ITJEMAST V2(3) 2011:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies

IN THIS ISSUE
Thermal Comfort Assessment to
Building Envelope: A Case Study for
New Mosque Design in Baghdad
A Practical Step towards Integrating
Elderly Pathway Design into Museum
Space Planning: Framework of
Satisfaction Assessment
Validating Measurements of
Perceived Ease Comprehension and
Ease of Navigation of an Online
Learning Technology: Improving Web
Based Learning Tool Adoption and
Use
A Land Data Assimilation System
Utilizing Low Frequency Passive
Microwave Remote Sensing: A Case
Study of the Tibetan Plateau
Prediction of Weld Pool Geometry in
Pulsed Current Micro Plasma Arc
Welding of SS304L Stainless Steel
Sheets
Habitability Study on Low-Cost
House Design of Modern and
Traditional Mid-rise House Units in
the City of Mukalla, Yemen
Interrelationships between
Characteristic Lengths of Local Scour
Hole
Oxygen Excess Control of Industrial
Combustion Through the Use of
Automotive Lambda Sensor
International Transaction Journal
of Engineering, Management, &
Applied Sciences & Technologies
Cover photo is copyrighted by Dr. Wataru Takano and Professor Dr. Yoshihiko Nakamura.
Humanoid robots, NAO, are being used for Undergraduate Mechanical Engineering Seminar at
Department of Mechano-Informatics, University of Tokyo. (Photo is used with permission).
Volume 2 Issue 3
(July, 2011)
ISSN 2228-9860
eISSN 1906-9642
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International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
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Editor-in-Chief
Boonsap Witchayangkoon, PhD
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Honorary Board:
Professor Dr.Mikio SATOMURA (Shizuoka University, JAPAN)
Professor Dr.Chuen-Sheng Cheng (Yuan Ze University, TAIWAN)
Professor Dr.I Nyoman Pujawan (Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, INDONESIA)
Professor Dr.Neven Duić (University of Zagreb, CROATIA)
Professor Dr.Lee, Yong-Chang (Incheon City College SOUTH KOREA)
Professor Dr.Phadungsak Ratanadecho (Thammasat University, THAILAND)
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Associate Editors:
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Associate Prof. Dr. Paulo Cesar Lima Segantine (University of São Paulo, BRASIL)
Associate Prof. Dr. Kurt B. Wurm (New Mexico State University, USA )
Associate Prof. Dr. Truong Vu Bang Giang (Vietnam National University, Hanoi, VIETNAM )
Associate Prof. Dr.Narin Watanakul (Thammasat University, THAILAND)
Dr.H. Mustafa Palancıoğlu (Erciyes University, TURKEY)
Editorial Research Board Members
Associate Prof.Dr.Peter Kuntu-Mensah (Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, USA)
Associate Prof.Dr. Anchalee Jala (Thammasat University, THAILAND )
Associate Prof. Dr. Masato SAITOH (Saitama University, JAPAN )
Assistant Prof.Dr. Zoe D. Ziaka (International Hellenic University, GREECE )
Associate Prof.Dr. Supornchai Utainarumol (King Mongkut's University of Technology North-Bangkok, THAILAND)
Associate Prof.Dr.Chavalit Chaleeraktrakul (Thammasat University, THAILAND )
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Associate Prof.Dr. Bovornchok Poopat (King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, THAILAND )
Assistant Prof.Dr. Akeel Noori Abdul Hameed (University of Sharjah, UAE)
Assistant Prof.Dr. Atch Sreshthaputra (Chulalongkorn University, THAILAND)
Assistant Prof.Dr. Rohit Srivastava (Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, INDIA)
Assistant Prof.Dr. Watanachai Smittakorn (Chulalongkorn University, THAILAND )
Assistant Prof.Dr. Kitjapat Phuvoravan (Kasetsart University, THAILAND)
Assistant Prof.Dr. Khiensak Seangklieng (Thammasat University, THAILAND )
Assistant Prof.Dr. Chainarong Chaktranond (Thammasat University, THAILAND )
Assistant Prof.Dr.Kridayut Chompoming (Thammasat University, THAILAND )
Assistant Prof.Dr. Nopporn Leeprechanon (Thammasat University, THAILAND )
Assistant Prof.Dr. Sawat Pararach (Thammasat University, THAILAND )
Assistant Prof.Dr.Winai Raksuntorn (Thammasat University, THAILAND )
Assistant Prof.Dr. Watit Pakdee (Thammasat University, THAILAND )
Assistant Prof.Dr. Cattaleeya Pattamaprom (Thammasat University, THAILAND )
Dr. David Kuria (Kimathi University College of Technology, KENYA )
Dr.Isares Duchallaya (Thammasat University, THAILAND )
Dr.Puttipol Dumrongchai (Chiangmai University, THAILAND )
Dr.Bandit Suksawat (King Mongkut's University of Technology North-Bangkok, THAILAND )
Dr. Foong Swee Yeok (Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA)
Dr.Orawan Chunhachart (Kasetsart University Kamphaengsaen Campus, THAILAND)
Dr. C. Raza Mirza (UK )
2011 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies (ITJEMAST) (ISSN 2228-
9860) is published quarterly by TuEngr Group @ Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, Klong-Luang, Pathumtani,
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i
:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Volume 2 Issue 3 (July, 2011) ISSN 2228-9860
http://TuEngr.com, http://Go.To/Research eISSN 1906-9642
FEATURE PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES
Thermal Comfort Assessment to Building Envelope: A Case Study
for New Mosque Design in Baghdad 249
A Practical Step towards Integrating Elderly Pathway Design into Museum
Space Planning: Framework of Satisfaction Assessment 265
Validating Measurements of Perceived Ease Comprehension and Ease of
Navigation of an Online Learning Technology: Improving Web Based Learning
Tool Adoption and Use 287
A Land Data Assimilation System Utilizing Low Frequency Passive Microwave
Remote Sensing: A Case Study of the Tibetan Plateau 303
Prediction of Weld Pool Geometry in Pulsed Current Micro Plasma Arc Welding
of SS304L Stainless Steel Sheets 325
Habitability Study on Low-Cost House Design of Modern and Traditional Mid-
rise House Units in the City of Mukalla, Yemen 337
Interrelationships between Characteristic Lengths of Local Scour Hole 355
Oxygen Excess Control of Industrial Combustion Through The Use of
Automotive Lambda Sensor 365
2012 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.

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*Corresponding author (Dr. Akeel Noori Abdul Hameed). Tel: 0097165050992. Fax:
0097165050982 E-mail addresses: dr.akeeln@gmail.com. 2011. International Transaction
Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 2 No.3.
ISSN 2228-9860. eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V02/249-264.pdf
249
International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
http://www.TuEngr.com, http://go.to/Research
Thermal Comfort Assessment to Building Envelope: A Case Study
for New Mosque Design in Baghdad
Akeel Noori Abdul Hameed
a*
a
Department of Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, UAE
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T RA C T
Article history:
Received 12 February 2011
Received in revised form 13
April 2011
Accepted 20 April 2011
Available online 01 May 2011
Keywords:
Thermal Comfort;
Building Envelope Assessment
The work is carried out with an objective of first, evaluating:
the thermal characteristics of opaque and transparent parts of the
building envelope in hot dry climate of case study “new mosque”
building in Baghdad, the impact of sol-air temperatures, heat gain
factors and the u-value of envelope section components. Second,
it aims to assess the architectural criteria for appropriate passive
design of new mosques in hot dry climates. Architectural design
and construction of the new mosque (musalla) envelope in
Baghdad are thermally inefficient in protecting the indoor space
from climatic fluctuations. Therefore, the existing new mosques
are not within thermal comfort level. To achieve and maintain
that, applying architectural and construction alternatives on the
mosque envelope contributes to controlling heat exchange
through it as well as enhancing its thermal behaviors that
contribute to getting internal thermal balance. The research
covers survey of design, construction features, comfort levels in
new mosques, and definition of the “model mosque”, as well as
identification and thermal assessment of the typical “model
mosque”. Computer simulations for building thermal behavior
and design modification of building construction components also
covered by the research. The findings and conclusion of the
impact of simulation changes stated as well as recommendations
for possible future mosque and design strategy. The findings
show that HVAC systems entail capital, functional and
maintenance costs whereas the passive mosque (musallas)
building consumes less energy as well as being more likely to be
in sympathy with the environment.
2011 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, &
Applied Sciences & Technologies. Some Rights Reserved.
2011 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.2011 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.

