Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) use communications and electronic technologies to improve transportation safety, mobility, and productivity. ITS includes 16 types of technologies divided into intelligent infrastructure and vehicle systems. Infrastructure systems use sensors and control devices to manage traffic on roads, freeways, and transit. Vehicle systems provide driver assistance, collision avoidance, and collision notification to prevent accidents. The goal of ITS is to achieve improved safety, reduced congestion, increased mobility, and economic and environmental benefits.

2.  Introduction to ITS
 Goals for ITS
 Branches of ITS
 ITS Technologies

3.  Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) is an
umbrella term for a range of
technologies including processing,
control, communication and electronics,
that are applied to a transportation
system.
 It also includes an advanced approach
to traffic management.

4.  ITS improves transportation safety and
mobility and enhances productivity
through the use of advanced
communications technologies.
 Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
apply well-established technologies of
communications, control, electronics and
computer hardware & software to the
surface transportation system.

5.  Intelligent transportation systems (ITS)
include a broad range of wireless and wire
line communications-based information
and electronics technologies
 When integrated into the transportation
system's infrastructure, and in vehicles
themselves, these technologies reduce
congestion, improve safety and enhance
productivity.

6.  Improved Safety
 Reduced Congestion
 Increased and Higher Quality Mobility
 Reduced Environmental Impact
 Improved Energy Efficiency
 Improved Economic Productivity

7.  ITS is made up of 16 types of technology
based systems.
 These systems are divided into
Intelligent Infrastructure systems and
Intelligent Vehicle systems.

8.  Planned arteries, highways, traffic
signals, signs, their coordination and
use of latest technologies such as DMS
(Dynamic Message Sign) and HAR
(Highway Advisory Radio) enables
transportation infrastructure for smooth
and efficient traffic operation.

9. Arterial
Management
Electronic payment
and pricing
Emergency
management
Transit
Management
Incident
management
Freeway
Management

10. Crash Prevention
and Safety
Traveler
information
Road Weather
Management
Commercial Vehicle
operation
Information
Management
Roadway Operation
and Maintenance

11. Inter-Modal
Freight

12.  Intelligent Vehicle Technologies telematics
comprise electronic, electromechanical, and
electromagnetic devices operating in
conjunction with computer controlled devices
and radio transceivers to provide precision
repeatability functions (such as in robotics
Artificial Intelligence systems)

13. Driver Assistance
Systems
Collision Avoidance
Systems
Collision Notification
Systems

14.  Intelligent infrastructure has attached or
built-in components that are able to collect
and transmit information about the state of
the infrastructure to a central computer, and
in some cases receive back instruction from
the computer, which triggers controlling
devices.

15.  Arterial Management
 Freeway Management
 Transit Management
 Incident Management
 Emergency Management
 Traveler Information
 Information Management

16.  Crash Prevention & Safety
 Electronic Payment & Pricing
 Roadway Operations & Maintenance
 Road Weather Management
 Commercial Vehicle Operations
 Intermodal Freight

17.  Arterial management systems manage
traffic along arterial roadways, employing
traffic detectors, traffic signals, and various
means of communicating information to
travelers.
 These systems make use of information
collected by traffic surveillance devices to
smooth the flow of traffic along travel
corridors.
 They also disseminate important
information about travel conditions to
travelers via technologies such as DMS or
HAR.

18.  Surveillance
 Traffic Control
 Lane Management
 Parking Management
 Information Dissemination
 Enforcement
Parking Management
Traffic Control Signal

19.  Freeway management systems’
application is found in different forms.
 Traffic surveillance systems use detectors
and video equipment to support the most
advanced freeway management
applications.
 Traffic control measures on freeway
entrance ramps, such as ramp meters, can
use sensor data to optimize freeway travel
speeds and ramp meter wait times.

20.  Lane management applications can
address effective capacity of freeways and
promote use of high-occupancy commute
modes.
 Special event transportation management
systems can help control impact of
congestion.

21.  In areas with frequent events, large changeable
destination signs or other lane control equipment
can be installed.
 In areas with occasional or one-time events,
portable equipment can help smooth traffic flow.
 Advanced communications have improved the
dissemination of information to the traveling
public.
 Motorists are now able to receive relevant
information on location specific traffic conditions
in a number of ways, including DMS, HAR, in-vehicle
signing, or specialized information
transmitted only to a specific set of vehicles.

23. Transit ITS services include surveillance and
communications, such as Automated Vehicle
Location (AVL) systems, Computer-Aided
Dispatch (CAD) systems, and remote vehicle
and facility surveillance cameras, which
enable transit agencies to improve the
operational efficiency, safety, and security of
the nation's public transportation systems.

