Jatropha
gossypifolia plant of family Euphorbiaceae was administered for 24h or 96h to the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus.
Exposure of larvae over 24h to sub-lethal doses (40% and 80% of LC50) of apigenin, significantly (P<0.05) altered the
level of total protein, total free amino acid, glycogen and activity of enzymes acetyl cholinesterase, acid and alkaline
phosphatase activity in whole body tissue of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The alterations in all these biochemical
parameters were significantly (P<0.05) time and dose dependent.
Key-words- Jatropha gossypifolia, Euphorbiaceae, Culex quinquefasciatus, biochemical effects, Wuchereria bancrofti
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Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
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A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
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Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
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Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
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Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
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Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
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Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Antimicrobial Drug Synthesis from Submerge Cultures of Pleurotus florida in Different Agro-waste Extract Compositions
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 10, Issue 6 Ver. II (Nov - Dec. 2015), PP 139-144
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1062139144 www.iosrjournals.org 139 | Page
Antimicrobial Drug Synthesis from Submerge Cultures of
Pleurotus florida in Different Agro-waste Extract Compositions
Majolagbe O.N1*
Adebayo E. A1
Aina D.A2
, Oniyide O.M1
Adenuga I.A1
1.
Microbiology Unit, Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M.
B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
2.
Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Babcock University,
Ilisan-remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Abstract: The quest for new antimicrobial agents and improvement on the existing ones keep increasing all over
the globe. Antimicrobial activities of exopolysaccharides of Pleurotus florida was improved by culturing the strain
in medium supplemented with agro-wastes extracts. Aqueous solution of the extract was used in the preparation
of the medium. The agro-waste extract include Mango leaf extract (MLE), Rice straw extract (RSE), Paper extract
(PPE), Banana leaf extract (BLE) and Saw-dust extract (SDE). Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed
that, there were variations in their phytochemical constituents. P. florida was cultured in submerge fermentation
for 21 days for exopolysaccaharide production. Antibacterial activity of the exopolysaccharides of P. florida
obtained from each of the medium extract was determined using microorganisms from different sources.There
were variations in the zones of Inhibition (ZI) for each of the tested isolates. MLE and PPE inhibited only B.
megaterium at 4.83±0.27mm and 5.27±1.12mm respectively, BLE showed inhibition against only B. alvei
(6.42±0.98mm) while SDE inhibited both B. subtilis and B. alvei at 5.25±1.25mm and 6.68±1.42mm respectively.
However, RSE showed no inhibition against the test isolates. Also, SDE containing saponins, glycosides and
especially phenolics, has the highest antimicrobial potency against Candida spp with 17.0mm zone of inhibition.
In summary, it was established that many of the agro-wastes which are sources of environmental pollution still
contain vital bioactive phytochemicals that if extracted could support the growth of the fungi for metabolite
production which has applications in drug discovery, production and development.
Key words: agro-wastes, antimicrobial, drug synthesis, exopolysaccharides
I. Introduction
The discovery of new classes of antibiotics is necessary due to the increased incidence of multiple
resistance among pathogenic microorganisms to drug that are currently in clinical use [1]. Interestingly, some
mushrooms and their components are target-specific in their antibiotic properties, whereas others have broader
effects. Mushrooms thus provide a protective immunological shield against a variety of infectious diseases [2].
Most of the edible fungi have strong enzyme system and are capable of utilizing complex organic
compounds, which occur as agricultural wastes and industrial by-product [3].It is reported on average that two or
three antibiotics derived from microorganisms are launched every year and over 60% of anti-tumour and anti-
infective agents that have been approved or are in late stages of clinical trials, are of natural product origin.
Mushrooms are currently of interest because they are rich source of various bioactive natural products [4]. They
have long been used in folk medicines and health, attracted a great deal of interest in many areas of foods and
biopharmaceuticals, and are regarded as effective medicines used to treat various human diseases, such as
hepatitis, gastric cancer, etc [5].
One of the major rationales of antimicrobial compounds from fungi is that humans share common
microbial pathogens (e.g E. coli, and S. aureus) with fungi, hence, humans benefit from defense strategies used
by fungi against microorganisms [6]. The best known drugs obtained are lentinan from Lentinus edodes, grifolin
from Grifola frondosa, and krestin from Coriolus versicolor. These compounds are protein-bound polysaccharides
or a long chain of glucose, found in cell wall, and function as anti-tumour or immunomodulatory drugs [7, 8].
The use of filamentous fungi as source of bioactive compounds have some advantages over the use of
plants, in that (i) the fruiting body of fungi can be produced in much less time, (ii) the mycelium can be rapidly
produced in liquid culture, which can be manipulated to produce optimal quantities of bioactive products [9].