250 Akeel Noori Abdul Hameed
1. Introduction
Architectural design is influenced by the actual thermal behavior of building components,
and this depends not only on their steady and periodic thermal characteristics but also on
exposure effects, orientation, surface features and the climate parameters of the location.
The main issue of this research is “the thermal comfort for internal space of the modern
mosque in Baghdad”. The mechanical and electrical systems of heating and cooling encourage
architects to implement new construction techniques and using wide openings in buildings'
facades as well as employing new constructional materials, which are not suit local hot climate.
All this makes people depends on HVAC systems, which consume high amounts of energy
annually in an attempt to provide a comfortable indoor environment. The mosque buildings are
affected by the adoption of new materials and new urban planning as well as new architectural
designs, which are not sensitive to the environment, the actual needs of occupants, and the
building function or comfort criteria. (Tappuni, 1973).
The new city of Baghdad nowadays includes individual multi-storey buildings. Wide
streets and open spaces expose those buildings more to solar radiation and other types of
climatic impact more than the other traditional buildings, which are surrounded by narrow
alleyways. It can be concluded that for buildings in a hot-dry climate, minimizing the external
heat gain through the building envelope would be a good strategy to reduce the dependence on
energy in conditions of necessity. That can be achieved by means of appropriate design for the
building envelope.
The research is carried out with the objectives of evaluating thermal characteristics of the
new mosque “musalla” envelope in Baghdad, the impact of sol-air temperatures, heat gain
factors and the U-value of envelope section in aims to assess the generational architectural
criteria for appropriate passive design of mosques.
The research discusses the thermal comfort in the new “musalla” in Baghdad, which is
effected by heat exchange that influenced by its orientation, envelope design, structural and
constructional components as well as the specifications and use of materials in order to:
i. Investigate the impact of envelope components on the heat exchange and thermal
comfort of the users of inner environment of the new mosque (musalla).
ii. Investigate the thermal efficiency of the present new mosque envelope in Baghdad.

251
iii. Study how to minimize the “environmental impact” by revising the design and
materials of the envelope.
iv. Identify the optimum thermal design “passive design” and construction materials
specifications and details for the new mosque envelope.
v. Propose other suitable treatments, which affect thermal design for the mosque that
provides thermal comfort for the occupants and reduces energy consumption at the
same time.
vi. Optimize comfort level for occupants for five prayer times.
As beginning a new paragraph, a line is leaved blank before starting a new paragraph
(Satomura et al., 2013). All references must be mentioned in the writing article.
2. Background of the Research
2.1 Baghdad Climate
Generally, the climate of Iraq is characterized by a large diurnal air temperature range
coupled with a high intensity of incident solar radiation as shown in Figure 1 On the other
hand, in such widely fluctuating climates, building envelope has great potential in providing
thermal comfort and reducing energy consumption. An efficient thermal design of a building
envelope should consider three main parameters which are; First the form and orientation of
the building, Second; the fenestration, which relate to the size, orientation and exposure of the
windows to the sun and the type of glazing and Third; the thermal properties of the opaque
elements. This includes the solar absorptance of the external surfaces and the thermal capacity
and conductance of the elements as well.
Climatic information, including air temperature and solar intensity in the Baghdad region,
as well as thermal air rates, humidity and other parameters were obtained from the Iraq
Forecast Directory-Baghdad. It has been arranged with the Building Research Center in
Baghdad to get the outputs of some tests carried out by the center’s instruments, which help in
furnishing this research with some important information.
2.2 Problem Statement
Due to the defined daily uses of mosques, the problem facing architects and engineers is
how to achieve thermal comfort during prayer times when the mosque building is occupied.
The short time of each of the five daily prayers (almost 30 minutes per prayer) gives rise to

serious problems in terms of providing comfort. It is noticed that it is not enough to reach
comfort level even though an HVAC system is used and just operates before each prayer time.
It would be too costly also to operate it for a long period before prayer times to provide
comfort for very short periods of prayer.
One of the important characteristics of the mosque design is the orientation of Mecca
(Qibla direction), which considered as a constant design parameter for the mosque.
Figure 1: Annual Temperature in Baghdad, Source: Baghdad Metrological Dept.2000.
The thermal properties of the envelope are determined by the combination of wall mass,
thermal resistance; insulation location, external surface colour and texture, and the size and
location of glazing. All of those affect energy consumption differently according to weather
conditions. The design of the building envelope can also greatly affect infiltration rates.
Based on the previous highlighted design features and specific climate parameters, the
problems of the new mosque in Baghdad may be summarized as following:
i. Lack of optimum passive design guidelines for the mosque’s envelope which influence
the comfort level of the inner environment and contribute for energy conservation.
ii. Ignoring comfort level requirements for occupants which influenced by construction
materials and details used in buildings as well as the suitable architectural treatments in the
new mosques building design in Baghdad.

253
3. Research Method
The research has considered the following steps:
i. Achieving specific survey to ascertain whether it is true or not that the new mosque
building in Baghdad is not comfortable thermally for occupants.
ii. Defining the weaknesses in the design and construction components of the mosque
through the following strategy:
a. Collecting data from 50 new mosques in Baghdad that represent 65% of the new
mosques in the Baghdad vicinity in July 2008.
b. Identification of the typical new mosque, “Model Mosque”, in Baghdad.
ii. Applying an analytic study and assessment for architectural and construction
components relating to heat exchange through the envelope of the “Model Mosque” in
Baghdad, which is determined according to the common architectural and constructional
elements in fifty new mosques in Baghdad, using heat balance equation.
iv. Assessment for the “Model Mosque” using a computer simulation program (BLAST
program) before and after introducing changes to the total transparent area of its envelope and
the construction features.
The BLAST (Building Loads Analysis and System Thermodynamics) system is a set of
computer programs for predicting heating and cooling energy consumption in building.
One of the BLAST processors, Heat Balance Loads Calculator (HBLC), is used to
interactively create BLAST input files with a minimum of input required from the user.
4. Definition of “Model Mosque”
A survey to define the “Model mosque “musalla” and determine the architectural and
constructional features of the new mosque envelope as well as thermal comfort response for the
praying people in those fifty new mosques is the main aim before starting thermal assessment.
The conclusion of the survey output gave the architectural characteristics and other
constructional details of the typical new mosque in the Baghdad vicinity the “Model Musalla”,
which is considered as representative the typical design of new mosques for use in the
computer simulations.
The typical “musalla” or “praying area hall” within mosque “complex” that has other
facilities”, has the same specifications as all the modern types in Baghdad. It was found that

these specifications are the following:
i. The musalla has a detached rectangular form with inside net-dimensions in general
22mx11mx6m in height. It includes a central dome at the roof, the diameter of which is 7.0m
and the height of which from the base to the top of the cone is 6.5m. This rectangular shape has
one attached arcade laid at the same longitudinal wall, which is parallel to that which faces the
“qibla” or Mecca (the holy city in Saudi Arabia) see Figure 3.
ii. The main feature of the musalla mass is the dome which lies in the center of the roof.
The dome has three levels from bottom to top. The first part is the drum (dome base). Its height
is 2.00m. Above it there is a spherical part and the upper part is the cone.
1
3
5
2
4
67 8
9
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1 1
1 2
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1 5
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1 8
2 0
2 1
2 2
2 3
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3 0
3 1
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3 5
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3 9
4 0
4 1
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4 64 7
4 8
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5 0
1 3
1 9
F in d e n c lo se d f t h e d e ta ils o th e M o sq u e s s u rv e y fro m 1 to 5 0
S U R V E Y O F F IF T Y N E W M O S Q U E S IN B A G H D A D
IN 1 9 9 7
IR A Q
Figure 2: Location of fifty surveyed new mosques in Baghdad.
All these components are usually found in the typical Baghdadi mosque’s dome. Four
columns support the dome from inside praying hall; the average thickness of its concrete slab is
0.15m and includes eight small arcade windows normally situated on the drum part of the
dome.
iii. The musalla is usually constructed from a reinforced concrete skeleton structure with
brick wall partitions. The roofing slab thickness is 0.15m, and the brick wall is 0.24m thick.
Above the concrete slab of the roof there are many layers which consist of the waterproof layer
(0.07m), natural clean sand (0.15m) and rough sand (0.05m) and cement tiles (0.03m). The
dimensions of each cement tile are 0.80mx0.80m. The interior finishing of the dome and the