24.  Incident management systems can reduce the
effects of incident-related congestion by
decreasing the time to detect incidents, the time
for responding vehicles to arrive, and the time
required for traffic to return to normal
conditions.
 Incident management systems make use of a
variety of surveillance technologies, often shared
with freeway and arterial management systems,
as well as enhanced communications and other
technologies that facilitate coordinated response
to incidents.

26. ITS applications in emergency
management include hazardous
materials management, the
deployment of emergency medical
services, and large and small-scale
emergency response and evacuation
operations.

28.  Traveler information applications use a
variety of technologies, including
Internet websites, telephone hotlines,
as well as television and radio, to allow
users to make more informed decisions
regarding trip departures, routes, and
mode of travel.

29.  ITS information management supports the
archiving and retrieval of data generated by
other ITS applications and enables ITS
applications that use archived information.
 Decision support systems, predictive
information, and performance monitoring are
some ITS applications enabled by ITS
information management.
 In addition, ITS information management
systems can assist in transportation planning,
research, and safety management activities.

30.  Crash prevention and safety systems detect unsafe
conditions and provide warnings to travelers to take
action to avoid crashes.
 These systems provide alerts for traffic approaching
at dangerous curves, off ramps, restricted
overpasses, highway-rail crossings, high-volume
intersections, and also provide warnings of the
presence of pedestrians, and bicyclists, and even
animals on the roadway.
 Crash prevention and safety systems typically
employ sensors to monitor the speed and
characteristics of approaching vehicles and also
monitor roadway conditions and visibility.

31.  Electronic payment systems employ various
communication and electronic technologies to
facilitate commerce between travelers and
transportation agencies, typically for the
purpose of paying tolls and transit fares.
 Pricing refers to charging motorists a fee or
toll that varies with the level of demand or
with the time of day.

32.  Road weather management activities include
road weather information systems (RWIS),
winter maintenance technologies, and
coordination of operations within and between
state DOTs.
 ITS applications assist with the monitoring and
forecasting of roadway and atmospheric
conditions, dissemination of weather-related
information to travelers, weather-related traffic
control measures such as variable speed limits,
and both fixed and mobile winter maintenance
activities.

33.  ITS can facilitate the safe, efficient, secure, and
seamless movement of freight.
 Applications being deployed provide for
tracking of freight and carrier assets such as
containers and chassis, and improve the
efficiency of freight terminal processes, drayage
operations, and international border crossings.

35.  With the rapid development of the highway in the
world, traffic accidents are remarkably increasing.
 They are often caused by drivers themselves, such as
their sleeping, telephone talking, music
entertaining, chatting and so on.
 There is no way to make all drivers obey proper
driving rules to prevent traffic accidents from
happening.
 To solve the problem, the most effective approach is
to develop a new type of vehicle, which can release
drivers from its operation, which is named as
Intelligent Vehicle.
 In recent years, the research on Intelligent Vehicles is
very active in some developed countries.

36.  Collision Avoidance System
 Driver Assistance System
 Collision Notification System

37.  To improve the ability of drivers to avoid
accidents, vehicle-mounted collision warning
systems (CWS) continue to be tested and
deployed.
 These applications use a variety of sensors to
monitor the vehicle's surroundings and alert the
driver of conditions that could lead to a collision.
 Examples include forward collision warning,
obstacle detection systems, and road departure
warning systems.

39.  Numerous intelligent vehicle technologies
exist to assist the driver in operating the
vehicle safely.
 Systems are available to aid with
navigation, while others, such as vision
enhancement and speed control systems,
are intended to facilitate safe driving during
adverse conditions.
 Other systems assist with difficult driving
tasks such as transit and commercial vehicle
docking.

41.  In an effort to improve response times and save
lives, collision notification systems have been
designed to detect and report the location and
severity of incidents to agencies and services
responsible for coordinating appropriate
emergency response actions.
 These systems can be activated manually or
automatically with automatic collision
notification and advanced systems may transmit
information on the type of crash, number of
passengers, and the likelihood of injuries.

42.  Intelligent Transportation Systems vary in
technologies applied, from basic management
systems such as car navigation, traffic signal
control systems, variable message signs or speed
cameras to monitoring applications such as
security CCTV systems, and then to more advanced
applications which integrate live data and feedback
from a number of other sources, such as Parking
Guidance and Information systems, weather
information, bridge de-icing systems, and the like.
 Additionally, predictive techniques are being
developed, to allow advanced modeling and
comparison with historical baseline data.