II. Materials and Methods
Test Organisms
Characterized bacteria and fungi which were of environmental and clinical origins were used as test
organisms against the exopolysaccharides of the different agro-waste extracts medium. The Bacillus spp. used as
test organisms were isolated from underground water samples. They were characterized and identified using
Bergy’s Manual of Bacteriology. While the clinical isolates were collected from culture bank of BOWEN
2. Antimicrobial Drug Synthesis from Submerge Cultures of Pleurotus florida in Different Agro-waste…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1062139144 www.iosrjournals.org 140 | Page
University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. The environmental isolates include Bacillus
subtilis, B. megaterium, B. alvei while the clinical isolates include Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella spp and Candida spp. All bacteria and fungi used as test
organisms were maintained on Nutrient Agar (NA) and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) respectively at 40
C.
Preparation of Agro-waste extracts and phytochemical screening
Agro-waste extracts was prepared from different sources and designated as: Mango leaves extract
(MLE), Rice straw extract (RSE), Paper extract (PPE), Banana leaves extract (BLE) and Saw-dust extract (SDE).
Each of the aqueous extract was used in the preparation of Nutrient broth used in the submerge fermentation of
the P. florida for the production of the exopolysaccharide. The extract was further screened for its phytochemical
composition.
Medium formulation
For 100 ml of each of the agro-waste extract, 2g of glucose, 0.25g of peptone, 0.25g of yeast extract,
0.2g of KH2PO4, 0.1g of MgSO4.7H20 and 0.1g of CaCl2.2H2O were dissolved.
Collection and culture of Pleurotus florida
P. florida was collected from the culture bank of the Department of Pure and Applied Biology. It was
sub-cultured onto a fresh PDA. Incubation was done at room temperature in a dark cupboard until there was a
complete ramification of the mycelium. Ramification rate was observed till the 21st
day of the cultivation. The
mycelium was transferred into the agro-waste supplemented nutrient broth. The culture was observed for eps
production over a period of days.
Extraction of exopolysaccharide (eps)
Content of the fermentation flask was sieved to obtain mycelia mats. Wet and dry weight of the residue
was measured and recorded using the digital weighing balance. To 50 ml of each extract filtrate, 100 ml of acetone
was added (ratio 2:1) to precipitate the polysaccharide. The mixture was then kept in the fridge at 40
C for 24 hrs.
Centrifugation was carried out and the polysaccharide was obtained by decanting. The acetone was removed from
the eps by dryness and kept in freezer.
Preparation of aqueous exopolysaccharide (eps)
The extracted crude eps was concentrated and quantified. It was diluted with 10ml sterile distilled water
and stored in Empendorof tubes for antimicrobial assessment. Aliquot of the sample was standardized (gml-1
)
Phytochemical screening of agro-waste extracts.
Phytochemical screening was carried out to detect the presence of some bioactive compounds (plant
constituents) such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenolics, phyllobatannins, flavanoids and glycosides [10] as
follows:
Test for Saponins
Exactly 2 ml of each aqueous extracts was transferred into different test-tubes and vigorously agitated
for 2 mins. Presence of saponins was indicated by foaming which persisted on shaking.
Test for Alkaloids
5 ml of 1% HCl was added to 2 ml of the aqueous extracts in test-tubes, and stirred gently in a water
bath. The solution obtained was cooled and then filtered. Few drops of Mayer’s reagent were also added to the
filtrate. Presence of alkaloids was indicated by a cream precipitate.
Test of Phenolics
Two drops of 5% Ferric chloride was added to 5ml of the aqueous extracts in a test-tube. A greenish
precipitate indicated presence of phenolics.
Test for Tannins
A volume of freshly prepared 10% KOH was added to 1ml of the aqueous extracts in a test-tube. A dirty
white precipitate indicated presence of tannins.
Test for Steroids
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To 1 ml of the aqueous extracts in a test-tube, 5 drops of concentrated H2SO4 was added. Red coloration
indicated presence of steroids.
Test for Phylobatannins
To 1 ml of the aqueous extracts in a test-tube, 1% HCl acid was added. A red precipitate indicated
presence of phylobatannins.
Test for Flavonoids
To 3ml of the aqueous extracts in a test-tube, 1 ml of 10% NaOH was added. A yellow colouration
indicated the presence of flavonoids.
Test for Glycosides
To 3ml of aqueous extract in a test-tube, 2ml of chloroform was added. Also, H2SO4 acid was carefully
added to form a lower layer. A reddish brown colour at interface indicated the presence of glycosides.