255
walls is fine gypsum, and its thickness is 0.025m.
Figure 2a: Plan for the Model Mosque “Musalla”.
5. Research Considerations
Fundamental research considerations for the “Model Mosque” features are:
1. musalla envelope is one piece.
2. The collected data did not refer to the existence of any space beneath the musalla.
3. The musalla envelope consists of just external Walls, Roof and Floor.
4. Sub-parameters, windows, and doors “Transparent Part” are represented as part of the
envelope.
5. Air vents, as uncontrolled openings do not exist.
6. The minaret “the tower” still has no role in the thermal behavior of the new musalla
envelope.
7. Average number of praying persons per prayer time for the five daily prayers is 30,
becoming sometimes 45 at peak time at sunset prayer “maghrib prayer”.
8. Air cubage is represented by the human comfort zone that is within 8 feet in height and
the remaining volume of the internal space of the musalla.
9. It is proposed that the inner environment of the “Model musalla” is in thermal balance
to estimate the actual ability of the musalla envelope to maintain that balance. The
present research discussed, by means of geometrical analytical study, all parts of the
musalla envelope to highlight the role of each, area of opaque and transparent parts, and

study for the dome parts as well as defining the air cubage.
10. Heat exchange estimate by heat flow mean per sq.m through walls, windows and roof
as well as heat flow mean by ventilation per m³ owing to the successful results from
thermal computer simulations and approach, which have been considered.
The new mosque type in Baghdad is representative of the mosques built after World War
II and shares the following characteristics:
1. Located in the Baghdad vicinity.
2. Used usually on five short occasions daily.
3. Its building is passive designed.
6. Results
6.1 Computer Simulation
The “Model musalla” building as shown in Figure 3 has been simulated for the four
different roof and five different walls structures. To make the simulations comparable, the size
of one huge space or praying hall (musalla) and its direction to Mecca at 10 degree southwest
has been treated as a constant.
6.2 Simulation Alternatives Applications
6.2.1 Walls Simulation Analysis
a. The computer simulation proved that the massive envelope behaves as a “Thermos
Flask”. So, there is no an actual enhancement for thermal comfort level of the inner
environment after increasing wall thickness more than 36cm or even using cavity walls with
the same specifications of the “Model Musalla” envelope, Figures 4, 5, and 7.
b. It appears that the musalla building is dialectically balanced with the outside climate for
a wall thickness of 36 cm because as the wall thickness decreases below 36cm its effectiveness
in damping outside temperature fluctuations also decreases. On the other hand, for wall
thickness more than 36cm, the heat received during the long summer day cannot be released
during the shorter nighttime according to expected long “Time Lag”, which causes bad
envelope behaviors in terms of “Thermos Flask” manner. In this case, there is overlapping heat
gain occurrence which a raises the inner air temperature.
c. The inner environment of the musalla’s building is balanced with the outside climate

257
when the wall thickness is 36cm, but it is influenced more by climatic fluctuations when there
is a thin envelope of 12cm thickness.
6.2.2 Roof Simulation Analysis
The computer simulation also indicates, that the traditional RC (Reinforced Concrete) flat
roof still perform the best thermally, and has positive heat exchange after the applying of
additional insulation material (15cm), Figures 6, 8 and 9.
Figure 3 This graph shows that the radiation peak time in Baghdad
starts at 10.30 am and increases gradually to reach a maximum at
3.00 pm, and reduces gradually after that to reach starting point at
7.00pm. However, the inner temperature increases from 1.00 pm
gradually till 10.00 pm, that indicates the important role of the
envelope in delaying the heat gain from reaching the inner space, or
what is called –Time lag period–which depends on the envelope
section in terms of the specifications of material and constructional
details. The lowest curve indicating the comfort level ranges
Figure 4a: Building envelope behavior before applying simulation.
Figure 4 Range of Comfort Level in Iraq

Figure 4b: Building envelope behavior before applying simulation.
Figure 5: Building envelope behavior after reducing glazing area to half.
Figure 6: Building envelope behavior after reducing glazing area to half.

259
Figure 7: Building envelope behavior using different types of roof.

Figure 10 Building envelope behavior using no glass area at west& east
7. Discussion
Achieving and maintaining thermal comfort level for the indoor environment of the
mosque “musalla” by applying architectural and construction alternatives on the musalla
envelope will contribute controlling heat exchange through it as well as enhancing the thermal
behaviors of its construction components.
The findings are showing that HVAC systems mean capital, functional and maintenance
costs for passive musalla building consumes less energy. It is more likely to be in sympathy
with the environment also.
The specific research findings are concluded as follows:
1. Architectural Design of the present new mosque “musalla” envelope in Baghdad is
thermally inefficient according to the previous analytical assessment and computer simulation.
2. Materials used in the construction of the envelope of the new musalla are not thermally
efficient in protecting the indoor environment from climatic fluctuations.
3. Then, the indoor environment of the present new musalla is not recently within thermal
comfort level.
4. It appears that the indoor environment of the musalla building is thermally balanced
with the local climate for a wall thickness of 36cm; highly insulated typical RC flat roof, avoid
the transparent area at west and east as well as reducing it at South-west orientation to be half
of transparent area of the “model musalla”.
5. It is found also that the indoor environment of the musalla’s building is influenced more

261
by climatic fluctuations when there is a thin envelope (less than 30cm thickness), and the
envelope’s behaves as a “Thermos Flask” when there is a massive envelope (more than 36cm
thickness).
6. During the past ten years it has not been economically feasible to invest in HVAC plant
for mosques to meet the running costs. It is not likely that this economic situation in Iraq will
change in the near future and undoubtedly many mosques will have to be built with these
economic constraints. So, this study has not considered the totally dependence on centralized
HVAC systems as part of any strategy to achieve thermal comfort.
7. Achieving as well as maintaining thermal comfort for the indoor environment of the
present new musalla should come from controlling heat gain and enhancing external
microclimate. The following factors should be taken into consideration as recommendations
and techniques to be applied:
i. Selecting materials and construction system on the basis of low thermal transmittance
(low U-value) and high thermal mass in addition to the implementation of
constructional treatments and alternatives to get a desired time lag within 8 to 14 hours
for walls, and 20 to 30 hours for the roof. Using well-insulated roofing materials to
provide high time lag, low thermal transmittance and high thermal capacity (like local
fershi brick 30cmx30cmx5cm) and 0.36m walls thickness to replace 0.24m walls, or
foaming Portland cement mixture with a foaming agent such as aluminum dust to make
insulated light concrete roof slab could be also more effective in controlling heat flow.
ii. Using the most common economical thermal insulation materials in Baghdad, that is,
polystyrene (11 cm) thick for the roof; (7 cm) thick for south-facing walls;(8 cm) for
southeast walls; and (10 cm) for other orientations. Insulation material should be
located near the external layer of the walls, which should be smooth and painted
externally in light colors.
iii. Designing well-shaded walls and windows, selecting suitable window insulating Low-
e-glass and size for each orientation, these areas should be minimal on the east and west
elevations.
v. Raising the roof enables cooling by ventilation; the best U-value for the whole roof and
ceiling construction should be 0.8 W/sq.mc.
v. Using double roof, double walls skin and the early development ideas on "Filter"
Architecture" to get high thermal protection will give an additional protection for
indoor environment.
vi. Designing the musalla to be in thermal contact with the earth, the idea of (sub ground