43.  Wireless Communication
 Computational Technologies
 Floating Car Data (FCD)
 Sensing Technologies
 Inductive Loop Detection
 Video Vehicle Detection

44. Various forms of wireless communication
technologies have been proposed for
Intelligent Transportation Systems.

45.  Short Range Wireless Communication
 Long Range Wireless Communication

46.  Short range communications are used for less than
500 yards.
 They are accomplished using IEEE 802.11
protocols, specifically Wireless Access in Vehicular
Environment (WAVE) or the Dedicated Short
Range Communications (DSRC) standard being
promoted by the Intelligent Transportation Society
of America and the United States Department of
Transportation.
 Theoretically the range of these protocols can be
extended using Mobile ad-hoc networks or Mesh
networking.

48.  Longer range communications have been
proposed using infrastructure networks such as
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16), Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) or 3G.
 Long-range communications using these
methods are well established, but, unlike the
short-range protocols, these methods require
extensive and very expensive infrastructure
deployment.

49.  Recent advances in vehicle electronics have led
to a move toward fewer more capable
computer processors on a vehicle.
 A typical vehicle in the early 2000s would have
between 20 and 100 individual networked
microcontroller/Programmable logic controller
modules with non-real-time operating systems.
 The current trend is toward fewer more costly
microprocessor modules with hardware
memory management and Real-Time
Operating Systems.

50.  The installation of operational systems and
processors in transportation vehicles have
also allowed software applications and
artificial intelligence systems to be installed.
 These systems include internal control of
model based processes, artificial intelligence,
ubiquitous computing and other programs
designed to be integrated into a greater
transportation system.
 Perhaps the most important of these for
Intelligent Transportation Systems is artificial
intelligence.

51.  Virtually every car contains one or more mobile
phones.
 These mobile phones routinely transmit their
location information to the network – even when no
voice connection is established.
 These cellular phones in cars are used as anonymous
traffic probes.
 As the car moves, so does the signal of the mobile
phone.
 By measuring and analyzing triangulation network
data – in an anonymized format – the data is
converted into accurate traffic flow information.

52.  Since this data is updated constantly throughout the
day, they can be used as traffic probes showing
points where there is traffic congestion, the average
traffic speed and traffic direction.
 In metropolitan areas the distance between
antennas is shorter and, thus, accuracy increases.
 Moreover, since this system has more coverage,
requires no costly infrastructures and equipment like
cameras or sensors and is not affected by adverse
weather including heavy rain, it is one of the
strongest contenders for Intelligent Transportation
Systems.

54.  Sensing technologies have greatly enhanced the
technical capabilities and safety benefits of
Intelligent Transportation Systems around the
world.
 These sensors include inductive loops that can
sense the vehicles' speed, the number of vehicles
passing as well as the size of these vehicles.

56.  Infrastructure Sensors
 Vehicle Sensors

57.  Infrastructure sensors are devices that are
installed or embedded on the road, or
surrounding the road (buildings, posts, and
signs for example).
 These sensing technologies may be
installed during preventive road
construction maintenance or by sensor
injection machinery for rapid deployment of
road in-ground sensors.

58. Acoustic Array Sensor Mounted Along Roadway

59. Vehicle sensors are those devices installed
on the road or in the vehicle, new
technology development has also enabled
cellular phones to become anonymous
traffic probes, already explained in
floating car data.

60.  Inductive loops can be placed in a roadbed to
detect vehicles as they pass over the loop by
measuring the vehicle's magnetic field.
 The simplest detectors simply count the number
of vehicles during a unit of time (typically 60
seconds in the United States) that pass over the
loop, while more sophisticated sensors estimate
the speed, length and weight of vehicles and the
distance between them.
 Loops can be placed in a single lane or across
multiple lanes, and they work with very slow or
stopped vehicles as well as vehicles moving at
high-speed.

62.  Traffic flow measurement and Automatic Incident
Detection using video cameras is another form of
vehicle detection.
 Since video detection systems do not involve
installing any components directly into the road
surface or roadbed, this type of system is known
as a "non-intrusive" method of traffic detection.
 Video from black-and-white or color cameras is
fed into processors that analyze the changing
characteristics of the video image as vehicles pass.
 The cameras are typically mounted on poles or
structures above or adjacent to the roadway.

63.  Most video detection systems require some initial
configuration to teach, processor the baseline
background image.
 This usually involves inputting known measurements
such as the distance between lane lines or the height
of the camera above the roadway.
 The typical output from a video detection system is
lane-by-lane vehicle speeds, counts and lane
occupancy readings.
 Some systems provide additional outputs including
gap, headway, stopped-vehicle detection and wrong-way
vehicle alarms.