Antibacterial test of the eps
Disc diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial assay as follows: Whatman filter paper was cut
into small circle (about 6mm) and sterilized in an oven for 1700
C for 2hours. The cut paper was dipped into each
of the EPS extract for 2 hours for its absorption. Fresh culture of each of the bacteria isolates were then inoculated
onto a freshly prepared NA in a 9-mm Petri-dishes. Sterile forceps was used to transfer the disc containing extract
onto the inoculated medium and then incubated for 18-24 hours at 370
C. The diameters of the zones of inhibition
around the discs were measured in milliliters (mm).
III. Results and Discussion
Secondary compounds, which include tannins, saponins, glycosides and alkaloids have been reported to
be present in plants, especially agro wastes [11].Results of the preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the
presence of some of these compounds in the agro-waste extract such as banana leaf, rice straw, saw-dust, mango
leaf and paper extract. Our results showed that the agro-waste extracts contains at least one of the following
phytochemicals such as: saponin, alkaloids, phenolics, steroids, flavonoids and glycosides (Table 1) which when
combined with various salt compounds such as glucose, yeast extract, and peptone could have enhanced the
growth of Pleurotus florida in submerged fermentation (Plate 1). Only tannins and phylobatannins were absent in
all the agro-wastes extracts screened.
Table 1: Phytochemical Screening of Agro-Waste Extracts
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Phytochemical MLE RSE PPE BLE SDE
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Saponin - - + + +
Alkaloids - + + - -
Phenolics + + - - +
Tannins - - - - -
Steroids - - + - -
Phylobatannins - - - - -
Flavonoids + + - - -
Glycosides + - - - +
__________________________________________________________________________________________
*MLE = Mango leaf extract; *RSE = Rice straw extract; *WPE = Waste paper extract; *BLE = Banana leaf
extract; *SDE = Saw-dust extract
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Plate 1: Submerged fermentation of P. florida in five agro-waste extracts medium composition
There is evidence that substrate composition can influence the chemical compositions of mushroom [12]
and there has been improved knowledge about its nutritional value. Mycelia growth in saw dust extract (6.8g) can
be attributed to the absence or presence of one or more nutritional compounds required for fungal growth or to
the presence of substance that inhibited the fungal growth and also could be as a result of maintaining this fungus
under the laboratory conditions. Mycelia transference over a long period of time can cause physiological and/or
morphological changes in the fungus. The growth rate of P. florida in submerge fermentation over a period of 21
days was monitored with dense mycelial growth rate noticeable in BLE (Table 4). In day 1-3, there was no growth
yet, which is indicative of the microbial growth pattern as the organism was at the Lag growth phase. At this
phase, the organism was getting adapted to the substrate environment. Growth was observed at Day 4 in BLE,
day 5 in PPE, Day 6 in RSE, Day 7 in SDE and MLE. The delayed in growth may be due to variations in the
phytochemical contents present in each of the different media for cultivation. BLE gave the highest growth rate
as from the 4th
day till the 21st
day in which highly dense growth had occurred. In addition, BLE gave the highest
biomass wet weight (bww) of P. florida (13.6±2.14) g while other extract also showed variations in growth as
seen in Figure 1. In contrast, SDE did not show growth until the 7th
day and less dense growth till the 21st
.
Figure 1: Biomass weight of P. florida cultured in the five agro-waste medium composition
Antibacterial activity of the exopolysaccharides of P. florida obtained from each of the medium extract
was assessed by using three Bacillus species (Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium and B. alvei) from polluted water
source and clinical samples from various sources. Zones of Inhibition (ZI) for each of the extract determined for
each of the isolates showed that MLE and PPE inhibited only B. megaterium at 4.83±0.27mm and 5.27±1.12mm
respectively, BLE showed inhibition against only B. alvei (6.42±0.98mm) while SDE inhibited both B. subtilis
and B. alvei at 5.25±1.25mm and 6.68±1.42mm respectively. Only RSE showed no inhibition against the test
isolates as seen in Table 2.