level–basement) enables benefits from the cooled humid space more than is possible at
ground level.
vii. Additional ventilation is required in summer using fans. This can be beneficial,
particularly at nighttime, and daytime in shaded spaces. Further research is needed on
the optimal mix of natural ventilation, the simple mechanical fan, and water nozzle fan.
viii. Employment of an L-shape or U-shape Riwaq (semi-covered arcade area) attached to
the musalla envelope gives it more shade, and enhances the microclimate. In addition,
an increase in the numbers of domes is thermally desirable for more benefits from
buoyancy phenomena occurrences that generate more passive ventilation through the
dome and envelope openings.
ix. Employing of minarets as external breeze catchers (Air Scoop). The inlet openings of
minarets should face the prevailing pleasant northwest wind in Baghdad to promote
airflow into the musalla, using the convective and evaporative cooling techniques for
elevating internal comfort level in such harsh summer in Baghdad.
x. Microclimate planning controls can have a major effect over the musalla design. In
addition to providing shade, plants can assist cooling by evaportranspiration. Plants also
enhance the visual environment and create pleasant filtered light.
xi. The study will be transferable for other parts of Iraq with certain limitations. For
example, in the southern part of Iraq increase in temperature could be consummated
either by introduction of some cooling or an increase in the thermal mass. In the north,
which is generally cool, this may be consummated of some heating or an increase in
insulation and a reduction in glazed area.
8. Conclusion
The existing musalla is effectively a passive building. Based on that, there is no
consideration for HVAC systems. The musalla building will be dialectically balanced with the
outside climate for a wall thickness 36 cm because as the wall thickness decrees below 36cm
its effectiveness in damping outside temperature fluctuations also decreases.
For wall thickness more than 36cm, the heat received during the long summer day can not
be released during the shorter nighttime that brings overlapping heat gain occurrence which
raises the indoor air temperature. The computer simulation also indicates, that the traditional
RC (Reinforced Concrete) flat roof still the best thermally in terms of cost, available labor skill
in Baghdad, and positive heat exchange as well that will be more suitable after applying of
additional insulation material (15 cm ).

263
Passive Mosque (Musalla) building design must take into account the following;
i. Indoor Thermal comfort requirements.
ii. Limitations of local construction, climate, available materials and labor skills.
iii. Specific nature of activity.
v. Capability of building envelope for protecting the indoor environment of the musalla
from climatic fluctuations.
vi. Consideration of high thermal mass envelope, insulation and other criteria that
influence heat exchange and Time-Lag.
vii. Microclimate impacts as well the pattern of the surrounding urban fabric, vegetation
and landscape.
viii. Construction capability that play direct role in heat flow.
ix. How all the previous criteria affect the economic factor that represents a major
parameter in taking design decisions?
9. Acknowledgements
First of all, I would like to thank my university for providing full support including
financial support, which is the most needed for this project to be achieved. My sincere thanks
go also to all the field assistants, without whom this research would not have been realized.
Very special thanks are due to Professor Dr. Peter Woods (Malaya University, Malaysia), as
well as Associate Professor Dr. Ahmad Sanusi Hassan (Universiti Sains Malaysia), and
Assistant Professor Dr. Atch Sreshthaputra (Chulalongkorn University, Thailand) for their
insightful comments, helping clarifying and improving the manuscript.
10. References
Al-Azawi, Muhyi.(1984). The Passive Internal Temperature of Buildings for Different Design
Conditions in Iraq. (Proceeding of Scientific Research Council-Baghdad Research
Center, Building Materials Department-Baghdad-Iraq, Vol.2. Symposium of Thermal
Insulation in Hot-Dry Climate, 26-28 Nov. 1984), Baghdad.
Al-Riyahi, Mehdi and Akrawi, A. (1995). Evaluation of Direct and Total Solar Radiation on
Surfaces with Different Orientation in Baghdad during Cloudless Days. Journal of
Solar Energy Research, Vol.3, No.1, Building Research Center, Baghdad.
Al-Umary, Hafsah Ramzy (1988).Modern Architecture of Mosques in Iraq: Analytic Field
Study for Baghdad Mosques since Second World War, Unpublished M. Sc. Thesis (in
Arabic) submitted to the University of Baghdad.
ASHRAE 55-1992,(1992). ASHRAE standard-Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human
Occupancy, Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning

Engineers, Inc.
Bomberg, M. & W.C. Brown, (1993). Building Envelope and Environmental Control, Part I &
II, published in ,construction Canada35 (1),1993,P.15-18.
CIBSE AM13 (2000) .Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers, UK
Climatology Atlas No.II for Iraq (2006), Baghdad. Metrological Department, Ministry of
Communications, Baghdad
Dawud, Azhar J.(1983). Passive Approaches to Solar Architectural Design for Iraq,
Unpublished M.A. thesis submitted to the University of Sheffield,UK.
Fanger, P.O (1970). Thermal Comfort: Analysis and Applications in Environmental
Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Kopinhagen.
Shaaban, Dr. A.C. and Jawadi, Dr. M.(1973). Analysis of the Climate of Iraq: It's Impact on the
Building Character, R.p. 21/73., Building Research Center, Baghdad.
Straube, J.F., Burnett, E.F.P(2005). Building Science for Building Enclosures, Building
Science Press, Westford.
Tappuni, R. A.(1973). Generative Approach to the Thermal Design of Buildings in Hot Dry
Climate, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis submitted to the University of Edinburgh.
Wasim Y, Saman & Khamis S. Gasim, (1984),Thermal Performance of Iraqi Building
Construction, Proceeding of scientific Research Council- Baghdad, Research Center,
Building Materials Department, Vol 2. Symposium Thermal Insulation of Hot-Dry
Climate 26-28 Nov. 1984.
Dr.Akeel Noori AH is currently an Assist. Professor of the Architectural Engineering Department at the
College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, UAE (2009~). He holds a PhD in Architecture &
Environmental Impact Assessment (2004) from Faculty of Built Environment, Malaya University,
Malaysia. He is a fully licensed consultant Architect since (1996). He has worked at Faculty of
Architecture & Environmental Design, International University Malaysia 1998-2008, Guest lecturer in the
Architectural Design Dept., University Putra Malaysia. He successfully combines professional and
academic roles and has a particular interest in Heat Exchange in Building, EIA, Passive & Green
Architecture.
Dr. Akeel has been an active role in many important international environmental-related conferences such
as the International Environmetrics Society, TIES 2005 Conference. He is also an author of number of
papers and books; chapters in books, journal papers, and technical reports & has many papers presented in
many international conferences as well. He has a distinguished professional experience and known by
reputed international Architectural companies as a consultant, and designer on both public and private
architectural projects in Malaysia, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and the UAE.
Peer Review: This article has been internationally peer-reviewed and accepted for publication
according to the guidelines given at the journal’s website.

*Corresponding author (Raed M. A. Elottol). Tel/Fax: +60174405868 . E-mail addresses:
aaraed@yahoo.com. 2011. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management,
& Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 2 No.3. ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642.
Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V02/265-285.pdf
265
International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
http://www.TuEngr.com, http://go.to/Research
A Practical Step towards Integrating Elderly Pathway Design into
Museum Space Planning: Framework of Satisfaction Assessment
Raed M. A. Elottol
a*
and Azizi Bahauddin
a
a
School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Article history:
Received 12 February 2011
Received in revised form 26
March 2011
Accepted 10 April 2011
Available online 01 May 2011
Keywords:
Interior Environment,
Museums’ Design,
Pathway Design,
Elderly,
Satisfaction
The study examines how elderly visitors’ perception, interior
environment, pathway design quality, and satisfaction are related in
the context of interior environment and space planning of museums.
This paper explores a theoretical as well as practical key issue in
elderly pathway design in museums in Malaysia. The research
intends to explore the elderly pathway design that interacts with the
interior environment and space planning in museums. This is to fully
understand the relationship between elderly visitors’ satisfaction and
pathway design. This paper plans to answer critical questions; what
is interior pathway design? How does the pathway design relate to
the elderly visitors’ satisfaction? And what is the relationship
between elderly visitors’ satisfaction, and pathway design quality?
This study is one of the few studies focus on elderly people and
pathway design. The empirical analysis carried out on 509 of elderly
visitors in 21 museums in Malaysia allows us to confirm that the
quality of interior pathway design is a direct determinant of elderly
satisfaction. The results also reveal that there is a significant
relationship between elderly satisfaction and quality perception.
Finally, the interior environment elements of museums such as
lighting design, furniture arrangement and finishes materials are also
considered.
2011 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied
Sciences & Technologies. Some Rights Reserved.
1. Introduction
This study concerns about the pathway design of the museums and the elderly visitors’
2011 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.2011 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.

266 Raed M. A. Elottol and Azizi Bahauddin
satisfaction in Malaysia, and to assess the adequacy of the circulation design of the museums,
the study uses the confirmation and disconfirmation process as a reference point to investigate
the overall satisfaction of the elderly visitors. Wener (2002) discusses the issues of
circulation, orientation and pathway design. According to him, there is growing evidence that
the interior designers of museums are either unconcerned or largely ignorant of the needs of
users and visitors. He considers pathway design in museums and orientation as the first, and
possibly the most basic behavioral need of visitors upon entering the museum. Wener also
highlights the nature of visitors in the museum and the questions of place orientation and
pathway, such as "where am I?" and "how do I get from here to there?" as well as the function of
pathway and circulation, such as "how does this pathway system work?". Elderly visitors in
museum will try to answer all these questions efficiently and fast to enjoy the visit and to spend
the rest of the time focusing on the objects in the museum (Weissmann. and Islam. 1996).
Richard (2002) states that if the pathway in buildings are insufficiently designed, the remaining
options for user will be asking others for help, observing the actions of others or spending much
time just to find the direction. He considers each option as a source of capriciousness and
therefore stressful in and of itself which may lead to dissatisfaction. The remaining option for
visitors is self-exploration, which can be even more frustrating (Wener, Richard et al. 1982;
Wener 2002). Weisman ( 1983) also finds in his study that experts' ratings of the complexity of
floor plans correlated highly with the likelihood of space users getting lost (Weisman 1983).
Reussner (2004) finds that, from the late 1980s, continuous criticism regarding to the lack of
studies and audience research for museums, as well as the lack of proper guidelines can
consider all genders and ages of visitors (Reussner 2004).
Until now there are no researches have been conducted to measure the attendance of
elderly people in museums, but some studies (Bitgood 1991; Weissmann. and Islam. 1996;
Rogers 1998; Tufts and Milne 1999; Rojas and Camarero 2008; Webb 2010) give indications
that elderly visitors are very interested in visiting museums. Based on Roger’s research (1998)
most of the museums visitors in his study are ranged from age 50 -70 (elderly), and as a result
of his study also, elderly visitors of museum have a high expectations concerning museums’
interior design and comfort level in terms of interior pathway and circulation system. Roger
explains that elderly attendance could be based on (a) personal characteristics such as nostalgia,
(b) experiences, and (c) general levels of satisfaction with the museum itself and interior design.
In different study Rojas and Camarero (2008) also state that in order to use museum resources

267
and design in the most successful and advantageous manner, museums need more studies to
identify what factors have to be considered for the visitors’ circulation and pathway in
museums (Rogers 1998; Rojas and Camarero 2008). Throughout museums’ basics, museum
design must emphasis the relationship between visitors and space. In Malaysia, the absence of
interior pathway design’s strategy for elderly visitors is noticeable, where at the museums in
Malaysia it is easy to get tired and old people may tire particularly quickly (Researcher 2009).
To achieve efficient interior circulation and pathway design of museums for elderly people,
designers must understand the nature of elderly visitors, behaviour, design data and their needs.
According to several studies (Wener 1998; Wavell, Baxter et al. 2002; Yin 2003) many of
the elderly visitors have impaired mobility, and some of them are in wheelchairs, but more
simply walk slowly and painfully. Some also use a stick or simply find stairs very difficult. In
order to overcome this problem, Malaysian government endorsed the Biwako Millennium
Framework for Action (BMF) in the year 2002. It announced the extension of the Asian and
Pacific Decade of Disabled and Elderly Persons (Meng 2009). Accessibility to built
environment and pathway design are some of the areas out of 7 priorities in the policy which
Biwako Millennium Framework for Action would like to achieve. The policy reflects the
consequence of implementing a barrier-free in order to accommodate the involvement of
disabled people and elderly in the society (Meng 2009). Thus Meng (2009) also states in his
study that, “The design strategy for pathway design and accessibility for elderly and disabled in
museums’ buildings in Malaysia needs to be ascertained” (Meng 2009). Mohamed and Mustafa
(2005) in their study also find that, designers are still unfamiliar with the needs of the elderly
people which are of great importance. They state that, In Malaysia, until now there is no source
or study which can give a great source of information related to the elderly user’s needs,
capabilities, and interior pathway design. However holding these sessions may be a challenge
for several reasons. These challenges involve adjusting for diversity of the older population and
their physical and cognitive differences, dealing with the attention characteristics of this
population (Black 2005; Black 2008).
Finally, several studies (Ching 2004; Department of Statistics in Malaysia 2009; Cusiima
2010; Department of Finance and Personnel 2010) highlight that understanding of museum
space planning and form of pathway is a very important factor affects the visitors’ circulation
and satisfaction with museums. So, it is believed that the desired outcomes of this study should
assist designers to consider better ways for museum space planning and pathway design by

making them aware about the true level of elderly satisfaction with museums’ design in
Malaysia.
2. Interior Pathway and Circulation Design
Bitgood (1988) highlights the importance of pathway design in museums. He states that,
the museums’ interior design and the layout of the exhibitions in the building that constrain
visitor circulation may determine visitors' methods of interaction with display objects (Bitgood
1994; Bitgood 2005; Bitgood 2010; Bitgood 2010). Therefore, the way in which pathway is
designed is the major question of museums’ interior design. Nowadays, It becomes a fact that
the interior pathway is the key issue for exhibition and museums’ design (Hall, Basarin et al.
2010; Haywood and Cairns 2010; Heath and Lehn 2010; Hendon 2010; Holjevac, Marković et
al. 2010; Holl’s 2010). At the same time designers must understand that all elements of
circulation and pathway are important, so in museum design process, pathway is the main key
of decisions regarding how the collection will be displayed and viewed for visitors. On the
whole, pathway design becomes critical for moving the museum’s visitors through the building
(The International Council of Museums 2009). Several studies state that interior design of
museums must meet the specific needs of elderly or disable visitors, such as accessibility,
pathway design quality, space planning, comfort level and visitors’ satisfaction (Foster 2010;
Goodman, Gallant et al. 2010; Goor-balk, Warmerdam et al. 2010; Hall, Basarin et al. 2010;
Haywood and Cairns 2010; John J. Koran, Jr. et al. 2010). So to design a museum properly the
interior pathway must be considered and involves the creation of solutions of all problems.
Therefore, elderly movement in space/time also to be resolved in the ultimate sustainable plan
(Yalowitz 2002; Yenawine 2002; Wunsch, Jones et al. 2010; Hsu 2004). Moreover, Hsu
(2004) and others highlight a very important issue that visitors may not be mindful of how their
bodies and movement are in continuous dialogue with the pathway and interior environment. In
different meaning, how visitors practice the three dimensionality of a building (perceptual
function) is mainly through movement of our bodies through time, sequence and space
(Zelanski and Fisher 2010; Zorloni and Wien 2010; Hsu 2004). Few researchers only wrote
about the pathway and the interior circulation within buildings. Beirne (2003) stresses that the
horizontal circulation and pathway can be considered as, “all walking areas on all floors of a
building required for physical access to some spaces”. This is including to the horizontal
features such as corridors, lobbies, verandas, porches, doors, entrance foyers, and balconies. He
also defines vertical circulation as; “all walking areas and mechanical tools installed in all