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Table 2: Antibacterial sensitivity of exopolysaccharide of P. florida against Bacillus spp. isolated from ground
water sources showing Zones of Inhibition (mm)
Table 3: Antimicrobial sensitivity of exopolysaccharides of P. florida against clinical isolates from different
sources showing Zones of Inhibition (mm)
______________________________________________________________
Isolates Sources EXTRACTS
__________________________________________________________________________
MLE MRSE PPE BLE SDE
__________________________________________________________________________
E. coli Urine R R 6.0 R 15.0
E. coli HVS R 8.0 7.0 R 12.0
E. coli Wound 7.0 R R 8.0 R
E. coli Blood R R 7.0 R R
E. coli Stool. 10.0 R R R R
E. coli Eye swab 10.0 R R R R
P. aeruginosa Urine R 6.0 R R 14.0
P. aeruginosa Wound R R 10.0 15.0 R
P. aeruginosa HVS R 6.0 6.0 5.0 15.0
Klebsiella spp. Wound R R R R R
Klebsiella spp HVS 6.0 R R 6.0 6.0
Klebsiella spp Urine R R 6.0 R 15.0
Klebsiella spp. Sputum R R R R R
Klebsiella spp. Semen R R R R R
Klebsiella spp Catheter R R R R R
S. aureus Abscesses R R R R R
Proteus mirabilis Wound R R R R R
Candida spp Blood R R R R R
Candida spp. C. swab 10 R 15.0 12.0 17.0
Candida spp. HVS 12.0 15.0 8.0 11.0 13.0
___________________________________________________________________________________
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Table 4: Growth rate of Pleurotus florida on submerged fermentation
Medium
Compositio
n
Growth rate (days)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
NB + MLE - - - - - - + + + + + + +
+
+
+
++ ++ ++ ++
+
+++ +++ ++
NB + SDE - - - - - - + + + + + + + +
+
++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
NB + RSE - - - - - + + + + + + +
+
+
+
+
+
++ ++ ++ ++
+
+++ +++ ++
+
NB + PPE - - - - + + + + + + + + +
+
+
+
++ ++ ++ ++ +++ +++ ++
+
NB + BLE - - - + + + + + + ++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
++
+
++
+
++
+
+++
+
+++
+
++
+
*NB = Nutrient broth; *MLE = Mango leaf extract; *RSE = Rice straw extract; *WPE = Waste paper extract;
*BLE = Banana leaf extract; *SDE = Saw-dust extract; Pf (Pleurotus florida; (-) No growth; (+) Little growth;
(++) high growth; (+++) very high growth
A study by Lavi et al (2006) [13] shows that the majority of active substances in mushroom are
polysaccharides and polysaccharide complexes, active hexose-correlated compounds (AHCC), polysaccharide
peptides, nucleosides, complex starches and other metabolites. This is in agreement with the result of this study
with the detection of alkaloids and other phytochemicals in the eps extracts. These metabolites elicit antimicrobial
properties by cell membrane lysis, inhibition of protein synthesis, proteolytic enzymes and microbial adhesion
which is similar to the action of standard antibiotics from pharmaceuticals. The confirmed clinical isolates used
in this work obtained from different sources include: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp. Proteus mirabilis, S.
aureus, and Candida spp. There were variations in response of the exopolysaccharides to all the test clinical
isolates as seen in Table 3. Proteus mirabilis and some species of Klebsiella showed high degree of resistance to
the exopolysaccharides, while P. aeruginosa and E. coli, were susceptible, while Candida spp. showed the highest
degree of susceptibility to the exopolysaccharide. This is in alignment with the work of Prassad et al (2009) [14]
who reported that some of the polysaccharide and polysaccharide peptides present in mushroom contribute to the
antimicrobial property along with the phenolic components. This also correlates with the sensitivity result (Table
3.0) which indicates that SDE containing saponins, glycosides and especially phenolics, has the highest
antimicrobial potency against Candida spp. with 17.0 mm zone of inhibition. The resistance of the isolates to the
metabolite as seen in this work may be due to the possession of resistance gene (yet to be confirmed) by some of
the isolates, although the susceptibility to some of the isolates recorded indicates that the exopolysaccharides has
potentials for treatment of infectious agents and could be used in drug discovery. Also, extracts from mushroom
species have been used in traditional Asian medicine to stimulate the immune system and treat chronic wasting
diseases such as cancer tuberculosis, hepatitis and AIDS. Common to all mushrooms are phytochemicals called
glycans, proteoglycans, beta-glucans and polysaccharides which are forms of glucose, an important energy source.
Similarly to plants, mushroom extract can potentiate the acts of antibiotics extensively used in clinical practice
for Gram positive or Gram negative bacteria, with positive action even against multi-resistant bacteria.
Mushroom’s exopolysaccharides could decrease therapeutic doses of standard antibiotics and reduce
microorganism’s resistance to drugs [15].
IV. Conclusion
In conclusion, the extracts of the mushroom used in this study inhibited the growth of some
microorganisms which suggests that they are potential sources of new antimicrobial drug noting that extracts and
derivatives from mushrooms hold great promise for novel medicines in modern times.
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