269
floors of a building required for vertical physical access to some space” This is also including to
staircases, ramps, elevators and escalators (Beirne 2003). Moreover, G. Black (2005) in his
research defines interior circulation in buildings as:
“The all walking areas on all floors of a building required for physical access to some
subdivision of space, whether physically bounded by partitions or not. Included Horizontal
and Vertical circulation, which should be but is not limited to, public corridors, exhibition
spaces, entrance foyers, elevator lobbies, tunnels, bridges, and each floor's footprint of
elevator shafts, escalators and stairways. Also included are corridors, whether walled or
not, provided they are within the outside facelines of the buildings to the extent of the roof
drop line.” (G. Black, 2005: 12).
Finally, Stephen (2009) explains clearly the interior circulation in the buildings as;
“A term describes how visitors make their way through the facility. What pathways do they
take? Do visitors circulate the way the designers intended? Do visitors miss key exhibits
because of the architectural design of the facility? Which direction do visitors turn when
they reach choice points? Do visitors have a circulation strategy (e.g., "Turn right and
follow the perimeter") or do they simply wander more or less aimlessly?” (Stephen, 2009:
44).
Ching (2004) discusses in detail the configuration of pathway design , he states that:
“All paths of movement, whether of people or services are linear in nature. And all paths
have a starting point, from which we are taken through a sequence of spaces to our
destination. The contour of path depends on our made of transportation. While we, as
pedestrians, can turn, pause, stop, and rest at will” (Ching, 2004:134).
In addition, Ching (2004) discusses the nature of a path’s configuration influences, the
factors affect path’s configuration. Ching thinks that the most important factor affects pathway
configuration is the visitors’ orientation within the building. According to Ching, there are
many types of circulation paths in buildings, Ching also lists down the most popular types such
as: Linear Circulation Path, Radial Circulation Path, Spiral Circulation Path, Grid Circulation
Path, Network Circulation Path and Composite Circulation Path (Ching 2004).
3. Elements of Interior Pathway Design and Circulations
The efficiency of interior pathway and circulation system in museums determined by the
basic shape and form of building. Buildings of the same internal floor area and same function
differ in the proportion of space taken by elements of interior circulation and pathway. It differs
also in the design style of circulation and pathway elements such as lifts, corridors and other
mechanical equipment (Sookhanaphibarn and Thawonmas 2009.; Bitgood 2010; Bitgood 2010;
Bitgood 2010; Bolton 2010). The time needed by a visitor to move from one area within the

building to another area and the enjoyment of doing this by visitors are affected by the building
form, pathway design and circulation style that is designed (Khan and Syed 2009;
Martı´n-Ruiz, Castellanos-Verdugo et al. 2009; Mattsson 2009; Meng 2009; Rohloff, Psarra et
al. 2009). The design of interior circulation elements such as stairs, corridors and mechanical
circulation elements are very important issue for interior designers. In addition, the design
quality of a building depends at first on the basic analysis of the traffic flow of visitors or users
and the follow-on decisions on the primary form of the building (Canada Science and
Technology Museum Corporation 2009; Carney 2009; Department of Statistics in Malaysia
2009; Foster, Koran et al. 2009; Guidlines 2009). In general, the elements of interior circulation
and pathway at a building such as lifts and escalators, stairs and corridors differ in visitors’
carrying capacity and design requirements. Moreover, the interior designers must consider and
match the characteristics of each element with those of the traffic generated in buildings
(Roberts, McKay et al. 2008; Rojas and Camarero 2008; Satoh 2008; Taha 2008; Tran 2008).
For example, the main entrance area in buildings is considered small but it is carrying a major
quantity of traffic, as become principal nodes of the pathway and circulation design, with the
optimum shape of the building dependent on the ratio between internal traffic and movement to
and from the outside (Abaci and Kamaraj 2009; Board of Directors of the Hawaii Public
Housing Authority 2009; British Standard 2009; Brititsh Standard 2009; Burns and Bowling
2009).
4. Aspects of Interior Pathway and Circulation Design
Kaynar (2010) points out that, the designer must meets the pathway and circulation
function in buildings, and the architectural design should embrace appropriate space to house
and to improve traffic from area to area. Aspects of interior pathway determine the criteria for
the success of the design and evaluation criteria. According to Hsu (2004) this includes at least
five aspects: approach, entrance, configuration of the path, path/space relationship and form of
the circulation space. By using any museum as example, one can appreciate the relevance of
each following component of pathway and circulation (Amburg 2007; Banning and Schoen
2007; Brock 2007; Butterworth 2007; Rojas and Camarero 2007).
4.1 Approach
The axial general view of the interior design and entrance lobby form the approach of the
interior circulation and pathway design in museums’ spaces. Based on the study of Kaynar

271
(2010) the distant view before entering the building is very important to prepare the visitors for
the experience of the spaces in the museums (Kaynar 2010; Hsu 2004).
4.2 Entrance
The entrance of a museum is the start point where the visitors move from the outside space
to the interior space. Kaynar (2010) points out that Museum’s entrances are usually highlighted
by very visible items or attractive patterns, decorative or structural components. Finally, in
modern museums, great effects linked with the entrance design have served as a preview of
what the visitor can expect, which increase the expectation levels of visitors (Code 2003;
Communities 2003; Community Council of Devon 2006; Kaynar 2010).
4.3 Pathway Configuration
Based on study of Kaynar (2010), he finds that pathway configuration is a term refers to
the path of movement from a starting point to the end point within the museum. In any building,
the configuration of the path is strong-minded by some conditions, such as the overall shape of
building, the form of the pathway, the volume of space selected to the path and organizational
pattern of the spaces it links. However, researchers (Pearlmutter, Berliner et al. 2006; Rounds
2006; Sakkas and Pe´rez 2006; Sharma and Dhariya 2006; Sheeks 2006) consider all paths as
linear, and the configuration or shape can take on other forms.
4.4 Path/Space Relationship
According to several studies (Bitgood 1992; Bitgood 1999; Ching 2004; Black 2005;
Canadian Museums Association 2006; Community Council of Devon 2006; Foster 2010; John
J. Koran, Jr. et al. 2010) the relationship between the path and space in a museum can be linked
in three different ways. First, the path passes by the exhibitions and spaces, ensuring the
connectivity for each space. Second the path passes through spaces. In turn, the intervening of
spaces trespassed creates patterns of rest and movement. Third, the path terminates in a space,
often as a way of emphasizing the importance of the final destination. Kavangah (1991), in his
research highlights the importance of locations of facilities, and according to him, it is the time
now to consider the location of facilities in museums.
4.5 Form of the Circulation Space
Form of the circulation, is how the pathways for movement are integrated into the spatial
organization of a building. So the form and size of the circulation space must to be considered
in museums. A circulation space may be enclosed, open on one side or open on both sides (Han

and Cho 2006; J.A.Renshaw 2006; Jeong and Lee 2006; Jun, Kyle et al. 2006; Khattar 2006). It
also can be narrowed to encourage forward motion or widened to create spaces for waiting or
stopping. The form of the circulation space can be adjusted to distinguish the rote of the
pathway as either for visitors or service corridor (Community Council of Devon 2006; Crayford
2006; Dalke, Little et al. 2006; Davey 2006; Gutwill 2006). Ching (1979) discusses in detail the
configuration of path and the form of circulation space. According to him the form of pathway
depends on our design of transportation and building form. Several studies (Ching 2004;
Department of Statistics in Malaysia 2009; Cusiima 2010; Department of Finance and
Personnel 2010) highlight that understanding of museum space planning and form of pathway
is a very important factor which affects the visitors’ circulation and satisfaction with museums.
5. Elderly People and Satisfaction
The definition of 'elderly' has differed among institutions and researchers. According to
Mat and Taha study (2003) The United Nations World Assembly On Ageing held in Vienna,
1982, used '60 years and over' as the cut-off in deliberating ageing trends (Mat and Taha 2003).
Immediately, Malaysian policy makers have adopted this demarcation and are officially used in
planning for senior citizens. This research has thus used the same age cut-off to refer to senior
citizens in Malaysia (Mat and Taha 2003; Wong, Rajikan et al. 2010). Recently, the populations
are growing older more and more in all countries all over the world. According to Kinsella &
Phillips (2005) by 2030, almost 1.2 billion of the expected 1.5 billion people age 65 or older
will inhabit in less developed regions and more will be in developed countries. The ratio of
aging 65-80 or older will reach to 14.3% while in Europe the ration will be 30% of all
populations which is very high. Therefore, just 22 % of the world’s older citizens will live in
developed countries (Kinsella and Phillips 2005). This demographic change will extremely
affect the health services, socioeconomic development, design requirements and sustainability
of all nations. The reason for that is the population aging may be seen as a human success story
of the country and a strong indication toward the strength of the level of public health, medical
advancements, and economic development over diseases. But the common phenomenon of
aging also brought an acknowledgement by the United Nations (UN) of the many challenges
such as, aging and design criteria, general development, issues concerning the sustainability
and the ability of states and communities to consider aging populations and to consider their
satisfaction (Kinsella and Phillips 2005). Figures 1 and 2 show population age-sex structure in
developed and less developed countries. A review of the population for the past four censuses

273
find a visible decreasing proportion of population in the younger ages and a sharp increase in
the older age groups (Kinsella and Phillips 2005).
Figure 1: Population age-sex structure in less developed countries, 1950, 1990, and 2030
(Kinsella and Phillips 2005).
Figure 2: Population age-sex structure in more developed countries, 1950, 1990, and 2030.
(Kinsella and Phillips 2005).
It becomes a fact that the elderly people in Malaysia are increasing at a faster rate than the
total population growth and will more than double in numbers from the current 1.4 million to 5
million or more in 2030 (Mat and Taha 2003). Malaysia is considered as a fast developing
nation (Mat and Taha 2003), so recording the needs of elderly people is a crucial to balanced the
growth of the nation and to consider past, present and future trends of the elderly people in
Malaysia. According to Mat and Taha (2003) this is the time to create awareness of the space
planning and implementation of interior design for the elderly population in Malaysia (Mat and
Taha 2003). However, until now there are no studies measuring the level of elderly attendance
at museums in Malaysia. Researchers in Malaysia don’t know if elderly people are interested to
visit museums or not. Internationally, several studies (Gotlieb and Brown 1994; Korn 1994;
Parasuraman, Berry et al. 1994; Ritchie 1994; Katz 1994,) show that, elderly people are very
interested in visiting museums. In a study for a botanical garden museum, Hood and Roberts

(1994) find that the group with the largest attendance was aged 55 and older. This group is
considered for one-third to one-half of the visitors on any given day. Studies find also that
elderly visitors were more interested in purchasing in the souvenir shops in museums (Gotlieb
and Brown 1994; Korn 1994; Parasuraman, Berry et al. 1994; Ritchie 1994; Katz 1994,).
6. Research Hypotheses
According to Gronroos (2000) design quality can be defined from two perspectives. They
are technical quality (what is delivered to the visitors) and the functional service quality (how it
is delivered) (Rojas and Camarero 2007; Pile 2010). In another study, Brady and Cronin (2001)
figure out that the design quality can be outlined by three perspectives. They are outcome
quality, interaction quality, and physical environment quality in buildings. As the environment
quality refers to the ambient conditions(Rojas and Camarero 2007). Oliver (1997) states that
visitors’ interpretation is related to the level of expectations. According to (Rojas and Camarero
2007) expectations is known as previous predictions or beliefs of visitors before they enter the
building. According to Oliver (1997), the quality of design is based on perceptions of
excellence. Oliver (1997) also states that it is logical to believe that perceived quality is
influenced by the expectations of the visitors (Rojas and Camarero 2007). It becomes a fact that
visitors use their expectations to evaluate design quality and performance. Therefore,
researchers propose the first hypothesis:
(H1. Visitors’ expectations positively influence visitors’ perception of interior pathway
design quality and interior environment of museums.)
Recently, design quality is believed to be the right judgment exposed by visitors who
estimating the quality level of design. So, satisfaction and design quality are highly interrelated
(Rojas and Camarero 2007). Researchers accept the theory said that quality leads to
satisfaction. On this basis, we propose the second hypothesis:
(H2. Interior Pathway design and space planning of museums positively influence the
elderly visitors’ satisfaction.)
Disconfirmation happens when interior pathway design quality is lower or higher than
what visitors expected after they made the final decisions (Oliver 1996). If the interior designs
higher or lower that the visitors’ expectations, a positive or negative disconfirmation occurs and
this will increase or decrease the level of satisfaction. According to Oliver (1996):

275
“Consumer satisfaction is a function of expectations and disconfirmation, and prior
expectations are used as the comparable standard. Past empirical research has shown that
expectations have a significant effect on disconfirmation”(Oliver 1996; Rojas and
Camarero 2007).
7. Methodology
In order to test the proposed hypotheses, the empirical study performed is based on
information collected by means of a questionnaire presented to visitors of 21 selected museums.
The 21 Museums are located in Kuala Lumpur, Terengganu, Selangor and Kedah in Malaysia.
The museums have been selected based on the following criteria: (a) State history theme, (b)
Geographic location, (c) Annual attendance, and (d) Quality of interior design & environment.
After proceeding to the quantitative study of 21 museums, interviews and observations
(qualitative study) conducted for four selected museums. The four museums have been selected
based on the following criteria; the importance and the value of the museum, number of visitors
per year, style of design, and location of museum (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Locations of selected museums in Malaysia.
Interviews with the museums’ managers, employees and visitors were performed in order
to know visitors’ reactions and emotions during their visits. A questionnaire was developed to
test the aforementioned hypotheses. The questionnaire was divided into two parts. The first part
covered the experience, mood and the expectations before the visit. The second part referred to
the design quality, the disconfirmation of expectations, the pleasure and the satisfaction after
the visit. The first survey was conducted during the months of July to October 2009 and the
total number of questionnaires distributed was 800. A second set of data was collected through
observations and interviews during October, and November 2009, providing valid data for
analysis. Those surveyed were asked to answer the first part of the questionnaire, (i.e. the
questions referring to their experience, mood and expectations). After answering these

questions, the visitor held onto the questionnaire during the visit, and the second part of the
questionnaire was completed upon exit. Of these 800 questionnaires, 613 were returned. One
hundred and four questionnaires were excluded (40 incomplete and 64 the age of participants
were under 65 years old). The total numbers of questionnaires analysed were 509
questionnaires with observed response rate of 76.6%. Analysis was conducted using the
statistical software package SPSS version 17.0 with a sample size of 509, α (the probability of
making a correct retention is 0.95) =0.05, df (degree of freedom) = 1.0. Of the 509 respondents,
290 were men (57.4%) and 215 were women (42.6%). Three hundred and forty eight visitors
(69.3%) were 65-70 years old, one hundred and forty eight visitors (29.7%) were equal or more
71 to 90 years old. Of the 509 respondents, 271 (53.9%) were locals, and 229 (45.5%)
foreigners. Of the locals, 162 were Malay (32.2%), 61 were Chinese (12.1%), 76 were Indian
(15.1%), indicating that Malay visitors are more interested in visiting museums than others.
Of the 509 Participants, only 43 (8.5%) of elderly visitors came alone to the museum, while 212
(42.1 %) came with friends and 185 (36.7%) came with their families. The rest of participants
60 (11.9%) visited museums with organizations. The scale of expectations is constructed of
five items were adapted from the scale proposed by (Rojas and Camarero 2007) and also was
applied to the case of museums and exhibition centres. The scale of perceived quality (six
items) was prepared from the proposal of Brady and Cronin (2001). All of the included items
of expectations were adapted to reflect the context of interior pathway and circulation in
museums. The results of the responses (either agree or disagree) were presented under the
check-list of three categories obtained from literature review; a) horizontal pathway &
circulation design, b) vertical pathway & circulation design, and c) Interior environment and
space planning. In horizontal pathway item, the results of the responses (either agree or
disagree) were presented under the check-list of six factors based on the literature review such
as; horizontal accessibility, halls’ arrangement and spaces, corridors and entrance lobbies,
waiting areas, orientation system, furniture arrangement and interior layout. In vertical
pathway design, the results of the responses (either agree or disagree) were presented under the
check-list of three factors based on the literature review such as; vertical accessibility, position,
visibility and capacity of lifts, ramps and staircases, and interior paths and circulation. In
interior environment item, the results of the responses (either agree or disagree) are presented
under the check-list of four factors based on the literature review such as; creativity and interior
environment, interior materials and textures, interior lights and interior colours. To measure
satisfaction (five items) the Oliver (1996) scale was used and included additional items that

277
measured the intention to repeat the visit and word-of-mouth recommendation. All scales were
validated the values of reliability were calculated by the Cronbach alpha in each case. The
data in this study have been obtained in three ways: (a) personal observations (qualitative study
without a formal survey) on the museums of the study areas, (c) personal oral interviews with
the elderly visitors in the study areas, and (c) a survey (quantitative study) of the study area
using questionnaires. All the qualitative factors of the circulation and pathway design in the
museums are adopted from the previous studies. The answer for satisfactory is "Yes", but when
it is unsatisfactory, the answer is "No".
8. Analysis and Results
The first hypothesis (H1) states that there will be significant relationship between elderly
visitors’ expectation in museum, and design quality perception. The correlation coefficient is
-.083- . As the result suggests, a significant negative relationship does not exist ( Sig= 0.061);
therefore, this can be concluded from these result, that elderly visitors' expectation before they
entering the museum don’t determine or affect the elderly visitors’ perception of the design
quality of the interior pathway and circulation in museums. The second hypothesis (H2) stated
that the interior pathway design and space planning of museums positively influence the elderly
visitors’ satisfaction. From the result the correlation coefficient is 0.685 . Sig (2-tailed) or P
value is 0.000 ≤ α 0.05 which can be concluded from these result that there is a positive
significant relationship between elderly visitors’ satisfaction in museum and interior pathway
and circulation design, thus H2 is confirmed that the interior pathway design and space
planning of museums positively affect the level of the elderly satisfaction. Results also state
that there will be a positive significant relationship between elderly visitors’ satisfaction, and
time spent within museums. The correlation coefficient is 0.404. As the result, a significant
relationship exists; therefore, this can be concluded from these result, that time spent within the
museum influenced by elderly visitors' satisfaction , thus time spent within museums consider
as a good an indicator of satisfaction. In other words, satisfied visitors tend to spend more time
walking in museums. As illustrated in table 1, a whole, it is overwhelmingly clear that in all of
the factors under all the different categories, the respondents have until today a far greater
negative perception towards interior pathway and circulation design of museums in Malaysia.
Such negatively weak perception of the pathway and circulation design towards museums in
Malaysia is an expression of their dissatisfaction level in the nature of the circulation designs of
these museums. Finally, in the three categories, the respondents have scored 41.03 % < 50% for

qualitative and 43.26 % < 50% for quantitative analysis, suggesting a clear feeling of
dissatisfaction towards the interior pathway and circulation design and the interior
environments of the selected museums. Table 1, presents a combination of the results of the
analyses via a qualitative method with those results obtained via a quantitative method. An
integrative examination of the composite data via a combination of methods (in this case
quantitative and quantitative procedures) in this way is termed as "triangulation" in this study.
Researchers subject data to such a triangulation procedure because such procedure helps
counteract threats to validity.
Table 1: Overall composite averages in all categories.
Categories of Factors
Selected 21 Museums
"Satisfactory" scores
from Qualitative survey
( )
"Satisfactory" scores from
Quantitative survey
Interior Pathway Design 41.725 % 44.225 %
Interior Environment and Space
Planning 39.66 % 41.33 %
Overall composite average 41.03 % 43.26 %
9. Discussion and Conclusions
This study began with the aim of analyzing a specific aspect of interior design and space
planning applied to museums in Malaysia, and the formation of visitors’ satisfaction. The first
implication of this research is the confirmation of hypotheses due to its high validity and
explanatory power. In particular, the respondents selected from the museums in Malaysia
have a high level of expectation towards the interior pathway, circulation design and interior
environment in museums. Such positively strong expectation is undoubtedly an expression of
their level of experience and trust towards the design industry in Malaysia. Moreover, the
Interior pathway and circulation design quality appears to be multidimensional consisting of
different three dimensions. The Three dimensions are horizontal pathway design, vertical
pathway design, and interior environment of museums. Under each dimension there are many
different components. The scores from the survey have demonstrated overwhelmingly same
low perceptions and bad expression about the interior pathway design and interior environment
in museums in Malaysia. These negative design qualities of the circulation design in museums
together with the positive and high expectations of the elderly visitors compositely justify the
low level of general satisfaction of the elderly visitors in museums. This being the case, the
dissatisfaction seems to have arisen from :The absence of design creativity, the absence or

279
disregard the elderly needs, the insufficient accessibility to interior halls and other spaces, the
inflexibility of the halls arrangement and use of the spaces, the lack of waiting areas and
comfort seats, the use of poor or inappropriate interior materials and textures, the insufficient
design of corridors and pathway design, the insufficient design of orientation system within the
museums, the use of poor or inappropriate interior position and design of staircases ramps and
lifts, the insufficient design of interior lighting system, the use of poor or inappropriate interior
colours, insufficient furniture arrangement and interior layout, interior pathway and
circulations in general are not suitable for elderly visitors. The ideas that interior pathway
design and interior environment must be good, as a high percentage of the elderly visitors find it
useful and can enhance their satisfaction level. Yet, little thought seems to have been given to
what interior pathway is, what is necessary to achieve visitors' circulation efficiency, and what
benefits can be expected. Interior designers in Malaysia have not considered effectively the
interior pathway design of elderly visitors. Elderly visitors learn more and are to be more
satisfied when they are properly circulated and oriented to an exhibition and when the
exhibition is designed with an understanding of their needs and abilities.
This will require us to re-think again about interior pathway and circulation design quality
of museums in Malaysia. This study has several limitations, as some of the them are: 1) First
study - this is the first study of its type and additional research is needed to confirm the results,
2) The results were mixed and full support wasn't obtained for all factors, 3) Unit of Analysis
-While it is appeared that the notion of interior circulation design was universal regardless of
industry or size, this research limited itself to the study of interior circulation quality at
museums environment in Malaysia, 4) Lack of prior relevant research, 5) Generalizing the
findings of this study - Due to geographical limitations, participants may possess certain
attributes that differ from those in other parts of the world.
Future research may use more diversified random samples to verify the dimensions
developed in this study. Interior pathway design could be the trend in museums and visitors'
studies in the future, so more studies of this nature should be carried out. However, the interior
designers are invited to continue this initial investigation of interior pathway design quality
within museums, especially in new areas of design where we knew our user elderly preferences,
needs and abilities. Interior circulation elements are a design strategy, a success value and
quality indicator of museums design. It is the communication and circulation tools, strategy and

technology that permit the combination of all museums' services and visitors.
10. Acknowledgment
A very special thank you is due to Dr.Siriporn Kobnithikulwong for insightful comments,
helping clarify and improve the manuscript.
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Dr.AZIZI BAHAUDDIN is currently Associate Professor in Interior Design at the School of Housing,
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Architectural and Cultural Heritage in Tourism.
RAED M. A. Elottol is currently a PhD candidate in Interior Design at the School of Housing, Building &
Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His main research areas are focusing on Museums; Space
Planning/Interior Design; Architecture especially researching on Cultural Issues and Building Technology.
Peer Review: This article has been internationally peer-reviewed and accepted for publication
according to the guidelines given at the journal’s website.

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